Sem 4 Report

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RC TALL BUILDINGS
DESIGNED AS PER IS 16700: 2017 BY NONLINEAR TIME

HISTORY ANALYSIS
A DISSERTATION
Submitted by
SUTHAR PRAMITKUMAR ATULBHAI
for the partial fulfillment of the award of the degree
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(CIVIL-STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING)
Under the guidance of

Prof. Dr. D. P. SONI
Prof. Dr. R. K. SHETH
Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Technology
DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY
NADIAD-387001
March-2019
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that, this report entitled “Performance Evaluation of RC Tall

Buildings Designed as per IS 16700: 2017 by Nonlinear Time History
Analysis” is a record of the work/activities carried out by me under the
guidance and supervision of Prof. Dr. D. P. Soni and Prof. Dr. R. K. Sheth for
partial fulfillment of M. Tech. Dissertation – Part II.
I further declare to the best of my knowledge, this dissertation does not contain
any part of work, which has been submitted for the award of any degree either
in this University or any other University without proper citation.
(Suthar Pramitkumar Atulbhai)

Candidate
Endorsed and Recommended for Examination
Guide Co-Guide
Prof. Dr. D. P. Soni Prof. Dr. R. K. Sheth
Principal, Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
SVIT, Dharmsinh Desai University,
Vasad. Nadiad.
I
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report submitted herewith is a record of the work
carried out for M. Tech. Dissertation – Part II by
SUTHAR PRAMITKUMAR ATULBHAI
ID No. 17MSPBS013, M. Tech. Sem. – IV (Civil–Structural Engg): 2018-19
It embodies bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance and

supervision for the partial fulfillment for award of Master of
Technology (Civil – Structural Engineering) degree of D. D. University,
Nadiad.
Guide Co-Guide
Prof. Dr. D. P. Soni Prof. Dr. R. K. Sheth
Principal, Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
SVIT, Dharmsinh Desai University,
Vasad. Nadiad.
Head Dean
Prof. K. N. Sheth Prof. D. G. Panchal
Head of Department, Dean,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology,
Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University,
Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad.
Nadiad.
Examined By:
1. 2. 3.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I profoundly thank Prof. Dr. D. P. Soni, for his precious time and knowledge for my work.
He has been an excellent guide. I would like to express my unfeigned gratitude to my co-
guide Prof. Dr. R. K. Sheth for the continuous support for my thesis work, for his patience,
motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of
my work and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better
guide/advisor/mentor for my thesis work.
I am also extremely indebted to Prof. K. N. Sheth (Head, Civil Engineering Department,

D.D.I.T.) for providing necessary infrastructure and resources to accomplish my thesis work.
I also hereby take the opportunity to extend my thankfulness to Prof. D. G. Panchal, (Dean,
D.D.I.T.). I am thankful to them for providing support during my thesis work.
Apart from this, I am thankful to the staff of Civil Engineering Department, D.D.I.T. for their
unprecedented access to the D.D.I.T. computer lab.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the thesis would
be great but incomplete without the mention of my classmates who made it possible with
their constant support and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success.
Last but not the least, I would like to pay high regards to my parents for supporting me
spiritually throughout my life. I owe everything to them. Besides this, I would like to thank
several people who knowingly or unknowingly helped me in the successful completion of
thesis work.
Suthar Pramitkumar Atulbhai

ABSTRACT
The development of urban areas leads rapid concentration of population in a search of job
and rich life style. As the land is limited and its cost is increasing with the time and its human
endeavour to live higher, vertical expansion is the only alternative over horizonal one. This
will lead to construction of Tall buildings. Tall buildings involve large amount of resources
and humans in construction and during its life span. Seismic failure of such kind of buildings can
cause vulnerable disaster. So, it is most favourable to do performance evaluation and adequacy
of strength evaluation for possible earthquake ground motions. To capture the realistic
structural behavior, nonlinear analysis is carried out in extant thesis for performance
evaluation.
Because of the presence of many parameters such as building mass and stiffness, dynamic
characteristics of the building, intensity and nature of ground motion, etc., the inertia forces
generated in the building at different heights can hardly be accurately determined. Methods
of dynamic analysis such as Nonlinear time-history analysis (NLTHA) and Incremental
Dynamic Analysis (IDA) constitutes the most accurate way for simulating response of
structures subjected to strong levels of seismic excitation.
Here, 30 and 40-storey RC Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube tall buildings are
analyzed for seismic zone V and for wind zone IV, terrain-4. Buildings are designed as per IS
codes provisions, considering gravity, seismic and wind loads. The performance evaluation
of above buildings is done using Nonlinear Time History Analysis using SeismoStruct
software for set of 6 artificial ground motions compatible to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 design
spectrum and set of 7 past Indian recorded earthquake ground motions. Incremental Dynamic
Analysis is used to develop Dynamic Pushover (DPO) curve for Sikkim ground motion.
Systems are compared by concrete and rebar quality consumed, results obtained from
analysis for Wind and Seismic forces are shown in terms of Base Shear, Base Overturning
Moment and Top Storey Displacement. For NLTHA, results are shown in terms of
Displacement and Inter- Storey Drift Ratio (IDR) profile. Result of Single-Record IDA is
shown in terms of capacity curve and performance point which is obtained using Modified
Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectra (MADRS) method. It is observed from the
results that all buildings show satisfactory performance and Bundle tube and Frame tube
system proved economical as compared to Tube in tube system.
CONTENTS
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION............................................................................................I
CERTIFICATE..........................................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................III
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................IV
CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................VIII
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................XII
NOTATIONS........................................................................................................................XIII
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1
1.1 General............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Tall Buildings..................................................................................................................2
1.3 Seismic Design Methods.................................................................................................4
1.4 Performance Evaluation..................................................................................................4
1.4.1 Nonlinear Static Analysis......................................................................................5
1.4.2 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis..........................................................................................6
1.5 Sources of Nonlinearity...................................................................................................7
1.6 Selection of Software......................................................................................................9
1.7 Aim and Scope of Dissertation......................................................................................10
1.8 Layout of Dissertation...................................................................................................10
2. LITERETURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................11
2.1 General..........................................................................................................................11
2.2 Introduction to Lateral Load Resisting Systems...........................................................12
2.2.1 Interior Structural Systems............................................................................................12
2.2.1.1 Flat Slab-Frame System...................................................................................12
2.2.1.2 Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls...................................................................13
2.2.1.3 Coupled Shear Walls........................................................................................13
2.2.1.4 Rigid Frame.....................................................................................................14
2.2.1.5 Belt & Outrigger System..................................................................................15
2.2.2 Exterior Structural Systems...........................................................................................16
2.2.2.1 Framed tube.....................................................................................................16
2.2.2.2 Exterior Diagonal tube.....................................................................................19
2.2.2.3 Bundled tube....................................................................................................20
2.2.2.4 Tube in tube.....................................................................................................21
2.3 Limit State Method for Design of Flexural and Compression Members......................22
2.3.1 Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete.........................................................................22
2.3.2 Stress-Strain Relationship for Steel...............................................................................23
2.4 IS 16700: 2017 Provisions........................................................................................................25
2.5 Design Criteria...............................................................................................................28
2.5.1 Strength and Stability....................................................................................................28
2.5.2 Stiffness and Drift Limitations......................................................................................28
2.5.3 Loads....................................................................................................................29
2.5.3.1 Dead Load........................................................................................................29
2.4.3.2 Live Load..........................................................................................................29
2.5.3.3 Construction Load............................................................................................29
2.5.3.4 Wind Load.......................................................................................................31
2.5.3.5 Seismic Load...................................................................................................38
2.6 Nonlinear Time History Analysis..................................................................................43
2.7 Incremental Dynamic Analysis.....................................................................................44
2.7.1 Terminology in IDA......................................................................................................44
2.8 Fema-440 Equivalent Linearization Method.................................................................46
2.9 Plastic Hinge Length and Location...............................................................................51
2.10 Research Papers...........................................................................................................52
3. SOFTWARE BRIEF............................................................................................................54
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................54
3.2 ETABS (Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems)...................................54
3.2.1 Frame Elements in ETABS...........................................................................................54
3.3 Seismostruct..................................................................................................................55
3.3.1 Material Nonlinearity....................................................................................................56
3.3.4 Types of Material...........................................................................................................58
3.5 Element Class................................................................................................................60
3.6 Structural Geometry......................................................................................................61
3.7 Load Assignments.........................................................................................................62
3.8 Processor........................................................................................................................64
3.9 Post Processor................................................................................................................64
4. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS...........................................................................................67
4.1 General..........................................................................................................................67
4.2 Design of 30-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube Buildings..................69
4.3 Building and Loading Data...........................................................................................70
4.4 Load Combinations Considered for Analysis and Design............................................71
4.5 Check for Provisions of IS 16700: 2017.......................................................................71
4.6 Design Results...............................................................................................................73
4.6.1 30-Storey Frame tube Building.....................................................................................73
4.6.2 30-Storey Bundle tube Building....................................................................................79
4.6.2 30-Storey Tube in tube Building....................................................................................85
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................91
5.1 General..........................................................................................................................91
5.2 Quantity of R.C. Work for Frame Elements..................................................................91
5.3 Modal Analysis..............................................................................................................92
5.2 Results of Wind and Seismic Analysis..........................................................................95
5.3 Shear Lag.......................................................................................................................98
5.4 Results of Nonlinear Time History Analysis...............................................................102
5.5 Results of Incremental Dynamic Analysis..................................................................136
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE..........................................................................127
6.1 General........................................................................................................................127
6.2 Conclusion...................................................................................................................127
6.3 Future Scope of work…..............................................................................................143
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................129
ANNEXURE 1.......................................................................................................................131
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Height Relative to context......................................................................................2

Figure 1. 2 Proportion...............................................................................................................2
Figure 1. 3 Single-Function OR Mixed-Use.............................................................................3
Figure 1. 4 Building OR Tower................................................................................................3
Figure 1. 5 Single OR Co-Joined Building...............................................................................4
Figure 1. 6 Flow Chart of Performance Evaluation Methods...................................................5
Figure 1. 7 Incremental Dynamic Analysis Plot for single-record...........................................7
Figure 1. 8 Geometric Nonlinearity..........................................................................................8
Figure 1. 9 (A) Stress Strain Curve of Steel, (B) Stress Strain Curve of Concrete...................9
Figure 2. 1 Flat Slab-Frame System........................................................................................12

Figure 2. 2 Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls........................................................................13
Figure 2. 3 Coupled Shear Walls............................................................................................13
Figure 2. 4 Rigid Frame..........................................................................................................14
Figure 2. 5 Belt & Outrigger System......................................................................................15
Figure 2. 6 Frame tube Structure.............................................................................................16
Figure 2. 7 Flange and Web frames........................................................................................17
Figure 2. 8 Axial Stress in Columns.......................................................................................18
Figure 2. 9 Shear lag in Frame tube........................................................................................18
Figure 2. 10 Exterior Diagonal tube........................................................................................19
Figure 2. 11 Axial Stress in Columns of Bundle tube.............................................................20
Figure 2. 12 Tube in tube Structure........................................................................................21
Figure 2. 13 Stress- Strain Curve for Concrete.......................................................................22
Figure 2. 14 Characteristic and Design Stress-Strain Curves for Cold-Worked Steel............24
Figure 2. 15 Maximum values of Height with Different Structural Systems.........................25
Figure 2. 16 Maximum Slenderness Ratio..............................................................................25
Figure 2. 17 Minimum Design Base Shear Coefficient..........................................................26
Figure 2. 18 Cracked RC Section Properties..........................................................................27
Figure 2. 19 Reinforcement Requirements in Beams.............................................................27
Figure 2. 20 Probability factor (risk coefficient)....................................................................32
Figure 2. 21 Terrain roughness and Height factor..................................................................33
Figure 2. 22 Notations for Height...........................................................................................34
Figure 2. 23 Spectra for Response Spectrum Method (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016).....................42
Figure 2. 24 MDoF to SDoF Conversion Using ADRS Format.............................................46
Figure 2. 25 ADRS with Teff and Beff Parameters along with Capacity Curve.......................47
Figure 2. 26 Initial ADRS Demand Capacity Spectrum.........................................................49
Figure 2. 27 Locus of Possible Performance Points using MADRS.......................................50
Figure 2. 28 Possible Idealized Hinge Model for Beam-Column Elements...........................51
Figure 3. 1 Frame elements.....................................................................................................54

Figure 3. 2 Shell elements.......................................................................................................55
Figure 3. 3 Discretization of a Typical Reinforced Concrete Cross Section..........................56
Figure 3. 4 Gauss-Lobatto Integration Sections......................................................................57
Figure 3. 5 Mandar Nonlinear Concrete Model......................................................................58
Figure 3. 6 Bi-Linear Steel Model..........................................................................................59
Figure 3. 7 Typical Inelastic Force Based Plastic Hinge Element..........................................60
Figure 3. 8 SeismoStruct Model of Frame tube building........................................................61
Figure 3. 9 Time History Curve in SeismoStruct....................................................................63
Figure 3. 10 Typical Window of Real Time Analysis Processor............................................64
Figure 3. 11 Global Axis in SeismoStruct Software...............................................................65
Figure 4. 1 Geometric Configuration of Frame tube building................................................67

Figure 4. 2 Geometric Configuration of Bundle tube building...............................................68
Figure 4. 3 Geometric Configuration of Tube in tube building..............................................68
Figure 4. 4 Isometric View of 30-storey Building..................................................................69
Figure 4. 5 Beam Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Frame tube building......................73
Figure 4. 6 Column Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Frame tube building..................76
Figure 4. 7 Beam Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Bundle tube building....................79
Figure 4. 8 Column Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Bundle tube building.................81
Figure 4. 9 Beam Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Tube in tube building...................85
Figure 4. 10 Column Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Tube in tube building..............88
Figure 5. 1 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Base Shear..................................................95

Figure 5. 2 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Base Overturning Moment.........................96
Figure 5. 3 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Top Storey Displacement...........................97
Figure 5. 4 Axial Force in columns of 30 and 40-storey Frame tube buildings
(Shear Lag Effect).................................................................................................99
Figure 5. 5 Axial Force in columns of 30 and 40-storey Bundle tube buildings
(Shear Lag Effect)...............................................................................................100
Figure 5. 6 Axial Force in columns of 30 and 40-storey Tube in tube buildings
(Shear Lag Effect)...............................................................................................101
Figure 5. 7 Artificial Ground Motions (A1 to A6) compatible to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016
Response Spectra..................................................................................................102
Figure 5. 8 Recorded Past Indian Earthquake Ground Motions...........................................103
Figure 5. 9 Pseudo Acceleration for Artificial Ground Motions..........................................104
Figure 5. 10 Pseudo Acceleration for Recorded Earthquake Ground Motions.....................104
Figure 5. 11 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Frame tube building subjected to
Artificial ground motions....................................................................................106
Figure 5. 12 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Bundle tube building subjected
to Artificial ground motions..............................................................................107
Figure 5. 13 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Tube in tube building subjected
Figure 5. 14 Comparison of Median Displacement and Median IDR of 30-storey Frame
tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings subjected to Artificial ground
motions..............................................................................................................109
Artificial ground motions..................................................................................110
tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings subjected to Artificial ground
motions..............................................................................................................113
Recorded Earthquake ground motions..............................................................114
to Recorded Earthquake ground motions..........................................................115
Figure 5. 22 Comparison of Median Displacement of 30-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube
and Tube in tube buildings subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground
motions..............................................................................................................117
Recorded Earthquake ground motions..............................................................118
tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings subjected to Recorded
Earthquake ground motions..............................................................................121
Figure 5. 27 IDA Curve of 30-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings
subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motion (#7 Sikkim)............................122
Figure 5. 28 IDA Curve of 40-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings
subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motion (#7 Sikkim)............................122
Figure 5. 29 Performance Point of 30-storey Frame tube building.......................................123
Figure 5. 30 Performance Point of 30-storey Bundle tube building.....................................123
Figure 5. 31 Performance Point of 30-storey Tube in tube building....................................124
Figure 5. 32 Performance Point of 40-storey Frame tube building.......................................124
Figure 5. 33 Performance Point of 40-storey Bundle tube building.....................................125
Figure 5. 34 Performance Point of 40-storey Tube in tube building....................................125
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1 Stress-Strain Variation for Reinforcing Steel........................................................24

