Advanced Earthquake Resisting Techniques

A Technical Seminar Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements of the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
St. PETERS ENGINEERING COLLEGE.
BY
SESHAM LAXMAN
(19BK1A0108)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. IPSITA MAM, M.TECH

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

St. PETER’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UGC AUTONOMOUS (AFFILIATED TO JNTU HYDERABAD)

HYDERABAD TELANGANA-500100 2022-23
 St. PETER’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE: HYDERABAD
UGC-AUTONOMOUS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the Technical Seminar
report entitled, “Advanced Earthquake Resisting Techniques”,
done by S. LAXMAN bearing Reg. No: (19BK1A0108)
submitted to the department of Civil, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in Engineering from St.Peter’s Engineering
College, Hyderabad.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Seminar Coordinator Signature of the HOD

MRS. IPSITA MRS. IPSITA Dr. C.V. Siva Rama

Prasad

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor HOD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to thank MRS. IPSITA, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for the constant
support and guidance given to us throughout the course of this
seminar. He has been constant source of inspiration for us.

It is a great opportunity to render our sincere thanks to HOD Dr.

C.V.SIVA RAMA PRASAD, Professor and Head of the
Department of Civil Engineering for her timely guidance and
highly interactive attitude which help us a lot in successful
execution of the seminar.

We are also extremely thankful to our principal Dr. K. Sree

Latha, who stood as an inspiration behind this seminar and
heartfelt thanks for his endorsement and valuable suggestions.

We also take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of

all faculty members of the department for their assistance and
cooperation during the development of our seminar. We also
thank all the Non Teaching Staff of the Department who helped
us in the course of the seminar. Last but not least, we
acknowledge our friends for their encouragement in the
completion of the seminar.

S. LAXMAN(19BK1A0108)

2
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the seminar entitled, “ADVANCED
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE TECHNIQUES”, is the work done
during the year AY 2022-23 and is submitted as seminar in partial
fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering from St.Peter’s Engineering College affiliated to JNTUH.

S. LAXMAN(19BK1A0108)

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 ABSTRACT

The tall buildings are more flexible than the shorter buildings
and they are sensitive to a different frequency range in the
earthquake excitation. The earthquake success of tall buildings is
reinforced by studies using average properties of earthquake and
typical properties of tall buildings and there are no special
earthquake hazards that arise simply as a consequence of height.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss about different analysis
methods, base isolation and soil structure interaction. Analysis
method is used for a large variety of tall building configurations
comprising slabs, beams, columns, foundations, walls, etc.
Base isolation is a collection of structural elements which should
substantially separate a superstructure from its substructure
resting on a shaking ground which protects the integrity of
building or non-building structures.
It is one of the most powerful equipment's of earthquake
engineering which uses the passive structural vibration control
technologies. Soil Structure Interaction is the process in which
the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure
and the motion of the structure influences the response of the
soil.
General goal of the Soil Structure Interaction analysis is to
calculate seismic response of structure bases on seismic response
of free field.

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 CONTENTS
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 6-10
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 11-16
3. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES 17-44
4. CONCLUSIONS 45
5. REFERENCE 46-47
6. PPT SLIDES 48-50

7.

5
 INTRODUCTION

A natural calamity known as earthquake has taken the toll of millions of lives through
the ages in the unrecorded, and recorded human history. A disturbance that causes
shaking of the top surface of the earth where major man made engineering structures
are constructed. Due to underground seismic energy transformation the movement
along a fault plane or from volcanic activity is called earthquake. As two faults plane
rub on each other create huge amount of energy beneath the ground surface which
converts the waves. The P Waves and S Waves travel thought the Epi-centre to top of
the ground, which shake the affected earth surface to certain magnitude. The nature of
forces induced is reckless, and lasts only for a short duration of time. Yet, bewildered
are the humans with its uncertainty in terms of its time of occurrence, and its nature.
However, with the advances made in various areas of sciences through the centuries,
some degree of predictability in terms of probabilistic measures has been achieved.
Further, with these advances, forecasting the occurrence and intensity of earthquake
for a particular region, say, has become reasonably adequate, however, this solves
only one part of the problem to protect a structure - to know what’s coming! The
second part is the seismic design of structures - to withstand what’s coming at it! Over
the last century, this part of the problem has taken various forms, and improvements
both in its design philosophy and methods have continuously been researched,
proposed and implemented. In this chapter, the concept of base isolation for
earthquake-resistant design of the structures is presented. The modeling and analysis
of multi-storey building, bridges and tanks supported on isolators is developed and
demonstrated the effectiveness of seismic isolation.

6
Over the past few decades, earthquake resistant design of structures has been largely
based on a ductility design concept worldwide. Looking at the Indian code
specifically, the design philosophy evolve around the intensity of the earthquake:
moderate earthquake or design basis earthquake (DBE) which has a 10% chance in a
return period of 250 years, and most credible earthquake (MCE) which has a 2%
chance in a return period of 250 years. The seismic philosophy in the Indian code
expects the structure to possess a minimum strength to
protect structural and non-structural contents for intensities less than DBE. For
intensity equal to DBE, it should withstand without much structural damage, however,
some nonstructural damage is allowed, and for major earthquakes, it must not collapse
suddenly. The 276 ductility helps to dissipate energy while undergoing large
permanent deformations causing damage that can incur heavy repair costs, as much as
building the structure itself. It is apparent from this approach that more emphasis is
laid on life safety, and not much importance is given to protect the non-structural
contents. Non-structural damage sometime costs more than the structure itself, for
example, telecommunication data centers, nuclear facilities, laboratories etc. Hence,
ductility arising from inelastic material behavior and detailing is relied upon in this
philosophy. Indian code follows the seismic coefficient method in determining the
lateral design forces to build the structure. It is important to understand how the
ductility is procedurally inculcated in this method. Seismic coefficient method helps to
determine base shear considering only the fundamental mode of the structure. The
performances of the intended ductile structures during major earthquake, however,
have been proved to be unsatisfactory, and indeed far below expectation (Wang,
2002). High uncertainty of the ductility design strategy is primarily attributed to:
1. The desired strong-column weak-beam mechanism may not form in reality, due to
existence of walls.
2. Shear failure of columns due to inappropriate geometrical proportions of short-
column effect.
3. Construction difficulty in grouting, especially at beam-column joints, due to
complexity of steel reinforcement required by ductility design.
Thus, it necessitates finding a method that is devoid of the shortcomings of the
ductility