Table 2. 2 Values of Structural Damping Coefficients...........................................................37
Table 2. 3 Seismic Zone Factor (Z)........................................................................................40
Table 2. 4 Importance Factor (I).............................................................................................40
Table 2. 5 Response Reduction Factor (R).............................................................................41
Table 3. 1 Concrete Parameters...............................................................................................58

Table 3. 2 Steel Parameters.....................................................................................................59
Table 4. 1 Buildings Data........................................................................................................70

Table 4. 2 Loading Data for Buildings....................................................................................70
Table 4. 3 Load Combination considered for Design and Analysis.......................................71
Table 4. 4 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Frame tube building............................74
Table 4. 5 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Frame tube building........................77
Table 4. 6 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Bundle tube building..........................80
Table 4. 7 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Bundle tube building.......................82
Table 4. 8 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Tube in tube building..........................86
Table 4. 9 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Tube in tube building......................89
Table 5. 1 Quantity of Concrete and Reinforcement..............................................................91

Table 5. 2. a Modal Analysis for 30-storey Frame tube building...........................................92
Table 5. 2. b Modal Analysis for 30-storey Bundle tube building..........................................92
Table 5. 2. c Modal Analysis for 30-storey Tube in tube building.........................................93
Table 5. 2. d Modal Analysis for 40-storey Frame tube building...........................................93
Table 5. 2. e Modal Analysis for 40-storey Bundle tube building..........................................94
Table 5. 2. f Modal Analysis for 40-storey Tube in tube building..........................................94
Table 5. 3 Performance comparison of each building...........................................................126
NOTATIONS
εs Strain in Steel
εc Strain in Concrete
fy Yield stress of Steel

fck Compressive stress of Concrete
γm Partial safety factor for material
xu Depth of neutral axis from extreme fibre
Sa Spectral Acceleration
NLTHA Non-Linear Time History Analysis
IDR Inter-Storey Drift Ratio
Con_ma Mandar Nonlinear Concrete Model
Stl_bl Bilinear Steel model
DL Dead Load
LL Live Load
EQ Seismic Load
ETABS Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems
RC Reinforced Concrete
RS Response Spectrum
DBE Design Basis Earthquake
MCE Maximum Considered Earthquake
MADRS Modified Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectra
DPO Dynamic Pushover
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The development of urban areas leads rapid concentration of population in a search of job
and rich life style. As the land is limited, its cost is increasing with the time and its human
endeavour to live higher, vertical expansion is the only alternative over horizonal one.
This will lead to construction of Tall buildings.
The development of tall buildings began during the 19th century. The structural system
used in the beginning was based on the outer masonry walls which would carry the
building’s weight. It resulted in that the walls at the base needed to be thicker for each
storey added in order to bear the overlying storeys, which in turn required large base
space. Thus, it was quite impractical and expensive to build more than five storeys. The
lack of a transport system in these buildings also contributed to that the buildings were
not built higher than four or five storeys. With the invention of the elevator and a new
structural system, the iron skeleton frame hidden behind masonry walls, so began the
establishment of tall buildings.
Tall buildings are an effective way to provide residential and commercial space. Apart
from the practical and functional advantages, tall buildings are also often constructed in
hope of becoming a landmark to signify the city to the world.
It is well known that the behavior of a building under seismic loads is essentially a
random vibration problem. However, tall buildings respond differently under such loads
from low- rise buildings due to their large slenderness ratios. Because of the greater
flexibility and time periods of tall buildings, such buildings undergo "whiplash effects"
which are represented by a series of progressively higher and more complex modes of
vibration. Because of the presence of many parameters such as building mass and
stiffness, dynamic characteristics of the building, intensity and nature of ground motion,
etc., the inertia forces generated in the building at different heights can hardly be
accurately determined. Methods of dynamic analysis such as time history analysis
estimate these forces.
1
1.2 TALL BUILDINGS
A building of 14-storey (over 50 meter/165 feet) could be used as a threshold for

considering it as a tall building. (same as stated in IS 16700: 2017)
Tall buildings exhibit some elements of tallness in one OR more following categories:
1. Height Relative to context:
Figure 1. 1 Height Relative to context
A 14-story building may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise city

such as Dubai, New York Hong Kong, but in a provincial city or a suburb area
this may be taller than the urban area.
2. Proportion:
Figure 1. 2 Proportion
There are numerous buildings that are not particularly high, but are slender
enough to give the appearance of a tall building. On other hand, there are
numerous big/large-footprint buildings that are quite high, but their size/floor
area rules them out of being classed as a tall building.
3. Tall building Technologies:

There are technologies like, specific vertical transport technologies(Elevator),
Structural bracings, Seismic dampers which attributed to the tall buildings.
Tall Building Characteristics:
1. Single-Function OR Mixed-Use:
Figure 1. 3 Single-Function OR Mixed-Use
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85 percent or more of its

total height is dedicated to a single function.
2. Building OR Tower:
Figure 1. 4 Building OR Tower

To be considered a building, at least 50 percent of its height must be occupiable.
3.Single OR Co-Joined Building:
Figure 1. 5 Single OR Co-Joined Building
A building is a co-joined building when 50 percent or more of the total building

height is connected.
1.3 SEISMIC DESIGN METHODS
Force based design method practised, focuses on the seismic force over the structure. In
this method, the design procedure is carried out for the seismic force acting on the system
where stiffness, time period and strength are the initial properties of the design. The
existing conventional code-based procedures are normative in nature. Linear elastic
analysis of the structure is performed for the lateral forces calculated from the procedure.
Building codes require that structures should be designed to withstand a certain intensity
of ground acceleration.
The process of designing the structure for seismic resistance has been undergoing a
critical reappraisal in recent years, with the emphasis changing from strength to
performance. As a result, the principle of “Performance Based Earthquake Engineering”
(PBEE), which promotes the idea of designing structures with higher levels of
performance standards across multiple limit states, has been proposed.
1.4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The performance evaluation technique is used to assess the response of the structure
during the particular seismic activity. It is used for design verification of new
construction, evaluation of existing structures in order to know the damage states and
correlation of
damage states of structures to various amplitudes of the ground motion. The procedure
compares the capacity of the structure with the demands of the structure.
Adaptive
Pushover
Analysis
Nonlinear Static
Analysis
Static
Pushover
Performance Analysis
Evaluation
Methods
Incremental
Nonlinear Dynamic
Dynamic Analysis
Analysis
Nonlinear Time
History Analysis
Figure 1. 6 Flow Chart of Performance Evaluation Methods
Performance assessment methods for evaluating seismic demand and capacity of the
structures can be broadly classified into:
1. Nonlinear Static (Static Pushover and Adaptive Pushover Analysis)
2. Nonlinear Dynamic (Nonlinear Time History and Incremental Dynamic Analysis)
1.4.1 Nonlinear Static Analysis
Nonlinear static analysis is an improvement over linear static. It is practical method in

which analysis is carried out under permanent vertical loads and gradually increasing
lateral loads to estimate deformation and damage pattern of structure. Nonlinear static
analysis is the method of seismic analysis in which behaviour of the structure is
characterized by capacity curve that represents the relation between the base shear force
and the displacement of the roof. It is also known as Pushover Analysis. The nonlinear
static procedure provides a convenient and fairly reliable method for structures whose
dynamic response is governed by first-mode sway motions.
1.4.2 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Nonlinear dynamic analysis methods generally provide more realistic models of structural
response to strong ground shaking and, thereby, provide more reliable assessment of
earthquake performance than nonlinear static analysis. Nonlinear static analysis is limited
in its ability to capture transient dynamic behaviour with cyclic loading and degradation.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis is required by some codes and guidelines for buildings of
unusual configuration or of special importance. This method is very rigorous and
provides resolute output of building response and performance. Displacement and
acceleration demands at each story along with the force demand for each member is
determined accurately. Since the nonlinear dynamic analysis model incorporates inelastic
member behaviour under cyclic earthquake ground motions, the nonlinear dynamic
procedure explicitly simulates hysteretic energy dissipation in the nonlinear range.
TYPES OF NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
a. Non-Linear Time History Analysis (NLTHA)
Nonlinear time history analysis is the most accurate method used to predict seismic
responses of structures subjected to ground motions. Development of computer software
allows us to use this method for evaluating building performances during the past decade.
To perform nonlinear time history analysis, properly selected ground motions are applied
directly to the model.
b. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)
This method of analysis was adopted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) and is considered as the state-of-the-art method to estimate the structural
responses under seismic loadings. IDA is a parametric analysis which predicts complete
structural responses and performances. A properly defined structural model is subjected
to a suite of ground motion records and the intensity of these ground motions are
monotonically scaled. Plotting of Intensity Measurement (IM) of the scaled ground
motions and Damage Measurement (DM) is called Incremental Dynamic Analysis.
Acceleration
a1 S (T )
Max Response
Figure 1. 7 Incremental Dynamic Analysis Plot for single-record
1.5 SOURCES OF NONLINEARITY
As it is required to know the ultimate capacity of building, the analysis is essential to be

carried out up to the plastic zone. The nonlinearity in RCC members can be geometric as
well as material.
Nonlinear analysis offers options for addressing problems resulting from the
above choices. We may consider only geometric nonlinearity where we may
continue to treat the structural material as elastic but include the effects of deformations
and finite displacements in formulating the equations of equilibrium. It is also possible
to regard only the material nonlinearity where the effect of changes in
material properties under load is taken into consideration. And, as a third general option,
we may include effects of both geometric and material nonlinearities in the analysis.
Geometric nonlinearity as a change in the elastic load-deformation characteristics of the

structure caused by the change in the structural shape due to large deformation. It appears
when the deflections of the structure are large enough to cause significant changes in the
geometry of the structure, requiring the equilibrium equations to be formulated for the
deformed configuration. These geometric nonlinearities can become significant in frames,
which are displaced laterally due to seismic movements or by wind loads. The interaction
between the gravity load induced axial forces in the columns and the lateral
displacements give rise to moments and forces in addition to those determined in a
common “first order”
analysis. This additional effect is commonly referred as P- Δ effects, where “P” refers to
the gravity loading and “Δ” the lateral displacements.
The few possible sources of each nonlinearity are as follows:

1. Geometrical Effects
1. Initial imperfections such as member camber and out-of-plumb erection of a frame.
2. The P-Δ effect, a destabilizing moment equal to a gravity load times the horizontal
displacement it undergoes as a result of the lateral displacement of the supporting
structure.
3. The P-δ effect, the influence of axial force on the flexural stiffness of an individual
member.
Figure 1. 8 Geometric Nonlinearity
Concrete and steel reinforcement are the two constituents of RCC. Since concrete and
steel are both nonlinear materials, the material nonlinearity of RCC is a complex
combination of both.
Material Effects
1. Plastic deformation of steel structures.
2. Cracking or creep of reinforced concrete structures.
3. Inelastic interaction of axial force, bending, shear, and torsion.
(A) (B)
Figure 1. 9 (A) Stress Strain Curve of Steel, (B) Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
1.6 SELECTION OF SOFTWARE
Rapid development in computer programs has led to analyze buildings dynamically and
credibly using complex numerical models and real earthquake inputs. Various seismic
analysis software, both research and commercial based, are available which can perform
nonlinear dynamic analysis taking into account material and geometric nonlinearity.
Various software available are:
1. Drain-2DX
2. SAP2000
3. ETABS
4. Opensees
5. SeismoStruct
In this thesis, ETABS and SeismoStruct software was used. SeismoStruct being a
commercial software, is unrestricted for research purposes. Also, it has graphical user
interface and hence does not need any programming or scripting.
1.7 AIM AND SCOPE OF
DISSERTATION AIM OF
DISSERTATION
“Performance Evaluation of RC Tall Buildings Designed as per IS16700: 2017 by

Nonlinear Time History Analysis”
SCOPE OF DISSERTATION
1. Analysis and Design of 30 and 40-storey buildings with different structural systems.,
viz. Framed tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube as per IS Code provisions using
ETABS software.
2. Performance evaluation of above buildings by Nonlinear Time History Analysis
(NLTHA) for set of 6 artificial and 7 recorded ground motions (Total 78 NLTHA)
using SeismoStruct software.
3. Result of NLTHA of above stated buildings with three structural systems are
presented in the form of displacement and inter-storey drift ratio (IDR) profile.
4. Perform IDA for monotonically scaled single-recorded earthquake ground motion to
obtain Dynamic Pushover curve and Performance Point.
1.8 LAYOUT OF DISSERTATION
1. Chapter 1: It comprises of Introduction, Aim and Scope of Dissertation.

2. Chapter 2: It contains Literature Review of Structural systems, Loads.
3. Chapter 3: It focuses on Software Brief and Structure Modelling using ETABS and
SeismoStruct software.
4. Chapter 4: It shows the Illustrative Problem i.e. Analysis and Design of 30-storey RC
Frame tube, Bundle Tube, Tube in tube building located near Bhachau.
5. Chapter 5: It shows results in the form of Quantity analysis, Base Shear, Base
Moment, Top Storey Displacement for wind and seismic analysis. Displacement and
Inter-Storey Drift Ratio (%) profile for Nonlinear Time History Analysis.
Performance point for Single-Record IDA.
6. Chapter 6: It contains conclusion of this dissertation and future scope.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
A tall building may be defined as one that, because of its height, is affected by lateral
forces due to wind or earthquake actions to an extent that they play an important role in
the structural design. The influence of these actions must therefore be considered from the
very beginning of the design process. There are such systems which employed to resist
these lateral forces called lateral load resisting systems.
The principles of efficient tall building structural design are:
1. Resist overturning forces due to lateral loads by using vertical elements placed as
far apart as possible from the geometric centre of the building
2. Channel gravity loads to those vertical elements resisting overturning forces
3. Link these vertical elements together with shear-resisting structural elements that
experience a minimum of shear lag effects such that the entire perimeter of the
building resists the overturning moments
4. Resist lateral forces with members axially loaded in compression rather than those
loaded in tension due to overturning
Elastic analysis is inadequate because they cannot predict the force and deformation
distributions after the initiation of damage in the building. In performance-based design,
response of structure is considered beyond elastic limit. Inelastic analytical procedure
becomes essential to identify the modes of failure and the potential progressive collapse.
A literature review for the present task is presented under the following headings:
 Introduction to lateral load resisting systems and loads

 Limit State Method for design of flexural and compression members
 Background of Nonlinear Analysis
 A brief of Nonlinear Time History Analysis.
 Length of Plastic Hinge and its location
 Research Papers
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS
The choice of structural system is usually strongly influenced by internal planning, the
material and the method of construction, the planned location, the nature and the
magnitude of the horizontal loading, the height and the proportions of the building. The
taller and more slender a building, the more important the structural factors become and
more necessary it is to choose an appropriate structural system.
There are mainly three types of systems,

1. Interior Systems,
2. Exterior Systems,
3. Hybrid Systems.
Hybrid Systems are combination of Interior and Exterior Systems.
2.2.1 Interior Structural Systems
In this type of system major part of lateral load resisting system is located within the
interior of building.
2.2.1.1 Flat Slab-Frame System
It is one of the simplest framing techniques for a concrete building consists of a two-way
floor slab framing directly into columns without beams. This system, referred to as a flat
slab-frame, has stringent detailing requirements for buildings in higher seismic hazard
zones. Lateral drift requirements limit their economical height to about 10-storey.
Flat Plate
Figure 2. 1 Flat Slab-Frame System

2.2.1.2 Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls
Frame action provided by a flat slab–beam and column interaction are generally
insufficient to provide the required strength and stiffness for buildings taller than about
10-storey.
Figure 2. 2 Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls
2.2.1.3 Coupled Shear Walls
A system of interconnected shear walls such as those shown in figure 2.3 exhibits a
stiffness that far exceeds the summation of the individual wall stiffness. This is because
the interconnecting slab or beam restrains the cantilever bending of individual walls by
forcing the system to work as a composite unit. The system is economical for buildings in
the 40- storey range.
Figure 2. 3 Coupled Shear Walls