7
approach. We shall see how the uncertainty in ductility design and the performance
levels are increased in following section by an alternative and innovative approach.
Alternative and Emerging Approach: Base Isolation
We have seen that though ductile approach strives to tackle the effects of the
earthquake, it had various shortcomings as discussed before. Base isolation is a
passive control system; meaning thereby that it does not require any external force or
energy for its activation. It is necessary to understand why base isolation is needed to
enhance performance levels of the structure subjected to seismic excitations. To
design structure in such a way, that it may withstand the actual force by fixed base
structure elastically, is not feasible in two senses. First, the construction cost of the
structure will be highly uneconomical. Second, if the overall strength of the structure
is increased by making it more rigid, then it will be at the 277 expense of imparting
actual ground forces to the structural contents, thus causing heavy nonstructural
damage. Apparently, as the name implies base isolation tries to decouple the structure
from the damaging effects of ground motion in the event of an earthquake. Base
isolation is not about complete isolation of the structure from the ground, as with
magnetic levitation, which may be very rarely practical. Most of the base isolation
systems that have been developed over the years provide only ‘partial’ isolation.
‘Partial’ in the sense that much of the force transmitted, and the consequent responsive
motions are only reduced by providing flexibility and energy dissipation mechanisms
with the addition of base isolation devices to the structure.
Base isolation, as a strategy to protect structure from earthquake, revolves around a
few basic elements of understanding:

1. Period-shifting of structure: Base isolator is a more flexible device compared to

the flexibility of the structure. Thus, coupling both an isolator and the superstructure
together increases the flexibility of the total isolated structural system. In this way,
this technique lengthens the structures natural time period away from the predominant
frequency of the ground motions, thus evading disastrous responses caused due to
resonance.

8
2. Mode of vibration: The fundamental mode of vibration (first mode shape) is
altered from continuous cantilever type structure to an almost rigid superstructure with
deformations concentrated at the isolation level.

3. Damping and cutting of load transmission path: A damper or energy dissipater is

used to absorb the energy of the force to reduce the relative deflection of the structure
with respect to the ground.

4. Minimum rigidity: It provides minimum rigidity to low level service loads such as
wind or minor earthquake loads. Abundant literature is available on the base-isolated
structures and their seismic performance (Kelly, 1986; Buckle and Mayes, 1990;
Stanton and Roeder, 1991; and Ibrahim, 2008, Kelly and Jangid, 2001). It has been
reported that several types of isolation systems were proposed by researchers and are
being used in seismic isolation of structures (Jangid and Datta, 1995). The base
isolation technique of protection of structures from earthquakes is also reported to be
used for liquid storage tanks with different types of isolation systems (Shrimali and
Jangid, 2002). The isolation systems are also used nowadays in bridges as reported by
Kunde and Jangid (2003). For bridges, earlier vertical mounting or bearings have been
used widely; however, its primary uses have been for isolation of the vertical
vibrations, and to control thermal stresses due to expansion. With the advances in
rubber technology in the 1980s, it became possible to produce bearings that had high
vertical stiffness and low horizontal stiffness, thus enabling the concept of period-
shifting and additional means of damping. However, with increasing flexibility the
displacement response may get undesirable. This is where energy dissipater or
damping is required. In elastomeric isolation systems, damping is provided by lead
extrusion and in friction system, friction provides the means for energy dissipation.
Figure 8.1 shows the effect of damping on acceleration response for various time
periods. Such kinds of rubber based isolation systems are able to provide damping of
the order of 10% to 15%. In order to maintain vertical stiffness steel shims / plates are
used which does not alter the horizontal flexibility. The two materials, namely rubber
and steel, are vulcanized together resulting in elastomeric isolation systems. More
details about isolation systems, their types, behavior and mathematical modeling will
be dealt with in the subsequent topics.

9
Few countries located in high seismic zones, momentum of development and use of
base isolation has increased over the years. New Zealand, United States, and Japan are
the leading countries that have adopted this technology rapidly, and have put in great
deal of energy and funds in this regard. Thus far no base-isolated buildings have been
subjected to
the designed earthquake motion to ascertain its ultimate capacity. It is worthwhile to
mention that during the recent major earthquake in Tohoku, Japan some base-isolated
structure had performed well within its limits (Takewaki, 2011). This will build
confidence in the base isolation technology and its widespread use in routine
constructions. Though research has been going in this area during past 100 years, it
was only since 1980s had base isolation been implemented following the modern
engineering realms. Yet, formalized and simple procedure for its implementation is
not very well developed. The formalization through codes itself have been at the
rudimentary level. Hopefully, with the simplified code procedures, construction
techniques, and financial incentive (like lesser insurance premiums) earthquake
protection can be a reality, and base isolation will gain popularity.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. A Study on Earthquake Resistant Construction Techniques by Mohammad Adil

Dar1, Prof (Dr) A.R. Dar2 , Asim Qureshi 3 ,Jayalakshmi Raju4 1PG Research
Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kurukshetra University, Haryana, India
2Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Srinagar, India 3PG
Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Maharashtra
India 4UG student, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore, India

Apart from the modern techniques which are well documented in the codes of
practice, there are some other old traditional earthquake resistant techniques which
have proved to be effective for resisting earthquake loading and are also cost effective
with easy constructability Disasters are unexpected events which have adversely
affected humans since the dawn of our existence. In response to such events, there
have been attempts to mitigate devastating effects of these disasters. Results of such
attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but unfortunately and miserably
poor in developing countries including ours. Earthquakes are one of the nature’s
greatest hazards on our planet which have taken heavy toll on human life and property
since ancient times. The sudden and unexpected nature of the earthquake event makes
it even worse on psychological level and shakes the moral of the people. Man looks
upon the mother earth for safety and stability under his feet and when it itself
trembles, the shock he receives is indeed unnerving. Mitigation of the devastating
damage caused by earthquakes is of prime requirements in many parts of the world.
Since earthquakes are so far unpreventable and unpredictable, the only option with us
is to design and build the structures which are earthquake resistant. Accordingly
attempts have been made in this direction all over the world. Results of such attempts
are very encouraging in developed countries but miserably poor in developing
countries including our country India.