2.2.1.4 Rigid Frame
Cast-in-place concrete buildings have the inherent advantage of providing continuity at

the various joints. The girders, which are supported directly by the columns, can be
considered rigid with the columns; such a girder-column arrangement can be thought of
as a portal frame. However, girders that carry shear and bending moments due to lateral
loads often require additional construction depth, necessitating increases in the overall
height of the building. With the increased use of haunch girders and slab-band
construction which attempt to minimize the floor-to-floor heights, this method of
construction is being superseded.
Rigid-frame systems for resisting lateral and vertical loads have long been accepted as a
standard means of designing buildings because they make use of the stiffness in the
beams and columns that are required in any case to carry the gravity loads. In general,
rigid frames are not as stiff as shear wall construction and are considered more ductile
and less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failures when compared to shear wall
structures.
Figure 2. 4 Rigid Frame

2.2.1.5 Belt & Outrigger System
The structural arrangement for this system consists of a main concrete core connected to
exterior columns by relatively stiff horizontal members such as a one or two-story deep
walls commonly referred to as outriggers. The core may be centrally located with
outriggers extending on both sides, or it may be located on one side of the building with
outriggers extending to the building columns on one side. The basic structural response of
the system is quite simple. When subjected to lateral loads, the column-restrained
outriggers resist the rotation of the core, causing the lateral deflections and moments in
the core to be smaller than if the freestanding core alone resisted the loading.
Figure 2. 5 Belt & Outrigger System

2.2.2 Exterior Structural Systems
In this type of system major part of lateral load resisting system is located within the
exterior of building.
2.2.2.1 Framed tube
The most basic framed-tube structure consists essentially of four orthogonal rigidly
jointed frame panels forming a tube in plan, as shown in figure 2.6. The frame panels are
formed by closely spaced perimeter columns that are connected by deep spandrel beams
at each floor level. In such structures, the "strong" bending direction of the columns is
aligned along the face of the building, in contrast to the typical rigid frame bent structure
where it is aligned perpendicular to the face. The basic requirement has been to place as
much of the load-carrying material at the extreme edges of the building to maximize the
inertia of the building's cross section. Consequently, in many structures of this form, the
exterior tube is designed to resist the entire lateral loading.
Figure 2. 6 Frame tube Structure
The frames parallel to the lateral load act as the "webs" of the perforated tube cantilever,
while the frames normal to the lateral load act as the "flanges". vertical gravitational
forces are resisted partly by the exterior frames and partly by some inner structure such as
interior columns or an interior core, using the floor system that spans between the
different vertical elements. Although tubular structures are most commonly of square or
rectangular planform, they have also been employed in circular, triangular, and
trapezoidal shaped cross sections. The essential uniformity of the system enables
industrialized techniques to be used in the construction sequence. For concrete structures,
the use of gang forms raised storey by storey enables very speedy construction rates to be
achieved.
Figure 2. 7 Flange and Web frames
The closely spaced column configuration makes access difficult to the public lobby area
at the base. In many buildings, larger openings at ground floor level have been achieved
by using a large transfer girder to collect the vertical loads from the closely spaced
columns and distribute them to a smaller number of larger more widely spaced columns at
the base. Alternatively, several columns may be merged through an inclined column
arrangement to allow fewer larger columns in the lowest stories. In resisting the entire
lateral load by the peripheral frame, the tubular structure has the architectural advantage
of allowing freedom in planning the interior.
The web frames are subjected to the usual in-plane bending and racking action associated
with an independent rigid frame. The primary action is modified by the flexibility of the
spandrel beams, which causes the axial stresses in the corner columns to increase and
those in the interior columns to decrease.
Figure 2. 8 Axial Stress in Columns
Consider figure 2.9, in which columns of a tubular building are noted as T and C. T
denotes a column in tension while C denotes a column in compression. The primary
resistance to lateral loads comes from the web frames with the T columns in tension and
the C columns in compression.
Figure 2. 9 Shear lag in Frame tube
The principal interaction between the web and flange frames occurs through the axial
displacements of the corner columns. When column C, for example, is under
compression, it will tend to compress the adjacent column C1 because the two are
connected by the spandrel beams. The compressive deformations of C1 will not be
identical to that of corner column C since the connecting spandrel beam will bend. The
axial deformation of C1 will be less, by an amount depending on the stiffness of the
connecting beam. The deformation
of column C1 will, in turn, induce compressive deformations of the next inner column
C2, but the deformation will again be less.
Thus, each successive interior column will experience a smaller deformation and hence a
lower stress than the outer ones. The stresses in the corner column will be greater than
those from a pure tubular action, and those in the inner columns will be less. The stresses
in the inner columns lag behind those in the corner columns. This phenomenon known as
Positive shear lag effect.
As we go upward stresses in columns gets reverse and corner columns lag behind those in
inner columns. This reverse phenomenon called Negative shear lag. It occurs mostly after
one fourth height of tube from base. Negative shear lag originates from positive shear lag
and counteracts it, and is absent when positive shear lag is absent.
2.2.2.2 Exterior Diagonal tube
A trussed tube system improves the efficiency of the framed tube by increasing its
potential for use in taller buildings and allowing greater spacing between the columns.
This is achieved by adding diagonal bracing at the faces of the tube to virtually eliminate
the shear lag in both the flange and web frames.
The fascia diagonals interact with the trusses on the perpendicular faces to achieve a
three- dimensional behaviour, virtually eliminating the effects of shear lag in both the
flange and web frames. Consequently, the spacing of the columns can be greater and the
size of the columns and spandrels less, thereby allowing larger windows than in a
conventional tube structure. The bracing also contributes to the improved performance of
the tube in carrying gravity loading.
19
Figure 2. 10 Exterior Diagonal tube
2.2.2.3 Bundle tube
For very tall buildings, the shear lag experienced by conventional framed tubes may be
greatly reduced by the addition of interior framed "web" panels across the entire width of
the building to form a modular- or bundled-tube structure. When the building is subjected
to bending under the action of lateral forces, the high-in-plane rigidity of the floor slabs
constrains the interior web frames to deflect equally with the external web frames, and the
shears carried by each will be proportional to their lateral stiffness. Since the end columns
of the interior webs will be mobilized directly by the webs, they will be more highly
stressed than in the single tube where they are mobilized indirectly by the exterior web,
through the flange frame spandrels. Consequently, the presence of the interior webs
reduces substantially the non-uniformity of column forces caused by shear lag, as shown
in figure
2.11. The vertical stresses in the normal panels are more nearly uniform, and the
structural behaviour is much closer to that of a proper tube than the framed tube. Any
interior transverse frame panels will act as flanges in a similar manner to the external
normal frames. The structure may be regarded as a set of modular tubes that are
interconnected with common interior panels to form a perforated multi-cell tube, in which
the frames in the lateral force direction resist the shear, while the flange frames carry
most of the moment. The system is such that modules can be curtailed at different heights
to reduce the cross section while structural integrity can still be maintained. Any torsion
resulting from the consequent unsymmetrical is readily resisted by the closed-section
form of the modules. The greater spacing of the columns, and shallower spandrels,
permitted by the more efficient bundled tube structure, provides the considerable
advantage of larger window openings than are allowed in the single-tube structure.
Another possibility, which yields the same general form of structural behaviour, is to use
coupled shear walls to form the interior web of the framed tube, and thus create an
alternative form of multicellular construction.
20
Figure 2. 11 Axial Stress in Columns of Bundle tube
2.2.2.4 Tube in tube
This is a type of framed tube consisting of an outer-framed tube together with an internal
elevator and service core. The inner tube may consist of braced frames in steel structures,
whereas in a concrete structure it would consist of an assembly of shear walls. The outer
and inner tubes act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading. The outer framed
tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a
wall- frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness. However, the outer
tube usually plays a dominant role because of its much greater structural depth. This type
of structures is also called as hull (outer tube) and core (inner tube) structures.
Figure 2. 12 Tube in tube Structure
21
2.3 LIMIT STATE METHOD FOR DESIGN OF FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
In the present study, the selected plane frame is conventionally analysed using software
for various combinations of gravity as well as earthquake loads, keeping its base fixed.
Using the critical values of stresses and moments obtained from this analysis, the building
is designed by Limit State Method. This method is an improvement over the Ultimate
Load design method, which is based on the assumption that a structure reaches a collapse
condition forming a mechanism when a certain load is applied. In Limit State Method, the
structure is designed to withstand all loads likely to act on it in the duration of its life span
and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements like deflection limits and limitations of
crack width.
2.3.1 Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete
The design of flexural member based on limit state of collapse provides the necessary
safety of the structure against partial or total collapse. Assumptions as recommended by
IS code:
1) Plane Section normal to the axis remains plane after bending.

2) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression edge is taken as 0.0035
in bending.
3) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution and the strain in concrete
may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape, which
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of sets.
Figure 2. 13 Stress- Strain Curve for Concrete
In addition to the assumption made for flexural members, Code recommends the
following assumptions for the compression members:
1) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.

2) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected-to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the
section, shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed fibre.
R.C.C columns are generally designed for a minimum eccentricity of 20 mm or 0.05
times depth of column whichever is greater. Hence moment due to eccentricity is always
to be considered. Interactive diagrams for different values of xu have been developed and
given in SP: 16 (1980). These diagrams can be used to obtain various combinations of
axial load and moment; the column section can sustain. For any value of the load and
moment if the point obtained is inside the diagram, the arrangement is safe. These
diagrams also provide information about compression failure, tension failure and
balanced failure.
2.3.2 Stress-Strain Relationship for Steel
The characteristic and design stress-strain curves specified by IS 456:2000 for type
of reinforcing steel (in tension and compression) is as shown in figure 2.14. For limit state
design, a partial safety factor γm equivalent to 1.15 shall be applied. The design yield
strength fyd is obtained by dividing the specified yield strength fy by the partial safety
factor, accordingly fyd = 0.87 fy. However, in the case of cold worked bars there is no
specific yield point. The transition from linear elastic behaviour to nonlinear behaviour is
assumed to occur at a stress level equal to 0.8 fy in the characteristic curve and 0.8 fyd in
the design curve. The full design yield strength 0.87 fy is assumed to correspond to
‘proof strain’ of
y
0.002 i.e., the design yield strain εy is to be taken as 0.087f + 0.002.
Es
Figure 2. 14 Characteristic and Design Stress-Strain Curves for Cold-Worked Steel
Table 2. 1 Stress-Strain Variation for Reinforcing Steel
Fe 415 Fe 500
Stress level
Total strain Stress (N/mm2) Total strain Stress (N/mm2)
0.80 fyd 0.00144 288.7 0.00174 347.8
0.85 fyd 0.00163 306.7 0.00195 369.6
0.90 fyd 0.00192 324.8 0.00226 391.3
0.95 fyd 0.00241 342.8 0.00277 413.0
0.97 fyd 0.00276 351.8 0.00312 423.9
1.00 fyd 0.00380 360.9 0.00417 434.8
2.4 IS 16700: 2017 PROVISIONS
 Height Limit for Structural Systems (cl 5.1.1):
The maximum building height (in m) shall not exceed values given below for buildings
with different structural systems.
Figure 2. 15 Maximum values of Height with Different Structural Systems
 Slenderness Ratio (cl 5.1.2):

The maximum values of the ratio of height to minimum base width B shall not exceed
values given below.
Figure 2. 16 Maximum Slenderness Ratio
 Plan Aspect Ratio (cl 5.2.2):

The maximum plan aspect ratio (Lt/Bt) of the overall building shall not exceed 5. In
case of an L shaped building, Lt and Bt shall refer to the respective length and width of
each leg of the building.
 Natural Modes of Vibration (cl 5.5):
The natural period of fundamental torsional mode of vibration shall not exceed 0.9
times the smaller of the natural periods of the fundamental translational modes of
vibration in each of the orthogonal directions in plan. The fundamental translational
lateral natural period in any of the two horizontal plan directions, shall not exceed 8 s,
considering sectional properties as cracked corresponding to un-factored loads.
 The minimum grade of concrete shall be M 30. (cl 5.7.1.1)

 The maximum grade of concrete shall be M 70. (cl 5.7.1.2)
 Wind Tunnel Effect (cl 6.2.1):
If building has,
 Height greater than 150m,
 Complexities in plan or elevation geometry,
 Sited on complex topography with group effect,
 Natural period is greater than 5 secs.
 For wind, the damping ratio shall not be greater than 2% of critical for concrete
buildings. (cl 6.2.2.4)
 Minimum Design Base Shear Coefficient (cl 6.3.3):
The design base shear coefficient of building under design lateral forces, shall not be
less than shown below.
Figure 2. 17 Minimum Design Base Shear Coefficient

 Cracked RC Section Properties (cl 7.2):
For analysis purpose cracked section should be used as given below
Figure 2. 18 Cracked RC Section Properties
 Column spacing of framed tube shall preferably be not more than 5 m. (cl 8.7.3)
 In a framed-tube system, (cl 8.7.4):
 Area of corner column shall be 1 to 2 times that of internal column,
 Height to width ratio of the opening shall be similar to ratio of storey height to
column spacing.
 The minimum requirements for reinforcement bar diameters in beams of moment
frames of framed-tube structures. (cl 8.7.8):
Figure 2. 19 Reinforcement Requirements in Beams

2.5 DESIGN CRITERIA
Tall buildings are designed primarily to serve the needs of an intended occupancy,
whether residential, commercial or in some cases, a combination of the two. The
dominant design requirement is therefore provision of an appropriate internal layout of
building. In tall buildings will exceptionally structural requirements become predominant
considerations. Once the functional layout has been established, the engineer must
develop a structural system that will satisfy established design criteria as efficiency and
economically as possible, while fitting into architectural layout. The vital structural
criteria are an adequate reserve of strength against failure, adequate lateral stiffness and
efficient performance during the service life of the building.
2.5.1 Strength and Stability
For the ultimate limit state, the prime design requirement is that the building structure
should have adequate strength to resist, and to remain stable under, the worst probable
load actions that may occur during the lifetime of the building, including the period of
construction. This requires an analysis of the forces and stresses that will occur in the
members because of the most critical possible load combinations, including the
augmented moments that may arise from second order deflections. In addition, a check
must be made on the most fundamental condition of equilibrium, to establish that the
applied lateral forces will not cause the entire building to topple as a rigid body about one
edge of the base.
2.5.2 Stiffness and Drift Limitations
The provision of adequate stiffness, particularly lateral stiffness, is a major consideration

in the design of a tall building for several important reasons. As far as the ultimate limit
state is considered, lateral deflections must be limited. Design Drift index limits that have
been used in IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 is 0.004. To put this in perspective, a maximum
horizontal top deflection of 0.4 m would be allowed in a 33-storey, 100 m high building
or alternatively a relative deflection of 12 mm over a story height of 3 m. Generally lower
values should be used for hotels or apartment buildings than for office buildings, since
noise and movement tend to be more disturbing in the former. The consideration of this
limit state requires an accurate estimate of the lateral deflections that occur and involves
an assessment of the stiffness of cracked members, the effects of shrinkage and creep and
any redistribution of forces that may result and of any rotational fundamental movements.
If
drift is excessive, it can be reduced by changing the geometric considerations to alter the
mode of lateral load resistance, increasing the bending stiffness of horizontal members,
adding additional stiffness by the inclusion of stiffer wall or core members, providing
seismic dampers etc.
2.5.3 Loads
Loads on tall buildings differs from loads on low-rise buildings in its accumulation into
much larger structural forces, in the increased significance of lateral loading and its
dynamic effects. The collection of gravity loading over many stories in a tall building can
produce column loads of an order higher than those in low rise buildings.
The structure must be designed to resist the gravitational and lateral forces, both
permanent and transient, that it will be called on to sustain during its construction and
subsequent service life. These forces will depend on the size and shape of the building, as
well as on its geographic location and maximum probable values must be established
before the design can proceed.
2.5.3.1 Dead Load
The gravity loading supported by the beams and slabs in a tall building do not differ from
those in a low-rise building. As in a low-rise building, dead loading is calculated from the
designed member sizes and estimated material densities. This is prone to minor
inaccuracies such as difference between the real and designed sizes and between actual
and assumed densities according to IS 875 (Part 1): 1987.
2.4.3.2 Live Load
Live loading is specified as the intensity of a uniformly distributed floor load, according
to the occupancy or use of the space. In certain situations, such as in parking areas,
offices and plant rooms, the floors should be considered for the alternative worst
possibility of specified concentrated loads according to IS 875 (Part 2): 1987.
2.5.3.3 Construction Load
Construction loads are often claimed to be the most severe loads that a building has to
withstand. Certainly, many more failures occur in buildings under construction than in
those that are complete, but it is rare for special provision to be made for construction
loads in tall building design. If, however, in a building with an unusual structure, a
lack of
consideration for construction loading could increase the total cost of the project, an early
liaison between the designer and contractor on making some provision would obviously
be desirable.
Typically, the construction load that must be supported is the weight of the floor forms
and a newly placed slab, which, in total, may equal twice the floor dead load. This load is
supported by props that transfer it to the three or four previously constructed floors below.
Now, with the possibility of as little as 3-day cycle, or even 2-day cycle, storey
construction, and especially with concrete pumping, which requires a more liquid mix, the
problem is more severe; this is because the newly released slab, rather than contributing
to supporting the construction loads, is still in need of support itself.
The climbing crane is another common construction load. This is usually supported by
connecting it to a number of floors below with, possibly, additional shoring in stories
further below.
2.5.3.4 Wind Load
Wind arises from pressure differences in the atmosphere. The air moves from areas with
high pressure towards areas with low pressure. The greater the difference there is in air
pressure, the stronger the wind becomes.
Wind load is a vital part when designing a tall building since the effect of it will become
significantly greater with an increase in height of the building. The wind rarely blows
with the same speed all the time. Instead it changes in an intermittently, irregular way in
both its intensity and direction. This sudden variation in wind intensity is called gustiness
and is important to consider in dynamic design of tall buildings.
The wind speed is affected by season, terrain and surface roughness and so on, which in
turn results in a wide-ranging wind speed through changing time of the year and
locations. To be able to consider the effects of wind in the design, a mean speed velocity
is used. The mean speed velocity is in turn based on a mass of observations.
Whether the wind gust is seen as a dynamic or static effect depends on how quickly the
wind gust reaches its maximum value and disappears relatively to the structures period. If
it reaches its maximum value and disappears in a time shorter than the structures period, it
will cause a dynamic effect. Contrariwise, if the wind gust switches between maximum
value and disappearing in a time much longer than the structures period, it is considered
as a static effect.
2.5.3.4.1 Wind Load Provisions according to IS 875 (Part 3): 2015
2.5.3.4.1.1 Design wind speed
The basic wind speed for any site shall be obtained from equation given below and shall
be modified to include the following effects to get design wind speed, Vz at any height (z)
for the chosen structure.
Vz = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4
Where,
Vz = Design wind speed at any height z in m/s,
Vb = Basic wind speed in m/s,
k1 = Probability factor (risk coefficient),
k2 = Terrain roughness and height factor,
k3 = Topography factor,
k4 = Importance factor for the cyclonic region.
 For Probability factor (risk coefficient) (k1):
Figure 2. 20 Probability factor (risk coefficient)

 For Terrain roughness and height factor (k2):
Figure 2. 21 Terrain roughness and Height factor
 For Topography factor (k3):
The effect of topography will be significant at a site when the upwind slope (θ) is greater
than about 3o, and below that, the value of k 3 may be taken to be equal to 1.0. The value
of k3 is confined in the range of 1.0 to 1.36 for slopes greater than 3o.
 For Importance factor for cyclonic region (k4):
Cyclonic storms usually occur on the east coast of the country in addition to the Gujarat
coast on the west. Studies of wind speed and damage to buildings and structures point to
the fact that the speeds given in the basic wind speed map are often exceeded during the
cyclones. The effect of cyclonic storms is largely felt in a belt of approximately 60 km
width at the coast. In order to ensure greater safety of structures in cyclonic region the
following values of k4 are stipulated, according to the importance of the structure:
Structures of post–cyclone importance - 1.30
Industrial structures - 1.15
All other structures - 1.00

2.5.3.4.1.2 Dynamic Wind Response
A Tall building which are ‘wind sensitive’ shall be designed for dynamic wind loads.
Hourly mean wind speed is used as a reference wind speed to be used in dynamic wind
analysis. For calculation of along wind loads and response (bending moments, shear
forces, or top deflections) the Gust Factor (GF) method is used. For calculation of along
wind load effects at a level s on a building/structure, the design hourly mean wind
pressure at height z shall be multiplied by the Gust Factor (GF).
Figure 2. 22 Notations for Height
The design peak along wind base bending moment,
Ma = ∑ Fz Z
The design peak along wind base shear,
Fz = Cf,z Az p̅d G
Where,
Fz = Design peak along wind load on the structure at any height z (kN)
Az = The effective frontal area of the structure at any height z (m2)
𝑝̅
d = Design hourly mean wind pressure (N/m2)
Cf,z = Drag force coefficient corresponding to the area Az
G = Gust Factor
d = 0.6 V̅z,d
2
Now, 𝑝̅
Where,
V̅
z,d = The design hourly mean wind speed at height z
Now, V̅
z,d = V̅
z,H k1 k3 k4
Where,
V̅
z,H = The hourly mean wind speed at height z
z,H = k̅
Now, V̅ 2,i Vb
Where,
𝑍
k̅2,i = 0.1423 [ln ( )] (
0,𝑖
)0.0706
𝑍0,𝑖
k̅2,i = Hourly mean wind speed factor for terrain category i
Vb = Basic wind speed in m/s

Gust Factor,
G = 1 + r√[𝑔 2 (1 + Φ)2 𝐻𝑠 𝑔2𝑅 𝑆 𝐸

+ ]
𝑣 𝑠 𝛽
Where,
r = Roughness factor (twice the longitudinal turbulence intensity, Ih,i)
Φ = Factor to account for the second turbulence intensity

𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ,𝑖 √𝐵𝑠
= 2
gv = Peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuation,

= 3.0 for category 1 and 2 terrains, and
= 4.0 for category 3 and 4 terrains
Ih,i = Turbulence intensity at height h in terrain category i,
Hs = Height factor for resonance response
𝑆 2
=1+( )
ℎ
S = Size reduction factor
E = Spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind stream
Bs = Background factor indicating the measure of slowly varying

component of fluctuating wind load caused by the lower frequency
wind speed variations,
1
Now, Bs =
√0.26 (ℎ−𝑠)2 + 0.46𝑏2
𝑠ℎ
[1+
]
𝐿ℎ
Where,
bsh = Average breadth of the structure between heights s and h
Lh = Measure of effective turbulence length scale at the height, h, in m

ℎ
= 85 ( 0.25
) for terrain category 1 to 3
10 ℎ
= 70 (
10
0.25 terrain category 4
) for
Now, S = 1
3.5 𝑓𝑎 ℎ 4 𝑓𝑎𝑏0ℎ
(1+ )(1+
𝑉̅ℎ,𝑑 )
𝑉̅ℎ,𝑑
Where,
b0h = Average breadth of the building between 0 to h.

𝜋𝑁
Now, E = 5⁄
(1+70.8 𝑁 2) 6
Where,
N = Effective reduced frequency
𝑓𝑎 𝐿ℎ
= 𝑉̅ℎ,𝑑
fa = First mode natural frequency of the building in along wind response (Hz)
𝑉̅ℎ,𝑑 = Design hourly mean wind speed at height, h in m/s
𝑔𝑅= Peak factor for resonant response
= √[2 ln(3600𝑓𝑎 )]
β = Damping coefficient of the structure
Table 2. 2 Values of Structural Damping Coefficients
No. Type of Structure Damping Coefficient, β

i) Welded steel structures 0.010
ii) Bolted steel structures/RCC structures 0.020
iii) Prestressed concrete structures 0.016
2.5.3.5 Seismic Load
The crust of the Earth is divided into several plates which are floating on magma in the
mantle part of the Earth. When these plates are interacting with each other in form of
collision, sliding or subduction, stresses arise. As the stresses are released, earthquakes
are initiated. The effect of an earthquake can be measured through different entities such
as acceleration, velocity, displacement, duration and magnitude.
As an earthquake takes place, the ground moves back and forth causing the bottom of a
building to move with it. The top of the building will however not react at the same time.
Instead there will be a short delay of the movement of the top due to inertial stiffness of
the building.
When an earthquake is taking place, inertial forces are induced in buildings. The
magnitude of these inertial forces is given by the mass of the building times the
acceleration. This implies that with increasing mass the inertial forces increase as well.
Therefore, by building lightweight constructions at least one factor for the risk of damage
can be reduced.
Where earthquake occur, their intensity is related inversely to their frequency of

occurrence; severe earthquakes are rare, moderate ones occurs more often and minor ones
are relatively frequent. Although it might be possible to design a building to resist the
most severe earthquake without significant damage, the unlikely need for such strength in
the lifetime of the building would not justify the high additional cost.
There are 3 methods for seismic calculation according to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016. They are
given below:
 Seismic Coefficient
 Response Spectrum
 Time History
2.5.3.5.1 Response Spectrum Method
The calculation of design lateral forces is carried out using the Response Spectrum
Method as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016.
Step 1: Compute the modal mass (Mk) of mode k which is given by:
[∑𝑛 𝑊 ∅ ]2
𝑖 =1 𝑖 𝑖𝑘
𝑀𝑘 = 𝑔 𝑛 2
𝑖= 𝑊𝑖 (∅𝑖𝑘 )
1
Where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity,

Øik = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k, and
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i.
Step 2: Compute the modal participation factor (Pk) of mode k which is given by:
∑𝑛 𝑊𝑖 ∅𝑖𝑘
𝑖 =1
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑛
∑𝑖= 𝑊𝑖 (∅𝑖𝑘 )2
1
Step 3: Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each Mode:
The peak lateral force (Qik) at floor i in mode k is given by
𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 𝐴𝑘 ∅𝑖𝑘 𝑃𝑘 𝑊𝑖
Where,
Ak = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value, using the

natural period of vibration (Tk) of mode k.
Step 4: Story Shear Forces in Each Mode:
The peak shear force (Vik) acting in storey i in mode k is given by

𝑛
𝑉𝑖𝑘 = ∑ 𝑄𝑖𝑘
𝑖=1
Step 5: Story Shear Forces due to All Modes considered:
The design lateral forces Froof and Fi at roof and at floor i,
Froof = Vroof, and

Fi = Vi – Vi+1
2.5.3.5.2 Seismic Load Provisions according to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016
Base Shear, Vb = Ah x W
Where,
Ah = Design horizontal earthquake acceleration coefficient,
W = Seismic weight of the building.
𝑧 𝑆𝑎
Ah = (2)( 𝑔 )
𝑅
( )
𝐼
Where,
Z = Seismic Zone factor,
𝑆𝑎
= Design/Response acceleration coefficient for rock/soil,
g
I = Importance factor,
R = Response reduction factor,
Note:- The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used to reduce the MCE zone factor to DBE.
Table 2. 3 Seismic Zone Factor (Z)
Zone II III IV V
Factor 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
Table 2. 4 Importance Factor (I)
Structure Importance Factor
Important services and community buildings, such as

hospitals, Schools; emergency buildings like Telephone
1.5
Exchange, television station, railway station, large community
halls like cinemas, subway station, power stations etc.
Residential or commercial buildings (other than listed above)

1.2
with occupancy more than 200 persons
All other buildings 1.0
Table 2. 5 Response Reduction Factor (R)
RC buildings with ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) 3.0
RC buildings with special moment resisting frame (SMRF) 5.0

Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3.0
Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4.0
Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.0
Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5.0
 Design/Response acceleration coefficient for rock/soil (Sa/g):

For rocky, or hard soil sites,
1+ 15 T; 0.00 < T ≤ 0.10

2.5 0.10 < T ≤ 0.40
Sa
g 1.00/T 0.40 < T ≤
4.00 0.25 T > 4.00
For medium soil

sites, 1+ 15 T; 0.00 < T ≤ 0.10
2.5 0.10 < T ≤ 0.55

Sa
g 1.36/T 0.55 < T ≤ 4.00
0.34 T > 4.00
For soft soil

sites, 1+ 15 T; 0.00 < T ≤ 0.10
2.5 0.10 < T ≤ 0.67

Sa 1.67/T 0.67 < T ≤ 4.00
g
0.42 T > 4.00
Where,
T = Fundamental natural time period in sec
0.75
T a 0.075h, for moment resisting frame without brick infill panels
(RC Buildings).
0.75
T  0.085h , for moment resisting frame without brick infill
a
(Steel Buildings).
0.09h
Ta 
d , moment resisting frame with brick infill.
Where,
d = Base dimension of building along the considered direction of lateral load (m),
h = Height of the building (m).
2.5 Type I (Rock/Hard Soil) Type II (Medium Soil)

Type III (Soft Soil)
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient (Sa/g)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time Peroid (sec)
Figure 2. 23 Spectra for Response Spectrum Method (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016)
2.6 NONLINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
Nonlinear time history analysis is the most accurate method used to predict seismic
responses of structures subjected to ground motions. Development of computer software
causes to use this method in new building design and evaluating building performances
during the past decade. To perform nonlinear time history analysis, suitable ground
motions are directly applied to the model. There are two methods to obtain dynamic
responses of a structural model, which are direct time integration and modal
superposition. The nonlinear time history analysis presented herein belong to the direct
integration method which is a second order differential equation. The equation of motion
for a structural system represented by MDoF model is given as below.
[m] Ü
+ [c] U̇
+ fs(U)U = −[m]Iü
g
Where,
n = Nos. of Storey
[m] = Mass matrix (n × n)
[c] = Damping matrix (n × n)
fs(U) = Inelastic force–deformation relation;
Ü = Acceleration response
U̇ = Velocity response
U = Displacement response
üg = Earthquake ground acceleration
I = Unit column vector (n×1)
In this study, direct integration method was adopted to solve the equation of motion
which is a second order differential equation. It is a common method used to solve
dynamic response systems and it solves equation of motion numerically using discrete
time stepping starting from zero to infinity. This method generally uses constant time
stepping and it is not an exact procedure. It can be classified into explicit and implicit
methods. Researchers showed that the implicit method is more accurate than the explicit
method. In this study, α- integration algorithm was selected in SeismoStruct software and
it developed by Hilber et al (1977). This algorithm is based on the Newmark method (i.e.
has the same finite difference expression and use the same γ and β parameters) by adding
the parameter (α) to
introduce numerical damping and improve second order accuracy and stability. Values of
the three parameters shall be chosen to obtain high accuracy, numerical damping and
analytical stability. The best choice for (α) is between [-1/3, 0] (in this thesis α = -0.1) and
the other two parameters can therefore be determined using Eq. 2.2 and Eq. 2.3 (Hilber et
al 1977).
𝛾 = (1 − 2𝛼)/2
𝛽 = (1 − 𝛼)2/4
2.7 INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Bertero firstly proposed the idea of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) in 1977 and it
has been subjected to substantial development by many researchers at the end of last
century and the beginning of this century. This analysis method was adopted by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA 2000a) and is considered as the state-
of-the-art method to estimate the structural responses under seismic loadings. IDA is a
parametric analysis which predicts complete structural responses and performances. In
this analysis, a properly defined structural model is subjected to a suite of ground motion
records and the intensity of these ground motions are gradually increased using scale
factors. The intensity continues to increase when the whole structural responses range
from elastic to the nonlinear followed by structural collapse (Vamvatsikos 2002). In the
end, a number of curves depicting the parameterized responses versus the ground motion
intensity levels are produced. IDA performs a huge number of nonlinear time history
analyses. For example, a complete IDA may have 20 or more ground motion pairs, and
each is scaled to 12 levels leading to 240 times nonlinear time history analyses. Although
it takes a long time to perform IDA, it can provide the whole range of structural
responses from elastic to collapse. With the development of computing technology every
day, software was created to perform the IDA making it possible for both practical and
research purposes.
2.7.1 Terminology in IDA
Vamvatsikos and Cornell (2002) defined common terms in the IDA as listed below:
 Scale factor: A positive scalar which multiplies to ground motion to increase the
intensity. Scale factor can be increased in a constant steps or distinct steps.
 Intensity Measure (IM): A positive scalar which depends on the unscaled ground
motions and it is increased monotonically with scale factor. IM can be increased by
multiplying the scale factor to the ground motion.
 Damage Measure (DM): A positive scalar which is also known as a Structural State
Variable. DM characterizes more structural response which is subjected to prescribed
seismic load. Choosing an applicable DM depends on structure Possible selection for
the DM could be maximum base shear, node rotations, peak story ductility, and various
proposed damage indices such as global cumulative hysteretic energy, peak roof drift θ-
roof, the floor peak inter-story drift angle for all story of the building or the maximum
inter-story drift ratio.
 IDA Curve: A graph of DM versus IM. IDA curve can be plotted in two or more
dimensions relying on the IM and at least one of them must be scalable.
 Single-Record IDA curve: Also known as IDA curve or Dynamic Pushover (DPO)
curve (Vamvatsikos and Cornell 2002). As mentioned in the IDA introduction, single-
record IDA is obtained by applying many nonlinear time history analyses for the same
record with different scale factors. The intensity of the ground motion incrementally
increased in each nonlinear time history analysis by multiply the amplitude of ground
motion to the incremented scale factor. From these time history analysis results, DM is
recorded (i.e. maximum inter-story drift). A curve relating the DM value to the IM is
obtained and this curve is known as a single record IDA curve. Using single-record
curves is not enough to estimate the response of the structure and display the effects of
future earthquakes. Single-record IDA curve helps researchers and engineers to know
the response of the structure under different intensities for a single earthquake.
2.8 FEMA-440 EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION METHOD
Initially, before obtaining performance point, capacity and demand curves are required to
be converted to Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectra format (ADRS) using
following equations:
Φ
𝑉⁄ roof,1
𝑆𝑎 = 𝑊 Φ
𝛼1 3,1
Φ
𝛿𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 2,1
𝑆𝑑
= 𝛾1 ∗ 𝜑𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓,1 Φ
1,1
Where,
Figure 2. 24 MDoF to SDoF Conversion Using ADRS Format
2
𝛼1 = [∑𝑛
𝑗=1 𝑚𝑗 ∗ 𝜑𝑗,1 ]
[∑ 𝑚 ][∑ 𝑚 ∗ 𝜑 2
]
𝑗=1 𝑗 𝑗=1 𝑗 𝑗,1
𝑛
𝛾 = ∑𝑗=1 𝑚𝑗 ∗ 𝜑𝑗,1
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑚𝑗 ∗ 𝑗,1 2
with: V = Base shear