2. Future trends in earthquake-resistant design of structures Durgesh C. Rai

11
Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667,
India
Earthquake-resistant design of structures has grown into a true multi-disciplinary field
of engineering wherein many exciting developments are possible in the near future.
Most notable among these are: (a) a complete probabilistic analysis and design
approach; (b) performance-based design codes; (c) multiple annual probability hazard
maps for response spectral accelerations and peak ground accelerations with better
characterization of site soils, topography, near-field effects; (d) new structural systems
and devices using non-traditional civil engineering materials and techniques;and (e)
new refined analytical tools for reliable prediction of structural response, including
nonlinearity, strength and stiffness degradation due to cyclic loads, geometry effects
and more importantly, effects of soil–structure interaction. Some significant
developments that the coming years will witness are discussed in this paper.

3. International Aspects Of the History of Earthquake Engineering Part I

February 12, 2008 Draft Robert Reitherman Executive Director Consortium of
Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering

In the United States, serving as co-editor with William Holmes of the Earthquake
Engineering Research Institute issue of Earthquake Spectra on the centennial of the
1906 earthquake in California (April 2006, vol. 22, Special Issue II, The 1906 San
Francisco Earthquake: An Earthquake Engineering Retrospective 100 Years Later),
and writing a historical paper in thatissue, was valuable experience for writing the
present work. Although that subject – an earthquake in the United States and its
effects on the earthquake engineering field – is outside the scope reported on here, it
helped give me a comparative basis for looking at the influence of key earthquakes
and long-term research and education developments in other countries. It also
provided an opportunity to put historical developments in other countries, such as in
Italy and Japan around the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth century, side-by-side with
events of that time in the USA at that time, where what is now called the earthquake
engineering field was less developed. The more ways a geologist holds a rock in the
hand and looks at it under varying light, then compares it first with one specimen, then
another, the better the rock is identified. So it is with the rocks of history (though more
often the historian encounters piles of sand that merge together). The more the

12
 historical evidence is picked up and handled, looked at from a different vantage point
in a different light, the more accurate the resulting history

4. Numerical Analysis of Seismic Elastomeric Isolation Bearing in the Base-

Isolated Buildings M. Jabbareh Asl1, M. M. Rahman, A. Karbakhs Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch,
Kerman, Iran

Base isolation concept is currently accepted as a new strategy for earthquake

resistance structures. According to different types of base isolation devices, laminated
rubber bearing which is made by thin layers of steel shims bonded by rubber is one of
the most popular devices to reduce the effects of earthquake in the buildings. Lami-
nated rubber bearings should be protected against failure or instability because failure
of isolation devices may cause serious damage on the structures. Hence, the prediction
of the behaviour of the laminated rubber bearing with different properties is essential
in the design of a seismic bearing. In this paper, a finite element modeling of the
laminated rubber bearing is presented. The procedures of modeling the rubber bearing
with finite element are described. By the comparison of the numerical and the
experimental, the validities of modelling and results have been determined. The
results of this study perform that there is a good agreement between finite element
analysis and experimental results.

5. ADVANCED SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS FOR THE RESILIENT CITY

Akira Wada1, Nobuyuki Mori2 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Nikken
Sekkei Ltd., Japan

Advances in seismic design technology today enable structural engineers to design

buildings with a variety of seismic safety levels corresponding to different demands of
the society. However, target of design is basically limited to secure life safety level
within relatively short time span, i.e., serviceable life of each building. Aspects of
constructing sustainable and resilient cities, which consists of buildings with long life,
are not taken into account in general. Strong earthquakes occur at intervals that are
longer than life of individual building or people. On the other hand, as life of cities is
Obviously much longer, the corresponding seismic action is stronger than the design
action and may cause serious damage in buildings designed for their life only. Taking

13
 these into account, we have to design each building for earthquakes considering the
life of cities in order to secure continuity of urban activities over disastrous
earthquakes. However, there are problems to be solved in order to implement such
seismic design. In this paper, factors in seismic engineering that hinder to realize long
life city are identified and discussions on future steps of structural engineers to
contribute in constructing sustainable and resilient society are indicated.

6. An investigation into the seismic base isolation from practical perspective Hossein
Monfared1, Ayoub Shirvani, Sunny Nwaubani Faculty of Science and Technology,
Anglia Ruskin University, P.O. Box CM1 1SQ, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford,
Essex, UK Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University
hossein.monfared@student.anglia.ac.uk

Isolation from the ground during a seismic excitation has been one of the challenging
subjects for researchers for many years. From the review of current approach to
date, the general principles are for buildings or structures to be decoupled from the
horizontal components of the earthquake ground motion by interposing a layer with
low horizontal stiffness between the structure and the foundation. The harmonious
movement of the structural basement will cause a significant reduction of fundamental
frequency that is much lower than its fixed-base frequency and also much lower than
the predominant frequencies of the ground motion. In this paper the Base Isolation
systems are investigated from the historical evidences up to now. The work presented
herein is based on comparative perspective of different methods. Proposed to date
based on their compatibility, efficiency, benefits and weaknesses of each system that
are deliberated and analysed. Finally a five-storey building as a case study has been
taken into consideration through simulated analysis for both, with and without
base isolation systems. Numerical analyses are applied in order to observe dynamic
behavior of such structures under seismic loads. Brief review of the economy and
practical effectiveness of base-isolation systems is reported for completeness

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT: FOCUSING ON EARTHQUAKES Varanasi

Vamsi Krishn, B. Krishna Reddy, R. Madhukar Vishnu, Dr. P Saha

In this paper we are focusing on earthquakes which are the most frequently occurring
and are heavy damage causing. We have given the detailed study of why and how the
earthquakes occur, the study of various earthquakes that occurred in India have been

14
 detailed and the damages encountered by them in by both life and property. The
disaster management studies for the preparedness required for an earthquake before,
during and after an earthquake. The seismic evaluation of a building built with the
incorporation of IS code and that of a non-engineered building has been given as a
case study. The earthquake resistant techniques that can be incorporated in the design
of structure like using of base isolation systems has been deeply focused and the use
of dampers for energy dissipation have been given greater importance.

8. Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building by Response Spectrum Method ,Prof. S.S.

Patil, ,Miss. S.A. Ghadge, ,Prof. C.G. Konapure, Prof. Mrs. C.A. Ghadge
Department of Civil Engineering, W.I.T. College of Engineering Solapur
Maharashtra, Student, W.I.T. College of Engineering, Solapur Maharashtra
4,Department of Civil Engineering. S.T.B. College of Engineering, Tuljapur,
Maharashtra

This paper describes seismic analysis of high-rise building using program in

STAADPro. with various conditions of lateral stiffness system. Some models are
prepared that is bare frame, brace frame and shear wall frame. Analysis is done with
response spectrum method. This analysis will produce the effect of higher modes of
vibration & actual distribution of forces in elastic range in a better way. Test results
including base shear, story drift and story deflections are presented and get effective
lateral load resisting system. A large portion of India is susceptible to damaging levels
of seismic hazards. Hence, it is necessary to take in to account the seismic load for the
design of high-rise structure. The different lateral load resisting systems used in high-
rise building are: 1.Bare frame 2.Brace frame 3.Shear wall frame. In tall building the
lateral loads due to earthquake are a matter of concern. These lateral forces can
produce critical stresses in the structure, induce undesirable stresses in the structure,
induce undesirable vibrations or cause excessive lateral sway of the structure.

9. Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques Pranjal Yadav Indian Institute of

Technology Kanpur Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Earthquakes are serious problem as they affect life in hazardous manners. The
Earthquake are mainly prevented by two methods namely Base Isolation Methods and
Seismic Dampers. This report deals with Base Isolation and Seismic Dampers

15
 Methods in brief manner. Inertia is the reason for any building’s displacement in the
direction opposite to that of ground’s motion. Base-isolated buildings undergo four
times less acceleration as compared to fixed-base buildings. Reducing the vibrations
in the structure is another way of resisting damage. This is where dampers come into
play.

10. Base Isolation and Supplemental Damping Systems for Seismic Protection
Of Wood Structures: Michael D. Symans,a) M.EERI,William F. Cofer,b) and
Kenneth J. Fridleyc

This paper provides a literature review on the application of base isolation and
upplemental damping systems for seismic protection of wood structures. The review
reveals that both elastomeric bearings and sliding bearings have been considered for
implementation within base isolation systems of wood framed buildings. In addition,
friction dampers, viscoelastic dampers, hysteretic dampers, and fluid viscous dampers
have been considered for implementation within the framing of wood buildings.
Although there are a number of impediments to the widespread implementation of
such advanced seismic protection systems, the reviewed literature clearly
demonstrates that advanced seismic protection systems offer promise for enabling
light-framed wood structures to resist major earthquakes with minimal damage.

LITERATURE
REVIEW
16
 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

BASE ISOLATIONS
3. Elastomeric Base Isolation Systems
The developments in rubber technology made the base isolation a practical
reality. In the implemented projects of base isolation worldwide, it is observed that
elastomeric based systems are the most common. Typically, these systems consist of
big rubber block, which can be natural or synthetic (in case of neoprene) that are
generally characterized by high vertical stiffness compared to the horizontal stiffness
and damping capacity. The vertical stiffness is kept close to rigid, as the structural
members are designed to take care of the vertical force component of the seismic
excitation. Providing high vertical stiffness also prevents undesirable bouncing motion
that is induced if vertical flexibility is provided.Discussions on few popular base
isolation systems are provided in the next sections.

3.1 Laminated Rubber Bearing

The laminated rubber bearings (LRB) represent the most commonly used
elastomeric isolation system. The basic components of LRB are steel and rubber
plates, built through vulcanization process in alternate layers (Simo and Kelly, 1984),
The dominant feature of LRB is parallel action of linear spring and damping. A
schematic For paper and pulp production, it is normally stored wet in order to assist in
removal of the short pith fibers, which impede the papermaking process, as well as to
remove any remaining sugar. diagram for the mechanism Generally, the LRB is
characterized
with high damping capacity, horizontal flexibility and high vertical stiffness. The
relatively low shear stiffness in the horizontal plane is provided by the rubber, and the
high vertical stiffness is provided by steel shims to control the bouncing effect on the
structure due to vertical vibration caused by the earthquake. The steel shims also help
to confine the rubber from bulging out. The damping constant of the system varies
considerably with the strain level of the bearing. The system operates by decoupling
the structure from the horizontal components of the earthquake ground motion by
interposing a layer of low horizontal stiffness between the structure, and its
foundation. The isolation effects in this type of system are produced not by absorbing
the earthquake energy, however by deflecting through the dynamics of the system.

17
Usually, there is a large difference in the damping of the structure, and the isolation
device, which makes the system non-classically damped. The high-damping rubber
bearings (HDRB) also exhibit similar properties, and falls in the same category of
elastomeric systems (Kikuchi and Aiken, 1997; Koo et al., 1999; Tsopelas et al.,
1991). The ideal force-deformation behavior of these isolation systems is generally
represented by non-linear characteristics, the HDRB may exhibit hardening at higher
strains values. However, the code specifies an equivalent linear viscous model (to be
used for response spectrum analysis), which represents the linear stiffness with
viscous damping. Permanent residual displacement is very less in LRB after an event
of earthquake as the rubber mobilizes sufficient restoring force required to re-position
the building to its initial state. The restoring force Fb, can be mathematically modeled
from the force-deformation plot as,
F = c xɺ + k