W = Seismic weight
st
α = Modal mass coefficient 1 mode shape
1
δ = Roof displacement
roof
st
γ = Modal participation factor mode shape
1
1
st
φ = Amplitude of 1 mode shape at roof level
roof,1
FEMA 440 Equivalent Linearization procedure is the improvement over the capacity
spectrum method discussed in ATC-40. The objective is to estimate the maximum
response of the nonlinear system with an equivalent linear system using an effective
period, Teff, and effective damping βeff. Capacity spectrum is converted to ADRS format
and Demand curve parameters are a function of ductility demand of capacity spectrum.
The value of effective damping can be obtained with the help of equations that are
dependent on the hysteretic models of either bilinear hysteresis, stiffness degrading and
strength degrading. But, we have taken equations based on ductility of capacity curve
and independent of hysteresis curve.
In diagram,
𝑑𝑝𝑖 dy = Yield displacement
𝜇= = Ductility Demand ay = Yield acceleration
𝑑𝑦
dpi = Assumed displacement
𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝜋 √ = Linear Time Period api = Assumed acceleration
𝑎 𝑦
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 2𝜋 �
�𝑑 = Radial Secant Period
√
𝑆𝑎
𝛽𝑜 = 5% Damping
Figure 2. 25 ADRS with Teff and Beff Parameters along with Capacity Curve
Effective Period(𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇 )
The effective period of the improved procedure, Teff, is generally shorter than the secant
period, Tsec, defined by the point on the capacity curve corresponding to the maximum
displacement, dmax. An important thing to note using the formulas for effective period is
that these equations can be applied for T0 = 0.2 to 2.0 sec as given below:
𝐹𝑜𝑟, 𝜇 < 4
𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = {0.2(𝜇 − 1)2 − 0.038(𝜇 − 1)3 + 1}𝑇𝑜
𝐹𝑜𝑟, 4 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 6.5
𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = [0.28 + 0.13(𝜇 − 1) + 1]𝑇𝑜
𝐹𝑜𝑟, 𝜇 > 6.5
𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓 = {0.89 [√ (𝜇 − 1)
− 1] + 1} 𝑇𝑜
1 + 0.05(𝜇 − 2)
Effective Damping(𝜷𝒆𝒇𝒇 )
Here we have considered the approximate equations for the effective damping value that
has been optimized for application to any capacity curve, independent of hysteretic
model type and the equations suggests that effective damping is derived as a function of
ductility of capacity curve. They are discussed as under:
𝐹𝑜𝑟, 𝜇 < 4
𝛽𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 4.9(𝜇 − 1)2 − 1.1(𝜇 − 1)3 + 𝛽𝑜
𝐹𝑜𝑟, 4 ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 6.5
𝛽𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 14 + 0.32(𝜇 − 1) + 𝛽𝑜
𝐹𝑜𝑟, 𝜇 > 6.5

2
0.64(𝜇 − 1) − 1 𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝛽𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 19 [ ]( ) + 𝛽𝑜
[0.64(𝜇 − 1)]2 𝑇𝑜
Here instead of ADRS format we will take in to account the MADRS format as there are
very effective solution strategies for equivalent linearization that rely on a modified
ADRS demand curve (MADRS) that intersects the capacity curve at the maximum
displacement.
The modification factor can be calculated as under:

2
𝑇𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑀= )
𝑇𝑠𝑒𝑐
(
Once Teff and βeff parameters are obtained, the reduced spectral coordinates can be found
out using following equation:
(𝑆𝑎)5% Where,
(𝑆𝑎) =
𝐵 (Sa)5% = Spectral acceleration ordinate of original spectrum
(Sa) = Reduced spectral acceleration ordinate
4
𝐵= B = Damping coefficient corresponding to βeff
5.6 − 𝑙𝑛𝛽𝑒𝑓𝑓
Figure 2. 26 Initial ADRS Demand Capacity Spectrum

The performance point can be obtained by three procedures which are as under:
1. Direct Integration
2. Intersection with MADRS
3. MADRS Locus of Possible Performance Points
Procedure 3: MADRS Locus of Possible Performance Points

 This procedure uses the modified Acceleration-Response Spectrum for multiple
assumed solutions (api, dpi) and the corresponding ductility to generate a locus of
possible performance points.
 The actual performance point is located at the intersection of this locus and the
Capacity Spectrum. Using the effective period determined from equations, adjust
the initial ADRS to βeff.
 Multiply only the acceleration ordinates of the ADRS for βeff by the modification
factor, M, determined using the calculated effective period, Teff from the equations
and generate the Modified Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum
(MADRS).
 A possible performance point is obtained by the intersection of the radial secant
period, Tsec, with the MADRS as shown in figure 2.27
 The final performance point is obtained by intersection of locus of points obtained
by intersection of radial lines and MADRS.
Figure 2. 27 Locus of Possible Performance Points using MADRS

2.9 PLASTIC HINGE LENGTH AND LOCATION
Plastic hinges form at the maximum moment regions of RC members. When a concrete
element undergoes large deformations in the post-yield stage, it is assumed that the entire
deformation takes place at a point called “plastic hinge”.
For reinforced concrete (RC) flexural members, the plastic deformation is localized in
a small zone namely the plastic hinge zone after the yielding of the member. The
performance of the plastic hinge zone is critical for flexural members as it governs the
load carrying and deformation capacities of the member. Therefore, plastic hinge has
been of great interest to structural designers and researchers for decades. The length of
the plastic hinge zone is an important design parameter where intense confinement
should be provided to increase the ductility of the member for survival from extreme
events such as earthquakes. The behaviour of plastic hinges is very complicated due to
the high nonlinearity of materials, interaction and relative movement between the
constituent materials, and strain localization.
Generally, length of plastic hinge is in proportion of length or depth of element. There are
number of empirical equation to calculate length of plastic hinge for RC elements. Length
of plastic hinge varies in range of 0.5 to 1.5 times depth of element.
Figure 2. 28 Possible Idealized Hinge Model for Beam-Column Elements

2.10 RESEARCH PAPERS
MIR M. ALI (1996)[1], use influence curves for preliminary design of non-rectangular
framed tube office building. After a preliminary set of member sizes were obtained, an
approximate dynamic analysis was performed on a "stick" model for the specified
maximum probable design earthquake response spectra applied in the N-S direction.
Author discuss selection of locations where spandrel beams should be stiffened to get the
optimum effect.
Khan F. R. and Amin N. R. (1976) [15], developed non-dimensional curves for preliminary
design which is known as Influence curves. These curves have been developed based on a
number of computer runs on a 10-storey equivalent framed tube with variable non-
dimensional parameters representing ratios of shear stiffness of the spandrel beam to the
axial stiffness of the columns, and a linearly varying ratio of bending stiffness of columns
to spandrels. These curves are primarily for computing column axial force coefficients for
flange and web frame columns and shear force coefficients for the web frame beams. All
these coefficients relate to unit values for the corresponding forces of the ideal tube.
Singh Y. and Nagpal A. K. (1994) [18], study that there is an anomaly in the shear-lag
behaviour of a cantilever box girder (and so in tubular structure also). In the region
beyond about one-quarter the cantilever length from the built-in end, the bending stress
near the web is smaller than that near the centre of the flange frame. This phenomenon is
opposite to the positive shear lag and is called negative shear lag. Origin of negative shear
lag in framed-tube buildings is explained by identifying two modes of behavior. Mode-1
contributes to positive shear lag and mode-2 to negative shear lag. Overall behavior of the
building depends on the net effect of the two modes.
Vamvatsikos D. and Cornell C. A. (2002)[21], presented a promising method called
Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA), which involves performing nonlinear dynamic
analyses of the structural model under a suite of ground motion records. IDA is an
emerging analysis method that offers thorough seismic demand and capacity prediction
capability by using a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses under a scaled suite of ground
motion records. Realization of its opportunities requires several innovations, such as
choosing suitable ground motion Intensity Measures (IMs) and representative Damage
Measures (DMs). IDA can provide intuition for the behaviour of structures. To illustrate
all the above concepts, a complete walkthrough of the methodology is presented by using
a 9-storey steel moment- resisting frame with fracturing connections as an example to
explain and clarify the application of the IDA to Performance-Based Earthquake
Engineering (PBEE). By available software it has become almost trivial to perform the
analysis, generate the IDA curves, estimate limit-state capacities and summarize the
results.
Chapter 3
SOFTWARE BRIEF
3.1 INTRODUCTION
ETABS was used for analysis and design of tall building. SeismoStruct was used for
model and perform NLTHA of RC Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube building.
To obtain an accurate model representing complex buildings, nonlinear steel and concrete
materials were used in this study. Software uses fibre-based system to define the
member’s cross- section.
3.2 ETABS (Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems)
ETABS (v2016) is software developed by Computers and Structures, Inc. that is based on
the finite element method. ETABS is specially designed for buildings and it is most
suitable for tall buildings.
3.2.1 Frame elements in ETABS
Frame elements are used when modelling for instance columns, beams and trusses. The
element is described as a combined beam and bar element with twelve degrees of freedom
in three dimensions, illustrated in figure 3.1. The frame element can be subjected to axial
stress, shear stress and bending. The shape of the element is a straight line with nodes at
the ends. The elements have individual local coordinate systems.
Figure 3. 1 Frame elements

3.2.2 Shell elements in ETABS
A shell element is similar to a plate but with curved surfaces. The thickness of the shell is
small in comparison to the length and width of the shell (Cook, et al., 2002). The shell
element uses a combination of plate-bending and membrane behavior. It can be three-
noded or four-noded. Floors, walls and decks are examples of structures that are modelled
with shell elements. The stresses of a shell element are evaluated using four integration
points (Gauss points). Similar to the frame elements, the shell elements also have
individual local coordinate systems. Figure 3.2 below shows a quadrilateral shell element.
Figure 3. 2 Shell elements
3.3 SEISMOSTRUCT
SeismoStruct (v2018), one of the Seismosoft’s range, is a finite element software which
can determine large displacement responses for both two and three-dimensional models
subjected to static and dynamic loadings. SeismoStruct considers both geometric
nonlinearity and material inelasticity while analysing buildings. In addition, it has a 3D
element library with different cross-sectional configurations for concrete, steel and
composite structural members. To obtain a realistic model of a prototype building,
SeismoStruct uses spread inelasticity distribution along the cross-section and member’s
length. Load application here include static forces and/or displacements and dynamic
accelerations.
It has a complete visual interface with no input files or programming scripts requirement.
It possesses the ability to smartly subdivide loading increment, whenever convergence
problems arise .avi movie files can also be created to illustrate sequence of structural
deformation.
3.3.1 MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
Distributed inelasticity elements are widely used in the earthquake engineering

researches. Advantage of distributed inelasticity element is that it does not need to
calibrate the empirical response parameters against the response of a frame element which
is actual or ideal and subjected to an idealized loading case. In this study, a fibre method
was adopted to model the cross-sections of the building members, during which a cross-
section was divided into 150-minute fibres. Each fibre was associated with a uniaxial
nonlinear material stress-strain relationship. By integrating the nonlinear uniaxial stress-
strain response of single fibres over the cross-section, the sectional stress-strain state was
developed for both beams and columns. Figure 3.3 illustrates a discretization of a typical
RC element cross- section:
Figure 3. 3 Discretization of a Typical Reinforced Concrete Cross Section
Two finite element formulations are used to implement the inelasticity distribution of
structural elements which are displacement-based (DB) and forced-based (FB)
formulation. DB formulation is classical while FB formulation was developed more
recently. In this research, FB formulation was selected to implement the inelasticity
distribution along the
structural elements. FB formulation imposes a linear moment variation and it does not
need any restrains along the building members. Both DB and FB formulations have the
same results in the linear elastic range. However, in the inelasticity range FB formulation
can produce real deformed shape while DB formulation cannot. The FB formulation does
not depend on the stress and strain states of individual fibre and the values of calculated
sectional curvatures. This approach has one approximation which is the discrete number
of the controlling sections throughout the members to perform the numerical integration.
In fact, to prevent under integration, at least three Gauss-Lobatto integration sections are
required which is used widely to calculate the response of force-based elements.
However, in many cases this number is not enough to simulate the spread of inelasticity.
Therefore, it is better to use a minimum of four integration points and the typical numbers
of integration section. This property makes each structural element to be modelled with a
single FE element that allows one to one correspondence between building members
including beams, columns, and shear walls. It means that meshing is not required within
each element because FB formulation is always exact. Figure 3.4 shows a typical element
model with six Gauss-Lobatto integration sections.
Figure 3. 4 Gauss-Lobatto Integration Sections

3.3.4 TYPES OF MATERIAL
In the present thesis two nonlinear materials were used:
1. NONLINEAR CONCRETE MODEL (con_ma)

The concrete model used in this study is a uniaxial nonlinear confinement model. This
concrete model was programmed by Madas (1993) using both constitutive relationship
and cyclic rules proposed by Mandar et al (1988) and Martinez-Rueda and Elnashai
(1997), respectively. In addition, the effect of transverse reinforcement is incorporated by
a method proposed by Mandar et al (1988) based on the assumption that the model has
constant confining pressure throughout the whole stress and strain range (Seismosoft
2016). Five model parameters were determined as listed in Table 3.1 to define the
material mechanical properties and the stress-strain relationship for this concrete model as
shown in figure 3.5.
Table 3. 1 Concrete Parameters

Material Parameters Typical Value
Compressive Strength 15000-45000kPa
Tensile Strength 2000-3000kPa
Modulus of elasticity 18000-30000 MPa
Strain at peak stress 0.002-0.00222
Specific weight 24 kN/m3
Figure 3. 5 Mandar Nonlinear Concrete Model

2. BILINEAR STEEL MODEL (stl_bl)
This is a uniaxial bilinear stress strain model with kinematic strain hardening, whereby
elastic range remains constant throughout the various loading stages, and the kinematic
hardening rule for the yield surface is assumed as a linear function of the increment of
plastic strain. This simple model is also characterised by easily identifiable calibrating
parameters and by its computational efficiency. It can be used in the modelling of both
steel structures, where mild steel is usually employed, as well as reinforced concrete
models, where worked steel is commonly utilised. Five model-calibrating parameters
must be defined for capturing characteristics of the material which is shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3. 2 Steel Parameters