18
19
3.1.2 New Zealand Bearing
The second category of elastomeric bearings are lead-rubber bearings, which
are similar to the LRB except that a central lead-core is used as in, to provide
additional means of energy dissipation, and initial rigidity against minor earthquakes
and winds (Skinner et al., 1975; Robinson, 2000, Matsagar and Jangid, 2004, Jangid,
2010). Because this bearing is developed, and widely used in New Zealand, it is
generally referred to as N-Z system. The lead-core provided, reduces the isolation
level displacement by virtue of its energy absorbing capacity. The N-Z systems also
provide an additional hysteretic damping through the yielding of the lead-core. This
seismic isolation system provides the combined features of vertical load support,
horizontal flexibility, restoring force and damping in a single unit. The schematic
diagram of the combined mechanism is shown in the ideal forced deformation
behavior of the N-Z system is generally represented by nonlinear characteristics
following a hysteretic nature as shown in. The N-Z system also poses the capability of
mobilizing the restoring force as LRB. However, the mathematical modeling is done
with the help of a non-linear model (Wen,1976) to characterize the hysteretic behavior
of the N-Z systems. The restoring force developed in the isolation bearing is given by,
F c x k x ( )F Z b b b b b y = ɺ + a + 1- a (8.8)
where, Fy is the yield strength of the bearing; a is an index which represent the ratio
of post to pre-yielding stiffness; kb is the initial stiffness of the bearing; cb is the
viscous damping of the bearing; and Z is the non-dimensional hysteretic displacement
component satisfying the following non-linear first order differential equation
expressed as.
3.2 Sliding Base Isolation Systems
Sliding systems with restoring force offers advantages over elastomeric
isolation systems.The sliding system is effective in the sense that it is capable of
taking care of wide range of frequency input from the seismic excitation. The
frictional force is proportional to the mass of the structure and hence the center of
mass and the center of resistance of the sliding support coincide, thus diminishing the
torsional effects produced by asymmetric building.
3.2.1 Pure Friction System
The simplest sliding isolation system, used popularly for bridges in particular,
is the pure friction (P-F) system based on the mechanism of sliding friction
(Westermo and Udwadia1983). The use of layer of sand or roller in the foundation of
the building is the example of P-F base isolator. Under normal conditions of ambient
vibrations, and small magnitude earthquakes, the system acts like a fixed base system
due to the static
frictional force. For large earthquake, the static value of frictional force is overcome,
and sliding occurs with reduced dynamic resistance thereby reducing the
accelerations. The horizontal frictional force at the bearing interface offers resistance
to the motion, anddissipates energy. The schematic and force-deformation behavior of
P-F system is rigid elastic-plastic as shown respectively in. It should be noted that the
coefficient of friction m of P-F system varies significantly with the nature of friction
surface used. Generally, in addition to these types of bearings supplemental devices
are indispensable to provide restoring capacity, and check on the excessive
displacements across isolationlayers. Coulomb’s frictional resistance is used to model
the limiting frictional force. It is to be noted that the frictional coefficient μ is
independent of the sliding velocity. The limiting frictional force in the bearing is given
by,
Fs μMg = (8.10)
Depending upon the magnitude of the frictional force, Fx the system will be in stick or
slip conditions. If Fx < Fs, then it will be in non-sliding (stick) phase, and the bearing
force, Fb is,
bxF=F

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23
3.2.3 Friction Pendulum System
One of the most popular and effective techniques for seismic isolation is
through the use of sliding isolation devices. The sliding systems exhibit excellent
performance under a variety of severe earthquake loading and are very effective in
reducing the large levels of the superstructure acceleration. These isolators are
characterized by their insensitivity to the frequency content of earthquake excitation,
because of the tendency of sliding system to reduce and spread the earthquake energy
over a wide range of frequencies. There is another advantage of sliding isolation
systems over conventional rubber bearings. Due to development of the frictional force
at the base, it is proportional to the mass of the structure, and the center of mass and
center of resistance of the sliding support coincides. Consequently, the torsional
effects produced by the asymmetric building are diminished. The concept of sliding
bearings is combined with the concept of a pendulum type response, resulting in a
conceptually interesting seismic isolation system known as a friction pendulum
system (FPS) (Zayas et al., 1990). A simple pendulum type response model is shown
in to illustrate the similarity to friction pendulum system. The concept of sliding
systems is marked by sliding of an articulated slider on spherical concave chrome
surface. The slider is faced with a bearing material which when in contact with the
polished chrome surface results in development of friction force while concave
surface produces restoring force. The system is activated only when the earthquake
forces overcome the static value of friction and coefficient of friction depends upon
the velocity attained. The FPS develops a lateral force equal to the combination of the
mobilized frictional force, and the restoring force that develops because of the rising
of the structure along the spherical concave surface (Jangid, 2005).
3.2.4 Resilient-Friction Base Isolation System
Resilient-friction base isolator (R-FBI) system consists of concentric layers of
Tefloncoated plates in friction contact with each other, and a central rubber core
(Mostaghel and Khodaverdian, 1987; Mostaghel and Mortazavi, 1991) as shown in. It
combines the beneficial effect of damping provided through friction, and the esiliency
of the rubber.The rubber core distributes the sliding displacement, and velocity along
the height of the RFBI.The rubber does not carry any vertical loads, and are
vulcanized to the sliding ring. The system provides isolation through the parallel
action of friction, damping, and restoring force. A schematic diagram of the
mechanism is As the R-FBI is very rigid in the vertical direction it does not provide
isolation against vertical ground motion. The ideal force-deformation characteristic of
R-FBI is as shown in figure along with the schematic diagram.

3.2.5 Electricite-de-France System

This system was developed under the auspices of “Electric de France” (EDF)
standardized for nuclear power plants in region of high seismicity (Gueraud, 1985).
The EDF base isolator consists of laminates (steel reinforced) of neoprene pad topped
by lead-bronze plate which is in friction contact with steel plate anchored to the base-
raft of the structure. The EDF base isolator essentially uses elastomeric bearing and
friction plate in series. An attractive feature of EDF isolator is that for lower
amplitude ground excitations, the lateral flexibility of neoprene pad provides seismic
isolation, and at high level of excitation sliding will occur which provides additional
protection. Such dual isolation technique was intended for small earthquakes where
the deformations are concentrated only at the bearings. However, for larger

26
earthquakes the bronze and steel plates are used to slide, and dissipate seismic energy.
The conceptual schematic model, and force deformation behavior of EDF isolator is.
The restoring force Fb from the force-deformation behavior can be mathematically
modeled
F = c xɺ + k x (8.15)
When the restoring force exceeds the limiting frictional force Fs the sliding at the top
plate of the EDF system takes place. The restoring force during the sliding
phase remains.

3.2 SESMIC DAMPERS

Another approach for cotrolling sesmic damage in building and improving

their sesmic performance is by installing sesmis dampers in place of structural
elements such as diagonal braces.These dampers act line hydraulic shock absorbers in
automobiles, thus damp motion of building.