Material Parameters Typical Value
Modulus of Elasticity 2.0E8-2.10E8 kPa
Yield Strength 230000-650000 kPa
Strain Hardening Parameter 0.005-0.015
Fracture/Buckling Strain 0.1
Specific Weight 78 kN/m3
Figure 3. 6 Bi-Linear Steel Model

3.5 ELEMENT CLASS
By making use of element types, we can create unlimited number of different elements
classes that are not only able to accurately represent structural members (columns, beams,
walls, beam-column joints, etc.) and non-structural components (infill panels, energy
dissipating devices, inertia masses, etc.) but also allow the modelling of different
boundary conditions, such as flexible foundations, seismic isolation, structural
gapping/pounding, and so on. Following element class has been used in the current work.
 INELASTIC FORCE-BASED PLASTIC HINGE FRAME ELEMENT TYPE

(infrmFBPH)
This is element featuring distributed inelasticity and forced based formulation but
concentrating such inelasticity within a fixed length of the element. The advantages of
such formulation are not only a reduced analysis time (since fibre integration is carried
out for the two member-end sections only), but also a full control/calibration of the plastic
hinge length (or spread of inelasticity). The number of section fibres used in equilibrium
computations carried out at the element's end sections needs to be defined. In addition, the
plastic hinge length needs also to be demarcated.
Figure 3. 7 Typical Inelastic Force Based Plastic Hinge Element

3.6 STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY
Defining the geometry of the structure being modelled is a four-step procedure. Firstly,
all structural and non-structural nodes are defined, after which element connectivity can
be stipulated. The process is then concluded with the assignment of structural restraints,
which characterize the structure's boundary conditions. Additional constraints can also be
defined.
The procedure is as follows:

 Define Materials and Sections
 Define Nodes
 Element Connectivity
 Define Constraints and Restraints
Figure 3. 8 SeismoStruct Model of Frame tube building

3.7 LOAD ASSIGNMENTS
Loading can be applied in applied load module. Many additional settings, which vary
according to the type of analysis, must be specified. Lumped mass which is concentrated
mass at the nodes has been applied in this study.
 For NLTHA there are two parameters needed to be define:
1. Applied Loads
2. Time History Curves
1. Applied Loads
(i) Nodal loads:
- Permanent Load
These comprise all static loads that are permanently applied to the structure.
They can be forces (e.g. self-weight) or prescribed displacements (e.g.
foundation settlement) applied at nodes. When running an analysis, permanent
loads are considered prior to any other type of load, and can be used on all
analysis types.
- Incremental Load
These represent pseudo-static loads (forces or displacements) that are
incrementally varied. The magnitude of a load at any step is given by the
product of its nominal value, defined by the user, and the current load factor,
which is updated in automatic or user-defined fashion. Incremental loads are
exclusively employed in pushover type of analyses, generally used to estimate
horizontal structural capacity.
(ii) Element loads:
These comprise all static loads that are permanently applied to the structure.
They can be forces (e.g. self-weight) or prescribed displacements (e.g.
foundation settlement) applied along the element’s length.
2. Time History Curve

In both static and dynamic time-history analyses, in addition to permanent loads,
structures are subjected to transient loads, which may consist of forces/displacements
varying in the pseudo-time domain (static time-history loads) or of
accelerations/forces that vary in the real time domain (dynamic time-history loads).
Whilst the type,
direction, magnitude and application nodes of these loads comes defined in the
applied loads module, their loading pattern, that is, the way in which the loads vary in
time (or pseudo-time), is given by the time history curves, defined in the Time History
Curves module. The latter comprises two interrelated sections:
(i) Load curves:
In the Load curves section, the time-history curve is defined either through
direct input of the values of time and load pairs (Create function) or by reading a
text file where the load curve is defined (Load function).
(ii) Time History stages:
In the Time History stages section, the user has the possibility of defining up to
20 analysis stages, each of which can be subdivided into a different number of
analysis steps, explicitly defined by the user.
Figure 3. 9 Time History Curve in SeismoStruct

3.8 PROCESSOR
In this part we can see the real time plotting of top storey displacements.
Figure 3. 10 Typical Window of Real Time Analysis Processor
3.9 POST PROCESSOR
Similarly to its Pre-Processor counterpart, the Post-Processor area features a series of

modules where results from different type of analysis can be viewed in table or graphical
format. The postprocessor includes:
 Analysis Logs
 Modal/Mass Quantities
 Step Output
 Deformed Shape Viewer
 Global Response Parameters
 Element Action Effects
 Stress and Strain Output
 IDA Envelope Curve
GLOBAL RESPONSE PARAMETERS
Depending on the type of analysis and/or the input parameters defined in the Pre-
Processor, up to six different kinds of global response parameters results can be output in
this module;
(i) structural displacements, (ii) forces and moments at the supports, (iii) nodal velocities /
accelerations, (iv) total inertia & damping forces, (v) hysteretic curves and (vi)
performance criteria checks. Apart from the latter, all the other results are defined in the
global system of coordinates, as illustrated in the figure 3.11.
Figure 3. 11 Global Axis in SeismoStruct Software
Some of these parameters are briefly described hereafter:
Structural displacements: We can obtain the displacement results of any given number of
nodes, relative to one of the six available global degrees-of-freedom.
Forces and Moments at Supports: Like the structural deformations, the support forces and
moments in every direction can be obtained for all restrained nodes.
Nodal Accelerations and Velocities: In dynamic time-history analyses, the response nodal
accelerations and velocities can be obtained in exactly the same manner as nodal
displacements
Hysteretic Curves: We can specify a translational/rotational global degree-of-freedom to

be plotted against the corresponding total base-shear/base-moment or load factor
(pushover analysis). In static analysis, such a plot represents the structure's capacity
curve, whilst in time-history analysis this usually reflects the hysteretic response of the
model. The possibility for relative displacement output is also available, as this is useful
for the case of dynamic analysis post-processing.
ELEMENT ACTION EFFECTS
Depending on the type of elements employed in the structural model, there can be up to
eleven kinds of Element action effects results.
Frame Deformations: The deformations incurred by inelastic (infrm, infrmPH) and elastic
(elfrm) frame elements, as computed in their local co-rotational system of reference, are
provided.
Frame Forces: The internal forces developed by inelastic (infrm, infrmPH) and elastic
(elfrm) frame elements, as computed in their local co-rotational system of reference, are
delivered.
Frame Hysteretic Curves: Hysteretic plots of deformation vs. internal forces developed by
inelastic (infrm, infrmPH) and elastic (elfrm) frame elements, as computed in their local
co-rotational system of reference, are provided.
Chapter 4
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
4.1 GENERAL
30 and 40-storey RC Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings are analyzed
and designed as per IS codes provisions. For seismic analysis, buildings are assumed to
be resting on hard soil and located in Bhachau (Zone V). For wind analysis, buildings are
assumed to be in zone IV and terrain-4. Each storey height is of 3.75 m.
Nonlinear Time History Analysis (NLTHA) of above buildings using SeismoStruct

software is done for set of 6 artificial ground motions compatible to IS 1893 (Part 1):
2016 response spectra and set of 7 recorded earthquake ground motions. Figure 4.1 to
Figure 4.3 shows the general configuration of Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube
buildings.
In this chapter, a 30-storey RC Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings are
analysed and designed as per provisions of IS codes. Response Spectrum Method is used
to calculate seismic loads.
Figure 4. 1 Geometric Configuration of Frame tube building
Figure 4. 2 Geometric Configuration of Bundle tube building
Figure 4. 3 Geometric Configuration of Tube in tube building

4.2 DESIGN OF 30-STOREY FRAME TUBE, BUNDLE TUBE AND TUBE IN TUBE
BUILDINGS
Here, modelling, analysis and design of 30-storey RC Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube
in tube buildings are done using ETABS 2016 software as per provisions of IS codes.
Isometric view is shown in following figure 4.4.
Figure 4. 4 Isometric View of 30-storey Building

4.3 BUILDING AND LOADING DATA
Table 4. 1 Buildings Data

IS 456: 2000, IS 16700: 2017, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016,
Design codes
IS 875 (Part 3): 2015
Concrete grade (fck) M60 Steel grade (fy) Fe500
Spacing of Exterior
4m Storey height 3.75 m
Columns
Building Dimension in X 36 m Building Dimension in Y 36 m
No. of storey 30 & 40 Total height 112.5 m & 150 m
Effective cover of beam 45 mm Effective cover of column 60 mm
Seismic zone V Basic Wind Speed 47 m/s

Probability factor
Zone factor (Z) 0.36 1.07
(risk coefficient) (k1)
Importance factor (I) 1.5 Terrain Category IV
Response reduction factor
5 Topography factor (k3) 1
(R)
Importance factor for the
Soil type Hard 1
cyclonic region (k4)
Design software ETABS 2016 Interference Zone NA
Table 4. 2 Loading Data for Buildings
Slab 125 mm thickness 3.125 kN/m2
Floor Finish - 1.50 kN/m2

Wall Load 115 mm x 3.0 m 6.90 kN/m
Façade Load 10 mm thk. 0.92 kN/m
Parapet Wall 230 mm thk. 5.75 kN/m

Typical Floor 4.00 kN/m2
Live Load
Roof 2.00 kN/m2
4.4 LOAD COMBINATION CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Table 4. 3 Load Combinations considered for Design and Analysis
1.5 (DL + LL)

1.5 (DL ± RSX)
Where,
1.5 (DL ± RSY)
DL = Dead Load
1.2 (DL + LL ± RSX)
LL = Live Load
1.2 (DL + LL ± RSY)
RSX = Response Spectrum in x direction
0.9 DL ± RSX
RSY = Response Spectrum in y direction
0.9 DL ± RSY
4.5 CHECK FOR PROVISIONS OF IS 16700: 2017
 Height Limit (cl 5.1.1):

30-storey - 112.50 m
40-storey - 150.00 m (<=180.00 m)......OK
 Slenderness Ratio (cl 5.1.2):
112.50/36 = 3.125
150.00/36 = 4.170 (<=9).......OK
 Plan Aspect Ratio (cl 8.7.1):
36/36 = 1 (<=2)......OK
 Column Spacing (cl 8.7.3):
4 m (<= 5 m)......OK
 Effect of Construction sequence is not considered (cl 7.3.13):
150 m (<=150 m)
 Wind Effect (cl 6.2):-
Wind tunnel studies shall be determined if,
- Height greater than 150 m (=150 m).......NA
- Complexities in plan or elevation geometry......NA
- Sited on complex topography with group effect......NA
- Natural period is greater than 5 sec (2.25 sec).......NA
(NA = Not Applicable)
So, Wind Loading according to IS 875 (Part 3): 2015 is appropriate.
 Seismic Effect (cl-6.3.3):-

For 30-storey Building (112.50 m)
- Horizontal acceleration coefficient in both Direction
Tx/y = 0.09 x 112.5 /√36
= 1.687 sec
𝑧 𝑆𝑎
( )( )
Ahx/y = 2 𝑔
𝑅
( )
𝐼
0.36
( )(0.593)
= 2 5
( )
1.5
= 0.032 (>Ahmin = 0.024).......OK
For 40-storey Building (150.00 m)

- Horizontal acceleration coefficient in both Direction
Tx/y = 0.09 x 150 /√36
= 2.25 sec
𝑧 𝑆𝑎
( )( )
Ahx/y = 2 𝑔
𝑅
( )
𝐼
0.36
( )(0.446)
= 2 5
( )
1.5
= 0.024 (>Ahmin = 0.02156).......OK

4.6 DESIGN RESULTS
4.6.1 30-storey Frame tube building
Beam Design
Beams are divided into 5 Nos. of group as shown in figure 4.5. Beam sizes are provided
such that maximum reinforcement remain near to 1%. Design steel reinforcement of beam
for hogging and sagging moments (Top and Bottom respectively) from defined load
combinations is shown in table 4.4.
Figure 4. 5 Beam Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Frame tube building
Table 4. 4 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Frame tube building
Beam Size pt (%)
Storey Group
Width Depth
No. No. Top Bottom
(mm) (mm)
B-1 400 1050 0.68 0.63
B-2 350 850 0.85 0.47
1-3 B-3 350 850 0.79 0.74
B-4 300 700 0.66 0.40
B-5 300 700 0.38 0.37
B-1 400 1000 0.70 0.66
B-2 350 850 0.91 0.50
4-6 B-3 350 850 0.82 0.76
B-4 300 700 0.70 0.42
B-5 300 700 0.40 0.37
B-1 400 950 0.76 0.71
B-2 300 850 1.06 0.56
7-9 B-3 300 850 0.87 0.79
B-4 300 700 0.74 0.45
B-5 300 700 0.37 0.37
B-1 400 900 0.82 0.77
B-2 300 800 1.03 0.64
10-12 B-3 300 800 0.84 0.75
B-4 300 650 0.82 0.50
B-5 300 650 0.42 0.40
B-1 400 900 0.78 0.72
B-2 300 800 1.03 0.59
13-15 B-3 300 800 0.76 0.64
B-4 300 650 0.84 0.49
B-5 300 650 0.42 0.37
B-1 400 850 0.79 0.73
B-2 300 800 1.05 0.58
16-18 B-3 300 800 0.70 0.57
B-4 300 650 0.83 0.50
B-5 300 650 0.42 0.37
B-1 350 850 0.84 0.79
B-2 300 750 1.10 0.77
18-21 B-3 300 750 0.67 0.51
B-4 300 600 0.94 0.56
B-5 300 600 0.46 0.37
Table 4. 4 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Frame tube building(contn)
Beam Size pt (%)
Storey Group
Width Depth
No. No. Top Bottom
(mm) (mm)
B-1 350 800 0.87 0.81
B-2 300 700 1.08 0.91
22-24 B-3 300 700 0.54 0.37
B-4 300 600 1.02 0.60
B-5 300 600 0.41 0.37
B-1 350 750 0.85 0.79
B-2 300 650 1.13 1.06
25-27 B-3 300 650 0.52 0.37
B-4 300 550 1.02 0.69
B-5 300 550 0.46 0.44
B-1 300 750 0.69 0.64
B-2 300 650 1.08 1.06
28-30 B-3 300 650 0.40 0.37
B-4 300 550 1.02 0.70
B-5 300 550 0.42 0.45
Column Design
Columns are divided into 13 Nos. of group as shown in figure 4.6. Columns sizes are
provided such that maximum reinforcement remain near to 3.75%. Design steel
reinforcement of column for axial force and bi-axial moments from defined load
Figure 4. 6 Column Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Frame tube building
Table 4. 5 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Frame tube building
Column Size Column Size
Story Group Story Group
Width Depth pt (%) Width Depth pt (%)
No. No. No. No.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 400 900 3.91 C-1 400 750 2.12
C-2 400 900 2.90 C-2 400 750 2.96
C-3 400 900 2.81 C-3 400 750 3.27
C-4 400 900 2.64 C-4 400 750 3.04
C-5 400 900 2.47 C-5 400 750 3.04
C-6 400 900 3.25 C-6 400 750 3.04
1-3 C-7 400 900 2.98 10-12 C-7 400 750 3.77
C-8 1050 1050 3.67 C-8 850 850 3.85
C-9 900 900 3.57 C-9 750 750 3.20
C-10 400 900 2.81 C-10 400 750 3.27
C-11 400 900 2.64 C-11 400 750 3.27
C-12 900 900 3.57 C-12 750 750 3.20
C-13 800 800 2.45 C-13 600 600 3.71
C-1 400 800 3.62 C-1 400 700 2.02
C-2 400 800 3.66 C-2 400 700 2.95
C-3 400 800 3.46 C-3 400 700 3.25
C-4 400 800 3.35 C-4 400 700 3.25
C-5 400 800 3.04 C-5 400 700 3.03
C-6 400 800 3.81 C-6 400 700 2.90
4-6 C-7 400 800 3.81 13-15 C-7 400 700 3.68
C-8 1000 1000 3.54 C-8 800 800 3.46
C-9 850 850 3.56 C-9 650 650 3.60
C-10 400 800 3.68 C-10 400 700 3.03
C-11 400 800 3.68 C-11 400 700 3.03
C-12 850 850 3.56 C-12 650 650 3.60
C-13 750 750 3.20 C-13 600 600 3.27
C-1 400 750 3.11 C-1 350 700 2.05
C-2 400 750 3.90 C-2 350 700 3.11
C-3 400 750 3.77 C-3 350 700 3.72
C-4 400 750 3.57 C-4 350 700 3.72
C-5 400 750 3.41 C-5 350 700 3.46
C-6 400 750 3.74 C-6 350 700 3.32
7-9 C-7 400 750 3.57 16-18 C-7 350 700 3.81
C-8 950 950 3.09 C-8 750 750 2.53
C-9 800 800 3.20 C-9 600 600 3.82
C-10 400 750 3.93 C-10 350 700 3.46
C-11 400 750 3.93 C-11 350 700 3.46
C-12 800 800 3.20 C-12 600 600 3.71
C-13 650 650 3.86 C-13 550 550 3.89
Table 4. 5 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Frame tube building (cont n)