Energy dissipation by dampers help in overall reduction in displacements of

the structure. This technique is most effective in structures that are relivately flexible
and have some in elastic deformation capacity.

27
 Types of dampers

 Metallic yield dampers

 Friction dampers
 Viscous fluid dampers
 Visco elastic dampers.

3.2.1. METALLIC DAMPERS

3.2.1.1 X-shaped metallic damper

The photograph of X-shaped damper is shown in Fig.Typical hysteresis curves from

the test is depicted in It is noted that the X-shaped damper has such properties as large
initial stiffness and high bearing capability. Yet, pinching in the middle of curve is
observed from the experimental results. A reason of the above phenomena may be
explained as stress concentration at the range of the center and the corner of the
damper, and another is that the shear deformation is more than bending deformation.
The results of test indicate that the X-shaped damper is not adaptable to be an energy-
dissipating device because it is relatively lack of enough deformation and dissipating
capability.

X-Shaped Metallic Damper

28
 Hysteretic Curves Of X-Shaped Metallic Damper

3.2.1.2 DOUBLE ROUND-HOLE METALLIC DAMPER

The photograph of double round-hole metallic damper and its typical
hysteretic curves from the test are shown in Fig.a and 3(b), respectively. During the
test, it was observed from the hysteretic curves that the damper is good with large
initial and (b), respectively. During the test, it was observed from the hysteretic curves
that the dumper is good with large initial stiffness. However, the crack along
horizontal direction appeared around the center of damper as soon as the deformation
reached to only about 6mm. The results of test reveal that the geometrical shape of
double round-plate damper is undesirable.

29
 Double Round-Hole Metallic Damper

Hysteretic Curves Of Double Round-Hole Metallic Damper

3.2.1.3. STRIP METALLIC DAMPER

Fig. depicts the photograph of strip metallic damper. Its typical hysteretic curves from
the test is shown in Fig. (b). The experimental results exhibit that the strip metallic
damper has both large initial stiffness and better capability of plastic deformation,
except for a reduction of load due to buckling observed at the final stage of the test.
Hence, the strip plate damper is of good energy-dissipated capability, but it is not
adequate to bear the cyclic force due to the lack of stability.

30
 Strip Metallic Damper

Hysteretic Curves Of Strip Metallic Damper

SINGLE ROUND-HOLE METALLIC DAMPER

The photograph of single round-hole metallic damper is shown in Fig.(a). Typical

hysteretic curves from the test is shown in Fig.(b).The experimental results indicated
the single round-hole damper not only has good energy-dissipated capability, but also
is of high initial stiffness. It is suitable to be as an effective energy-dissipated device.

31
 Single Round-Hole Metallic Damper

Hysteretic Curves Of Single Round-Hole Damper

Double X-shaped metallic damper

The photograph of double X-shaped metallic damper is detailed in Fig (a).

Typical hysteretic curves from the test is shown in Fig.(b). The buckling problem
described above in the strip metallic damper is solved in the way of making the
damper as double X shape. It can be noted from the experimental results that the
damper is of both large initial stiffness and energy-dissipated capability. Together
with the single round-hole damper, they are all selected as effective dampers to be
32
implemented in a practical project. On the basis of the above-presented results, the
following conclusions can be drawn as: Over all properties of single round-hole and
double X-shaped dampers are better than the others. The geometrical shapes of new
types of dampers make the energy uniformly dissipated in several areas without local
stress concentrations that may reduce its deformable capacity, even though it can
provide certain stiffness for building.

Double X-Shaped Metallic Damper

Hysteretic Curves Of Double X-Shaped Metallic Damper

FRICTION DAMPERS

A variety of friction devices has been proposed and developed for energy
dissipation in structures. Most of these devices generate rectangular hysteresis loops,
Ggure 3.1, which indicates that the behavior of friction dampers is similar to that of
Coulomb friction, Generally, these devices have good performance characteristics,
and their behavior is relatively less affected by the load frequency, number of load
cycles, or variations in temperature, Furthermore, these devices have high resistance

33
to fatigue. The devices differ in their mechanical complexity and in the materials used
for the sliding surfaces,

An example of friction dampers proposed by Pall and Marsh (1982) and Pall et a.l.
(1987) is n device that can be located at the intersection of cross bracings in frames as
shown in figure 3.2, When loaded, the tension brace induces slippage at the friction
joint. Consequently, the four links force the compression brace to slip. In this manner,
energy is dissipated in both braces even though they are designed to be effective in
tension only. The device is designed to prevent slippage under normal service loads.
Filiatrault and Cherry (1987) and Aiken et al. (1988) show the effectiveness of these
devices in providing a substantial increase in energy dissipation capacity and reducing
inter»slory drifts in comparison to moment resisting frames without such devices.
Filiatrault and Cherry (1990) have developed a design method to estirnule the
optimum slip load distribution for the Pall friction dampers. The design criterion is to
a relative perfonnance index derived using energy concepts. The device has been used