pt (%) pt (%)
No. No. No. No.
Width Depth Width Depth
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 350 700 2.05 C-1 300 700 2.09
C-2 350 700 2.82 C-2 300 700 2.99
C-3 350 700 3.32 C-3 300 700 3.57
C-4 350 700 2.85 C-4 300 700 3.03
C-5 350 700 3.06 C-5 300 700 3.10
C-6 350 700 2.66 C-6 300 700 3.10
19-21 C-7 350 700 3.32 25-27 C-7 300 700 3.57
C-8 650 650 3.25 C-8 450 450 3.88
C-9 550 550 3.76 C-9 400 400 3.65
C-10 350 700 3.06 C-10 300 700 3.10
C-11 350 700 3.06 C-11 300 700 3.10
C-12 550 550 3.25 C-12 400 400 3.58
C-13 450 450 3.91 C-13 350 350 3.85
C-1 350 700 2.05 C-1 300 650 1.93
C-2 350 700 2.56 C-2 300 650 2.90
C-3 350 700 3.06 C-3 300 650 3.34
C-4 350 700 2.85 C-4 300 650 2.62
C-5 350 700 3.06 C-5 300 650 2.84
C-6 350 700 2.66 C-6 300 650 2.62
22-24 C-7 350 700 3.32 28-30 C-7 300 650 3.34
C-8 550 550 3.89 C-8 350 350 2.05
C-9 450 450 3.85 C-9 350 350 3.08
C-10 350 700 3.06 C-10 300 650 2.98
C-11 350 700 3.06 C-11 300 650 2.84
C-12 450 450 3.67 C-12 350 350 2.05
C-13 400 400 3.75 C-13 300 300 3.51
4.6.2 30-storey Bundle tube building
Beam Design
Beams are divided into 3 Nos. of group as shown in figure 4.7. Beams sizes are provided
such that maximum reinforcement remain near to 1%. Design steel reinforcement of beam
for hogging and sagging moments (Top and Bottom respectively) from defined load
Figure 4. 7 Beam Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Bundle tube building
Table 4. 6 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Bundle tube building
Beam Size pt (%)
Storey Group
Width Depth
No. No. Top Bottom
(mm) (mm)
B-1 350 850 0.64 0.61
1-3 B-2 350 950 0.72 0.70
B-3 350 850 0.73 0.46
B-1 300 850 0.70 0.67
4-6 B-2 350 950 0.76 0.74
B-3 350 850 0.74 0.47
B-1 300 850 0.74 0.72
7-9 B-2 300 900 0.91 0.88
B-3 300 850 0.83 0.49
B-1 300 800 0.78 0.75
10-12 B-2 300 900 0.93 0.90
B-3 300 800 0.88 0.53
B-1 300 800 0.76 0.74
13-15 B-2 300 850 0.94 0.90
B-3 300 800 0.87 0.53
B-1 300 800 0.74 0.72
16-18 B-2 300 850 0.87 0.82
B-3 300 750 0.92 0.54
B-1 300 750 0.79 0.76
19-21 B-2 300 850 0.79 0.72
B-3 300 700 0.94 0.56
B-1 300 700 0.75 0.65
22-24 B-2 300 800 0.83 0.75
B-3 300 700 0.98 0.57
B-1 300 700 0.77 0.63
25-27 B-2 300 750 0.67 0.55
B-3 300 700 0.88 0.51
B-1 300 650 0.64 0.45
28-30 B-2 300 650 0.57 0.44
B-3 300 650 0.97 0.54
Column Design
combination is shown in table 4.7.
Figure 4. 8 Column Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Bundle tube building
Table 4. 7 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Bundle tube building

No. No. No. No.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 400 800 3.04 C-1 350 700 2.31
C-2 400 800 2.38 C-2 350 700 3.11
C-3 400 800 2.38 C-3 350 700 3.37
C-4 400 800 3.22 C-4 350 700 3.71
C-5 400 800 2.38 C-5 350 700 3.78
C-6 400 800 2.38 C-6 350 700 3.06
C-7 550 950 3.44 C-7 500 850 2.61
C-8 400 800 2.38 C-8 350 700 3.11
1-3 C-9 550 950 3.54 7-9 C-9 500 850 2.89
C-10 400 800 3.22 C-10 350 700 3.92
C-11 550 950 3.44 C-11 500 850 2.66
C-12 550 950 3.54 C-12 500 850 2.89
C-13 550 950 2.83 C-13 500 850 2.89
C-14 550 950 3.68 C-14 500 850 3.00
C-15 400 800 2.38 C-15 350 700 3.72
C-16 550 950 3.68 C-16 500 850 3.00
C-1 400 750 1.88 C-1 350 650 2.21
C-2 400 750 2.09 C-2 350 650 3.35
C-3 400 750 2.30 C-3 350 650 3.35
C-4 400 750 3.11 C-4 350 650 3.82
C-5 400 750 2.30 C-5 350 650 3.29
C-6 400 750 1.88 C-6 350 650 3.29
C-7 550 850 3.05 C-7 450 800 2.80
C-8 400 750 2.09 C-8 350 650 3.07
4-6 C-9 550 850 3.95 10-12 C-9 450 800 3.14
C-10 400 750 3.04 C-10 350 650 3.36
C-11 550 850 3.16 C-11 450 800 2.73
C-12 550 850 3.47 C-12 450 800 3.14
C-13 550 850 2.95 C-13 450 800 3.14
C-14 550 850 3.47 C-14 450 800 3.27
C-15 400 750 3.60 C-15 350 650 3.75
C-16 550 850 3.47 C-16 450 800 3.27
Table 4. 7 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Bundle tube building(cont n)

No. No. No. No.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 350 600 1.80 C-1 350 600 1.80
C-2 350 600 3.33 C-2 350 600 2.73
C-3 350 600 3.33 C-3 350 600 2.73
C-4 350 600 2.99 C-4 350 600 2.09
C-5 350 600 3.27 C-5 350 600 3.27
C-6 350 600 3.27 C-6 350 600 3.27
C-7 400 750 3.36 C-7 350 650 3.04
C-8 350 600 3.33 C-8 350 600 3.03
13-15 C-9 400 750 3.44 19-21 C-9 350 650 2.80
C-10 350 600 3.40 C-10 350 600 2.43
C-11 400 750 3.27 C-11 350 650 3.07
C-12 400 750 3.44 C-12 350 650 2.80
C-13 400 750 3.44 C-13 350 650 3.02
C-14 400 750 3.60 C-14 350 650 3.35
C-15 350 600 3.64 C-15 350 600 3.40
C-16 400 750 3.57 C-16 350 650 3.57
C-1 350 600 1.80 C-1 300 550 1.90
C-2 350 600 3.03 C-2 300 550 3.09
C-3 350 600 3.03 C-3 300 550 3.09
C-4 350 600 2.09 C-4 300 550 2.67
C-5 350 600 2.97 C-5 300 550 3.47
C-6 350 600 2.97 C-6 300 550 3.78
C-7 400 700 2.27 C-7 350 650 2.21
C-8 350 600 3.33 C-8 300 550 3.43
16-18 C-9 400 700 2.27 22-24 C-9 350 650 2.21
C-10 350 600 2.73 C-10 300 550 3.09
C-11 400 700 2.50 C-11 350 650 2.49
C-12 400 700 2.50 C-12 350 650 2.21
C-13 400 700 3.08 C-13 350 650 2.24
C-14 400 700 3.48 C-14 350 650 3.07
C-15 350 600 3.34 C-15 300 550 3.74
C-16 400 700 2.90 C-16 350 650 2.80
Table 4. 7 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Bundle tube building(cont n)

No. No. No. No.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 300 550 1.90 C-1 300 500 2.09
C-2 300 550 3.09 C-2 300 500 2.93
C-3 300 550 3.09 C-3 300 500 2.93
C-4 300 550 2.67 C-4 300 500 2.51
C-5 300 550 3.47 C-5 300 500 2.93
C-6 300 550 3.78 C-6 300 500 3.40
C-7 300 550 3.05 C-7 300 500 2.51
C-8 300 550 3.43 C-8 300 500 2.93
25-27 C-9 300 550 2.28 28-30 C-9 300 500 2.09
C-10 300 550 3.09 C-10 300 500 2.51
C-11 300 550 3.05 C-11 300 500 2.51
C-12 300 550 2.28 C-12 300 500 2.09
C-13 300 550 1.90 C-13 300 500 2.09
C-14 300 550 3.05 C-14 300 500 2.51
C-15 300 550 3.74 C-15 300 500 3.22
C-16 300 550 3.05 C-16 300 500 2.09
4.6.2 30-storey Tube in tube building
Beam Design
Beams are divided into 7 Nos. of group as shown in figure 4.9. Beams sizes are provided
such that maximum reinforcement remain near to 1%. Design steel reinforcement of
beam for hogging and sagging moments (Top and Bottom respectively) from defined load
Figure 4. 9 Beam Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Tube in tube building
Table 4. 8 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Tube in tube building
Beam Size pt (%)
Storey Group
Width Depth
No. No. Top Bottom
(mm) (mm)
B-1 400 1050 0.68 0.66
B-2 400 1000 0.80 0.73
B-3 400 1150 0.97 0.52
1-3 B-4 350 900 0.72 0.45
B-5 350 900 0.69 0.43
B-6 350 900 0.74 0.44
B-7 350 900 0.37 0.37
B-1 400 1050 0.68 0.67
B-2 400 1000 0.80 0.72
B-3 400 1150 0.98 0.52
4-6 B-4 350 900 0.73 0.46
B-5 350 900 0.69 0.43
B-6 350 900 0.74 0.45
B-7 350 900 0.37 0.37
B-1 400 1050 0.69 0.68
B-2 350 1000 0.77 0.75
B-3 400 1100 1.01 0.58
7-9 B-4 350 850 0.78 0.51
B-5 350 850 0.71 0.45
B-6 350 900 0.71 0.47
B-7 350 900 0.37 0.37
B-1 400 1000 0.71 0.70
B-2 350 950 0.77 0.74
B-3 400 1100 1.01 0.59
10-12 B-4 350 850 0.79 0.52
B-5 350 850 0.71 0.45
B-6 350 900 0.76 0.48
B-7 350 900 0.37 0.37
B-1 350 1000 0.78 0.76
B-2 300 950 0.82 0.78
B-3 400 1050 1.05 0.65
13-15 B-4 300 850 0.90 0.61
B-5 300 850 0.75 0.43
B-6 350 900 0.78 0.51
B-7 350 900 0.37 0.37
Table 4.8 Beam Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Tube in tube building(cont n)
Beam Size pt (%)
Storey Group
Width Depth
No. No. Top Bottom
(mm) (mm)
B-1 350 950 0.82 0.81
B-2 300 900 0.76 0.71
B-3 400 1050 1.01 0.65
16-18 B-4 300 850 0.88 0.62
B-5 300 850 0.71 0.38
B-6 350 850 0.85 0.53
B-7 350 850 0.37 0.37
B-1 350 950 0.80 0.79
B-2 300 900 0.68 0.63
B-3 350 1000 1.02 0.75
19-21 B-4 300 850 0.91 0.67
B-5 300 850 0.66 0.37
B-6 300 850 0.96 0.59
B-7 300 850 0.37 0.37
B-1 300 900 0.91 0.89
B-2 300 850 0.63 0.49
B-3 300 950 1.24 0.95
22-24 B-4 300 750 1.15 0.84
B-5 300 750 0.77 0.43
B-6 300 850 1.06 0.66
B-7 300 850 0.37 0.37
B-1 300 900 0.82 0.84
B-2 300 800 0.57 0.47
B-3 300 950 1.22 0.98
25-27 B-4 300 750 1.09 0.86
B-5 300 750 0.76 0.42
B-6 300 850 1.00 0.69
B-7 300 850 0.37 0.37
B-1 300 900 0.57 0.55
B-2 300 750 0.45 0.37
B-3 300 950 1.08 0.98
28-30 B-4 300 750 1.12 0.86
B-5 300 750 0.76 0.43
B-6 300 850 1.02 0.69
B-7 300 850 0.37 0.37
Column Design
combination is shown in table 4.9.
Figure 4. 10 Column Group for Typical Storey of 30-storey Tube in tube building
Table 4. 9 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Tube in tube building

No. No. No. No.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 500 900 3.83 C-1 450 800 1.57
C-2 500 900 3.05 C-2 450 800 2.53
C-3 500 900 3.27 C-3 450 800 3.15
C-4 500 900 4.00 C-4 450 800 3.27
C-5 500 900 3.45 C-5 450 800 2.67
C-6 500 900 2.35 C-6 450 800 2.59
1-3 C-7 500 900 2.82 10-12 C-7 450 800 3.07
C-8 500 900 3.83 C-8 450 800 3.25
C-9 500 900 3.39 C-9 450 800 2.71
C-10 950 1400 3.52 C-10 750 1150 3.36
C-11 700 1000 3.45 C-11 550 950 2.59
C-12 700 1000 3.63 C-12 550 950 2.73
C-1 500 850 2.09 C-1 400 800 1.77
C-2 500 850 2.29 C-2 400 800 2.85
C-3 500 850 2.67 C-3 400 800 3.55
C-4 500 850 3.12 C-4 400 800 3.68
C-5 500 850 2.89 C-5 400 800 3.00
C-6 500 850 2.34 C-6 400 800 3.06
4-6 C-7 500 850 2.75 13-15 C-7 400 800 3.46
C-8 500 850 3.35 C-8 400 800 3.66
C-9 500 850 2.89 C-9 400 800 2.85
C-10 850 1350 3.50 C-10 700 1050 3.12
C-11 650 1000 2.96 C-11 500 900 2.29
C-12 650 1000 3.15 C-12 500 900 2.84
C-1 450 850 1.81 C-1 400 800 1.77
C-2 450 850 2.55 C-2 400 800 2.54
C-3 450 850 2.97 C-3 400 800 3.04
C-4 450 850 3.21 C-4 400 800 3.35
C-5 450 850 2.68 C-5 400 800 2.38
C-6 450 850 2.60 C-6 400 800 2.36
7-9 C-7 450 850 3.06 16-18 C-7 400 800 2.95
C-8 450 850 3.19 C-8 400 800 3.84
C-9 450 850 2.80 C-9 400 800 2.54
C-10 800 1250 3.54 C-10 650 950 2.99
C-11 600 1000 2.59 C-11 400 850 3.03
C-12 600 1000 2.67 C-12 400 850 3.40
Table 4. 9 Column Reinforcement Detail for 30-storey Tube in tube building(cont n)

Width Depth Pt (%) Width Depth pt (%)
No. No. No. No.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
C-1 400 800 1.77 C-1 350 750 1.68
C-2 400 800 2.16 C-2 350 750 2.63
C-3 400 800 2.38 C-3 350 750 3.38
C-4 400 800 2.73 C-4 350 750 3.84
C-5 400 800 2.16 C-5 350 750 2.63
C-6 400 800 1.96 C-6 350 750 2.39
19-21 C-7 400 800 2.76 25-27 C-7 350 750 3.36
C-8 400 800 2.87 C-8 350 750 3.60
C-9 400 800 1.77 C-9 350 750 2.66
C-10 550 900 3.08 C-10 400 800 2.85
C-11 350 800 2.67 C-11 300 550 1.90
C-12 350 800 3.08 C-12 300 550 2.28
C-1 400 750 1.68 C-1 350 700 1.80
C-2 400 750 2.30 C-2 350 700 2.56
C-3 400 750 2.96 C-3 350 700 3.60
C-4 400 750 3.12 C-4 350 700 3.91
C-5 400 750 2.30 C-5 350 700 2.82
C-6 400 750 2.09 C-6 350 700 2.31
22-24 C-7 400 750 2.73 28-30 C-7 350 700 3.60
C-8 400 750 3.06 C-8 350 700 3.81
C-9 400 750 2.09 C-9 350 700 3.11
C-10 450 850 3.21 C-10 400 800 2.16
C-11 300 650 2.94 C-11 300 550 1.90
C-12 300 650 3.60 C-12 300 550 1.90
Chapter 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 GENERAL
In this chapter, quantity of R.C. frame elements (Beam and Column) and modal analysis
for 30 and 40-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings are shown.
Results of Wind analysis and Seismic analysis are compared, which are done using
ETABS. Presence of shear lag is also shown.
Performance evaluation of buildings by Nonlinear Time History using SeismoStruct,

shown in the terms of Displacement and Inter-Storey Drift Ratio Profile for set of 6
artificial ground motions and set of 7 recorded earthquake ground motions.
Capacity curve obtained from Incremental Dynamic Analysis of buildings subjected to

Sikkim ground motion is plotted. Performance point
5.2 QUANTITY OF R.C. FRAME ELEMENTS
Quantity of concrete and reinforcement steel required for beams and columns for 30 and
40-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings has been calculated.
Quantity of concrete and reinforcement steel required for each building is shown in Table
5.1
Table 5. 1 Quantity of Concrete and Reinforcement
Reinforcement Reinf. Conc.