34
in several buildings in Canada. Another device that utilizes friclion to dissipate energy
was introduced by Sumitomo Metal Industries of Japan. The device was originally
used as shock absorbers in railway cars and recently its application was extended to
structures. Figure 3.3 shows the construction of a typical Sumitomo friction damper,
The device consists of copper pads impregnated with graphite in contact with the steel
casing of the device. The load on the contact surface is developed by a series of
wedges which act under the compressive force of the Belleville washer springs (cup
springs), The graphite serves as a lubricant between the contact surfaces and ensures a
stable coefficient of friction and silent operation. In an experimental study by Aiken
and Kelly (l988; 1990), Sumitomo dnmpels were installed in a I/4-scale 9-story steel
frame. The dampers were placed parallel to the floor beams with one end attached to
the floor beam above and the other end connected to a stiff chevron brace arrangement
attached to the floor beam below, figure 3.4. Similar to Pall friction dampers,
reductions in displacements were observed using the Sumitomo friction damping
devices. The reductions, however, depend on the input ground motion because friction
dampers are not activated by small excitations (dampers do not slip and dissipate
energy for forces less than the slip force). The presence of the dampers did not
influence base shears significantly, Sumitomo dampers were installed in the 31»story
Sonic City Office Building in Omiya City and the 22- story Asahi Beer Azumabsshi
Building in Tokyo, Japan. story steel frame. The dampers were placed parallel to the
floor beams with one end attached to the floor beam above and the other end
connected to a stiff chevron brace arrangemen attached to the floor beam below,
figure 3.4. Similar to Pall friction dampers, reductions in displacements were
observed using the Sumitomo friction damping devices. The reductions, however,
depend on the input ground motion because friction dampers are not activated by
small excitations (dampers do not slip and dissipate energy for forces less than the slip
force). The presence of the dampers did not influence base shears significantly,
Sumitomo dampers were installed in the 31»story Sonic City Office Building in
Omiya City and the 22- story Asahi Beer Azumabsshi Building in Tokyo, Japan.
Flour Daniel, Inc., has developed a unique friction device, called the Energy
Dissipating Restraint or EDR (Richter et al., 1990; Nin1s et a1,, 1993). The EDR was
originally developed as a seismic restraint device for the support of piping systems in
nuclear power plants. The EDR mechanism, figure 3.7, consists of sliding friction
through a range of motions with a stop at the ends, The principal components of t.he

35
device are intemal springs, compression wedges, friction wedges, stops and a
cylinder, 'I'he R is the only frictional device that generates non~rectangu1ar
hysteresis loops and a slip load proportional to displacement. Thus, in contrast to
other frictional devices which exhibit rectangular hysteresis loops, EDRs are activated
even by small excitations. Different hysteresis behaviors me possible depending nn
the spring constant, configuration of the core, initial slip load, and gap size. Typical
hysteresis loops for different adjustments of the device are shown in Ggure 3.8, The
device has self-centering capabilities which reduce permanent offsets when the
structure deforms beyond the elastic range. The device was tested in a 3- story frame
(Aiken et al., 1992) and proved effective in reducing the seismic response. Another
device using sliding interface materials similar to that of the Sumitomo device was
introduced by Constantinou et al. (1991a, 1991b) for applications in seismic isolation
ofFlour Daniel, Inc., has developed a unique friction device, called the Energy
Dissipating Restraint or EDR (Richter et al., 1990; Nin1s et a1,, 1993). The EDR was
originally developed as a seismic restraint device for the support of piping systems in
nuclear power plants. The EDR mechanism, figure 3.7, consists of sliding friction
through a range of motions with a stop at the ends, The principal components of t.he
device are intemal springs, compression wedges, friction wedges, stops and a
cylinder, 'I'he R is the only frictional device that generates non~rectangu1ar
hysteresis loops and a slip load proportional to displacement. Thus, in contrast to
other frictional devices which exhibit rectangular hysteresis loops, EDRs are activated
even by small excitations. Different hysteresis behaviors me possible depending nn
the spring constant, configuration of the core, initial slip load, and gap size. Typical
hysteresis loops for different adjustments of the device are shown in Ggure 3.8, The
device has self-centering capabilities which reduce permanent offsets when the
structure deforms beyond the elastic range. The device was tested in a 3- story frame
(Aiken et al., 1992) and proved effective in reducing the seismic response.Another
device using sliding interface materials similar to that of the Sumitomo device was
introduced by Constantinou et al. (1991a, 1991b).

VISCO ELASTIC DAMPERS

Flour Daniel, Inc., has developed a unique friction device, called the Energy
Dissipating Restraint or EDR (Richter et al., 1990; Nin1s et a1,, 1993). The EDR was
originally developed as a seismic restraint device for the support of piping systems in
36
nuclear power plants. The EDR mechanism, figure 3.7, consists of sliding friction
through a range of motions with a stop at the ends, The principal components of t.he
device are intemal springs, compression wedges, friction wedges, stops and a
cylinder, 'I'he R is the only frictional device that generates non~rectangu1ar
hysteresis loops and a slip load proportional to displacement. Thus, in contrast to
other frictional devices which exhibit rectangular hysteresis loops, EDRs are activated
even by small excitations. Different hysteresis behaviors me possible depending nn
the spring constant, configuration of the core, initial
slip load, and gap size. Typical hysteresis loops for different adjustments of the device
are shown in Ggure 3.8, The device has self-centering capabilities which reduce
permanent offsets when the structure deforms beyond the elastic range. The device
was tested in a 3- story frame (Aiken et al., 1992) and proved effective in reducing the
seismic response. Another device using sliding interface materials similar to that of
the Sumitomo device was Introduced by Constantinou et al. (1991a, 1991b) for
applications in seismic isolation of

37
Visco elastic structures have been used in following structures.

38
VISCOUS DAMPERS
Dampels which utilize the viscous properties of fluids have been developed
and used in structural applications. A viscous-damping (VD) wall system was developed by
Sumitomo Construction Company. Japan. The device consists of an outer steel casing
attached to the lower floor and filled with a highly viscous fluid. An inner moving steel
plate hanging from the upper floor is contained within the steel casing, figure 3.23. The
viscous damping force is induced by the relative velocity between the two floors.
Eard1quake simulator tests of a full scale 4-story steel frame with and without VD walls
indicate response reductions of 66 to 80 percent with the walls (Arima et al., 1988). A 4-
story reinforced concrete building with VD Walls was constructed in 1987 in Tsukuba,
Japan and has since been monitored for earthquake response. Reductions in acceleration
responses between 33 to 75 pement were observed when using the VD walls (Arima et al.,
1988), The 170 VD walls installed in the 78 m high SUT steel building in Shizouka City,
Japan, provided Z0 to 35 percent damping for the building and reduced the response up to
70 to B0 peroent (Miyazaki and Mitsusaka,1992). Fluid viscous dampers which operate on
the principle of fluid flow through oritices have been used for many years in automotive,
aerospace, and defense industries, They are beginning to emerge in structural applications.
These dampers possess linear viscous behavior and are relatively insensitive to tempeiature
changes. Experimental and analytical studies of buildings and bridges with fluid dampers
manufactured by Taylor Devices, Inc. have been canied out by Constantinou and Symans
(199241) and Constantinou et al. (1993). The Taylor device which is lilled with silicone oil,
consists of a stainless steel piston with a bronze orifice head and an accumulator, figure
3.24. The flow through the orifice is compensated by a passive bi-metallic themiostat vhat
allows the operation of me device over a temperature range of ~ 40° C to 70° C. The force
in the damper is generated by a pressure differential across the piston head. The fluid
volume is reduced by the product of tnvel distance and piston rod area. Since the fluid is
compiessible, the reduction in volume causes a restoring force which is prevented by the
accumulator.
Fluid viscous dampers may be used as passive energy dissipation elements in
seismic isolation systems. In an experimental study by Conslanlinou et al. (1992b), fluid
dampers were used in a seismic isolated bridge model, tigure 3.25, The dampers provided
the bridge with a damping of approximauely 50% of critical. Experimental results
demonstrated simultaneous reductions in the isolator displacements and the forces
transmitted to the bridge
superstructure, Furthermore, me experiments indicated that the isolated bridge willi
fluiddampers was insensitive to the frequency content of the ground excitation.

40
 TUNED MASS SYSTEMS
A tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device consisting of a mass, a spring, and a
damper that is attached to a structure in order to reduce the dynamic response of the
structure. The frequency of the damper is tuned to a particular structural frequency so
that when that frequency is excited, the damper will resonate out of phase with the
structural motion. Energy is dissipated by the damper inertia force acting on the
structure. The TMD concept was first applied by Frahm in 1909 (Frahm, 1909) to
reduce the rolling motion of ships as well as ship hull vibrations. A theory for the TMD
was presented later in the paper by Ormondroyd and Den Hartog (1928), followed by a
detailed discussion of optimal tuning and damping parameters in Den Hartog’s book on
mechanical vibrations (1940). The initial theory was applicable for an undamped
SDOF system subjected to a sinusoidal force excitation. Extension of the theory to
damped SDOF systems has been investigated by numerous researchers. Significant
contributions were made by Randall et al. (1981), Warburton (1981, 1982), Warburton
and Ayorinde (1980), and Tsai and Lin (1993). This chapter starts with an introductory
example of a TMD design and a brief description of some of the implementations of
tuned mass dampers in building structures. A rigorous theory of tuned mass dampers
for SDOF systems subjected to harmonic force excitation and harmonic ground motion
is discussed next. Various cases, including an undamped TMD attached to an
undamped SDOF system, a damped TMD attached to an undamped SDOF system, and
a damped TMD attached to a damped SDOF system, are considered. Time history
responses for a ConCh04v2.fm Page 217 Thursday, July 11, 2002 4:33 PM 218
Chapter 4 Tuned Mass Damper Systems range of SDOF systems connected to
optimally tuned TMD and subjected to harmonic and seismic excitations are presented.
The theory is then extended to MDOF systems, where the TMD is used to dampen out
the vibrations of a specific mode. An assessment of the optimal placement locations of
TMDs in building structures is included. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate
the level of control that can be achieved with such passive devices for both harmonic
and seismic excitation.
TYPES OF TUNNED MASS SYSTEMS
 Tunned mass dampers
 Tunned liquid dampers
 Tuned liquid column dampers.
TUNNED MASS DAMPERS.
A typical tuned mass damper (TMD) consists of amass which moves relative
to the structure and is attached to it by a spring and a viscous damper in parallel,
figure 4.1. When the stmcture vibrates, it excites the TMD and the kinetic energy is
transferred from the structure to the TMID and is absorbed by the damping component
of Lhe device. The mass of Lhe TMD usually experiences large displacements (stroke
lengths).

42
3.4.2 TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS
Tuned liquid dampers (TLD) which have been used extensively in space
satellites and marine vessels, are being implemented in structures for vibration
control, TLDs, figure 4.2, consist of rigid tanks iilled with shallow liquid, where the
sloshing motion absorbs the energy and dissipates it through viscous action of the
liquid, wave breaking, and auxiliary damping appurtenances such as nets or floating
beads. The principle of absorbing the kinetic energy of the structure is similar to
1'MDs (see previous section) where the fluid functions as the moving mass and the
restoring force is generated by gravity. TLDs have several advantages over TMDS
such as reducing the motion in two directions simultaneously and not requiring large
stroke lengths, On the other hand, the relatively small mass of water or other fluids
compared to the large mass of TMDS (usually steel, concrete, or lead) necessitates
larger spaces to achieve the same damping effect. According to Sun et al. (1989), the
natural frequency of TLDs can be computed from.

3.4.3 Tuned liquid dampers

43
 Tuned liquid dampers (TLD) which have been used extensively in space
satellites and marine vessels, are being implemented in structures for vibration
control, TLDs, figure 4.2, consist of rigid tanks iilled with shallow liquid, where the
sloshing motion absorbs the energy and dissipates it through viscous action of the
liquid, wave breaking, and auxiliary damping appurtenances such as nets or floating
beads. The principle of absorbing the kinetic energy of the structure is similar to
1'MDs (see previous section) where the fluid functions as the moving mass and the
restoring force is generated by gravity. TLDs have several advantages over TMDS
such as reducing the motion in two directions simultaneously and not requiring large
stroke lengths, On the other hand, the relatively small mass of water or other fluids
compared to the large mass of TMDS (usually steel, concrete, or lead) necessitates
larger spaces to achieve the same damping effect. According to Sun et al. (1989), the
natural frequency of TLDs can be computed from.

44
CONCLUSIONS

The advanced earthquake engineering techniques for various multistoreyed building

frames which is applicable to substructure level and superstructures level has been
studied in details. Following conclusion are derived which are as follows;

1. The small magnitude earthquake intensity which always shakes the

multistoreyed building for shorter period, where the major structural
components are sufficient to impart the response

2. The larger magnitude peak earthquake excitation always needs proper

positioning of friction dampers with combination of tuned or viscous dampers

3. The frinction pendulum system (FPS) criteria always govern for sometime
absorbing more earthquake energy compared to other superstructures
techniques i.e., dampers

4. The violation of codal provision or the bad construction practice always

triggers and excites the all the advanced technique to work beyond their
capacity hence caused sudden damage to the building components

5. The Elastometric bearing having mutual compactness of steel and rubber

medium vulcanized each other with certain thickness needs regular
observation for maintenance for sliding mechanism

45
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