No. of Steel (MT) Concrete
System /sqm /sqm
Storey (m3)
Beam Column (kg) (m3)
Frame Tube 1021.87 571.55 8792.41 27.88 0.17
30 Bundle Tube 1034.67 520.70 8888.25 27.22 0.17
Tube in Tube 1283.67 547.08 10977.20 32.04 0.21
Frame Tube 1374.22 924.58 9873.42 40.23 0.19
40 Bundle Tube 1521.22 809.98 9460.40 40.80 0.18
Tube in Tube 1808.25 785.47 11807.78 45.39 0.23
5.3 MODAL ANALYSIS
For tall building higher mode contribution is more as compare to regular low-rise
buildings. Modal Analysis for 30 and 40-storey RC Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in
tube buildings has been carried out in SeismoStruct for uncracked properties of members
as shown in Table 5.2.a to Table 5.2.f.
Table 5. 2. a Modal Analysis for 30-storey Frame tube building

Cumulative Mass (%)
Mode Period
Ux Uy Uz
1 2.5746 0.0000 68.6967 0.0000
2 2.5545 68.5308 68.6967 0.0000
3 1.6172 68.5308 68.6967 0.0000
4 0.9062 68.5308 84.3420 0.0000
5 0.8933 84.2395 84.3420 0.0000
6 0.6032 84.2395 84.3420 0.0000
7 0.5254 84.2395 89.6068 0.0000
8 0.5153 89.5587 89.6068 0.0000
9 0.3734 89.5587 92.4048 0.0000
10 0.3695 89.5587 92.4048 0.0000
11 0.3651 92.3631 92.4048 0.0000
12 0.3371 92.3631 92.4048 68.3077
Table 5. 2. b Modal Analysis for 30-storey Bundle tube building
Cumulative Mass (%)

Mode Period
Ux Uy Uz
1 2.5881 0.0000 66.8187 0.0000
2 2.5008 67.0000 66.8187 0.0000
3 1.9265 67.0000 66.8187 0.0000
4 0.9068 67.0000 83.3109 0.0000
5 0.8756 83.5057 83.3109 0.0000
6 0.7309 83.5057 83.3109 0.0000
7 0.5286 83.5057 89.2547 0.0000
8 0.5116 89.3164 89.2547 0.0000
9 0.4459 89.3164 89.2547 0.0000
10 0.3774 89.3164 92.2197 0.0000
11 0.3655 92.2539 92.2197 0.0000
12 0.3303 92.2539 92.2197 74.0464
Table 5. 2. c Modal Analysis for 30-storey Tube in tube building
Period Cumulative Mass (%)

Mode
(sec) Ux Uy Uz
1 2.3332 67.9370 0.0000 0.0000
2 2.3284 67.9370 68.0255 0.0000
3 1.4680 67.9370 68.0255 0.0000
4 0.8154 84.7232 68.0255 0.0000
5 0.8124 84.7232 84.7338 0.0000
6 0.5539 84.7232 84.7338 0.0000
7 0.4634 84.7232 90.1458 0.0000
8 0.4633 90.2133 90.1458 0.0000
9 0.3383 90.2133 90.1458 0.0000
10 0.3343 90.2133 90.1458 70.2153
11 0.3297 90.2133 92.7567 70.2153
12 0.3296 92.8265 92.7567 70.2153
Table 5. 2. d Modal Analysis for 40-storey Frame tube building

Mode
(sec) Ux Uy Uz
1 3.2686 0.0000 65.3413 0.0000
2 3.1895 65.2648 65.3413 0.0000
3 2.2462 65.2648 65.3413 0.0000
4 1.1148 65.2648 82.5624 0.0000
5 1.0830 82.4915 82.5624 0.0000
6 0.8716 82.4915 82.5624 0.0000
7 0.6276 82.4915 88.4042 0.0000
8 0.6064 88.3604 88.4042 0.0000
9 0.5307 88.3604 91.4870 0.0000
10 0.4426 88.3604 91.4870 0.0000
11 0.4289 91.4586 91.4870 0.0000
12 0.3908 91.4586 91.4870 71.8202
Table 5. 2. e Modal Analysis for 40-storey Bundle tube building

Mode
(sec) Ux Uy Uz
1 3.2686 0.0000 64.4887 0.0000
2 3.1895 64.8363 64.4887 0.0000
3 2.2462 64.8363 64.4887 0.0000
4 1.1148 64.8363 83.3473 0.0000
5 1.0830 83.7712 83.3473 0.0000
6 0.8716 83.7712 83.3473 0.0000
7 0.6276 83.7712 89.1691 0.0000
8 0.6064 89.4643 89.1691 0.0000
9 0.5307 89.4643 89.1691 0.0000
10 0.4426 89.4643 92.1722 0.0000
11 0.4289 92.3560 92.1722 0.0000
12 0.3908 92.3560 92.1722 72.4811
Table 5. 2. f Modal Analysis for 40-storey Tube in tube building

Mode
(sec) Ux Uy Uz
1 3.1229 65.0764 0.0000 0.0000
2 3.1132 65.0764 65.0470 0.0000
3 1.8104 65.0764 65.0470 0.0000
4 1.0654 83.4486 65.0470 0.0000
5 1.0613 83.4486 83.4398 0.0000
6 0.7172 83.4486 83.4398 0.0000
7 0.5938 89.0980 83.4398 0.0000
8 0.5920 89.0980 89.0637 0.0000
9 0.4312 89.0980 89.0637 0.0000
10 0.4216 92.0827 89.0637 0.0000
11 0.4211 92.0827 92.0280 0.0000
12 0.3825 92.0827 92.0280 72.9828
5.2 RESULTS OF WIND AND SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Wind analysis and Seismic analysis are done using ETABS. Results are compared in
terms of Base Shear, Base Overturning moment and Top Storey Displacement shown in
figure 5.1 to figure 5.3.
Top Storey Displacement for all buildings is within limit given by IS 16700: 2017
30-storey Building
20000
15770
Base Shear (kN)
14504 14540
15000
10000
6629 6598 6473
5000
0
Frame Tube Bundle Tube Tube in Tube
Structural System
RS-yWind-y
40-storey Building
20000
16334
15240
Base Shear (kN)
14890
15000
10437 10423 10262
10000
5000
0
Structural System
RS-yWind-y
Figure 5. 1 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Base Shear

30-storey Building
Base Overturning Moment (kN.m)
1.40E+06
1.20E+06
1.00E+06 957221
905760 895128
8.00E+05
6.00E+05
4.00E+05 478648 476308 466896
2.00E+05
0.00E+00

Structural System
RS-yWind-y
40-storey Building
1278824 1382126
1.40E+06 1308803
Base Overturning Moment (kN.m)
1.20E+06
1.00E+06 994134 992770 976568
8.00E+05
6.00E+05
4.00E+05
2.00E+05
0.00E+00

Structural System
RS-yWind-y
Figure 5. 2 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Base Overturning Moment

30-storey Building
400
Top Storey Displacement (mm)
350
300 285.14
269.94
250
200 215.89
150
100
50 98.53 95.95
69.43
0

Structural System
RS-yWind-y
40-storey Building
400 359.06
Top Storey Displacement (mm)
353
350
300 302.42
250
200
183.62 184.64
150
140.92
100
50
0

Structural System
RS-yWind-y
Figure 5. 3 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Top Storey Displacement

Table 5. 2 Displacement and Elastic Drift
RS-y Wind-y
No. of Structural
Displacement Elastic Displacement Elastic Drift
Storey System
(mm) Drift (%) (mm) (%)
Frame tube 285.14 0.3344 98.53 0.1082
30 Bundle tube 269.94 0.3323 95.95 0.1101
Tube in tube 215.89 0.2678 69.43 0.0768
Frame tube 359.06 0.3183 183.62 0.1484
40 Bundle tube 353.00 0.3324 184.64 0.1580
Tube in tube 302.42 0.2861 140.92 0.1212
Displacement Check,
For 30-storey Building,
RS-y = 285.14 mm < (112.5x103/250 = 450mm).......OK
Wind-y = 98.53 mm < (112.5 x103/500 = 225mm).......OK (IS 16700: 2017, cl 5.4.1)

RS-y = 359.06 mm < (150 x103/250 = 600mm).......OK
Wind-y = 184.64 mm < (150 x103/500 = 300mm).......OK (IS 16700: 2017, cl 5.4.1)
Elastic Drift Check,

RS-y = 0.334 % < (1/250=0.4%)......OK
Wind-y = 0.110% < (1/500=0.2%).......OK (IS 16700: 2017, cl 5.4.1)

RS-y = 0.332 % < (1/250=0.4%)......OK
Wind-y = 0.158 % < (1/500=0.2%).......OK (IS 16700: 2017, cl 5.4.1)
5.3 SHEAR LAG
Axial force in outer column of frame due to lateral load is more compare to inner column
of frame, which is known as shear lag effect. Here, shear lag effect for Frame tube,
Bundle tub and Tube in tube is shown in figure 5.4 to figure 5.6.
30-storey Building
3500
3000
2500
Axial Force (kN)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
C1 C2 C3C4 C5 C6 C7C8 C9 C10

Columns in X Direction (Grid-1)
Base 3rd Storey 6th Storey 9th Storey 12th Storey
15th Storey 18th Storey 21st Storey 24th Storey 27th Storey
40-storey Building
4500
3600
Axial Force (kN)
2700
1800
900
0
C1 C2 C3C4 C5 C6 C7C8 C9 C10
Base 4th Storey 8th Storey 12th Storey 16th Storey
20th Storey 24th Storey 28th Storey 32nd Storey 36th Storey
Figure 5. 4 Axial Force in columns of 30 and 40-storey Frame tube buildings (Shear Lag Effect)
30-storey Building
2500
2000
Axial Force (kN)
1500
1000
500
0
C1 C2 C3C4 C5 C6 C7C8 C9 C10
40-storey Building
3500
2800
Axial Force (kN)
2100
1400
700
C1 C2 C3C4 C5 C6 C7C8 C9 C10

Figure 5. 5 Axial Force in columns of 30 and 40-storey Bundle tube buildings (Shear Lag Effect)
30-storey Building
4000
Axial Force (kN)
3000
2000
1000
0
C1 C2 C3C4 C5 C6 C7C8 C9 C10
40-storey Building
5000
4500
4000
Axial Force (kN)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
C1 C2 C3C4 C5 C6 C7C8 C9 C10

Figure 5. 6 Axial Force in columns of 30 and 40-storey Tube in tube buildings (Shear Lag Effect)
5.4 RESULTS OF NONLINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
Nonlinear Time History Analysis is carried out using SeismoStruct software which
evaluates structural seismic performance by applying 6 artificial ground motions and 7
recorded earthquake ground motions in Y direction to each building. In this procedure,
ground motion acceleration is applied to the structure for evaluating displacement of each
storey.
Following are the 6 artificial ground motions compatible to Response Spectra of

IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 are generated by Saragoni & Hart method using SeismoArtif
software.
Figure 5. 7 Artificial Ground Motions (A1 to A6) compatible to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016
Response Spectra
Table 5. 3 Set of Recorded Past Indian Earthquake Ground Motions
Magnitude PGA
No. Event Station
(M) (g)
1 Bhuj, 2001 Ahmedabad 7.6 0.11
2 Chamoli, 1999 Gopeshwar 6.6 0.36
3 Chamba, 1995 Chamba 4.9 0.15
4 Uttarkashi, 1991 Bhatwari 7.0 0.25
5 India-Burma, 1997 Katakhal 5.6 0.16
6 Dharmashala, 1986 Shahpur 5.5 0.25
7 Sikkim, 2011 Gezing 6.9 0.34
Figure 5. 8 Recorded Past Indian Earthquake Ground Motions

3
IS 1893 30_F_A1
2.5 30_F_A2
30_F_A3
2 30_F_A4
30_F_A5
30_F_A6
1.5
Sa/g
0.5
0
0 1 2 3
Time (sec)
Figure 5. 9 Pseudo Acceleration for Artificial Ground Motions
1.4
IS 1893
Bhuj
1.2 Chamoli
Chamba
1 Uttarkashi
IB97
0.8 Dharmsala
Sa/g
Sikkim
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3
Time (sec)
Figure 5. 10 Pseudo Acceleration for Recorded Earthquake Ground Motions

Inter-Storey Drift Ratio (IDR) is defined as the ratio of relative horizontal displacement of
two adjacent floors and corresponding storey height. It is one of the most important
design parameters in all the seismic design codes as the performance of structural as well
as non- structural components of a building is controlled by Inter-Storey Drift Ratio. The
Displacement profile and IDR profile obtained by nonlinear time history analysis for 6
artificial ground motions are shown in figure 5.11 and 5.18 and for 7 recorded earthquake
ground motions are shown in figure 5.19 to 5.26 respectively. Mean value of
Displacement and IDR is also plotted along with individual profile.
Comparison of Mean Displacement and Mean IDR for Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube
in tube buildings is also shown.
30 30
25 25
20 20
A1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Median
A2
Storey
Storey
15 A3
15
A4
A5
10 A6 10
Median
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Displacement (m) IDR (%)
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 Median
0.303 0.255 0.318 0.360 0.465 0.439 0.339
0.733 0.580 0.743 0.626 0.821 0.676 0.696
Figure 5. 11 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Frame tube building subjected to Artificial ground motions
10
6
30 30
25 25
20 20
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Median Median
Storey
Storey
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
0.293 0.495 0.342 0.379 0.294 0.372 0.357
0.720 1.029 0.611 0.995 0.696 0.566 0.708
10 Figure 5. 12 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Bundle tube building subjected to Artificial ground motions
7
30 30
25 25
20 20
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Median Median
Storey
Storey
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
0.489 0.239 0.419 0.284 0.269 0.493 0.352
0.724 0.702 0.670 0.801 0.638 0.641 0.574
10 Figure 5. 13 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Tube in tube building subjected to Artificial ground motions
8
30 30
25 25
20 20
Frame Tube Frame Tube
Storey
Storey
15 15
Bundle Tube Bundle Tube
Tube in Tube Tube in Tube

10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

0.339 0.357 0.352
0.696 0.708 0.574
10 Figure 5. 14 Comparison of Median Displacement and Median IDR of 30 -storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube
9 buildings subjected to Artificial ground motions
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Median
Storey
Median
Storey
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
0.604 0.368 0.618 0.861 0.414 0.264 0.509
1.047 0.669 0.766 0.840 0.721 0.489 0.673
11 Figure 5. 15 Displacement and IDR Profile of 40-storey Frame tube building subjected to Artificial ground motions
0
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
Median Median
Storey
Storey
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
0.559 0.378 0.354 0.210 0.342 0.379 0.366
0.721 0.723 0.713 0.600 0.703 0.717 0.711
11 Figure 5. 16 Displacement and IDR Profile of 40-storey Bundle tube building subjected to Artificial ground motions
1
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
Median
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
Storey
Store
y
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
0.267 0.663 0.298 0.582 0.318 0.354 0.336
0.619 0.739 0.580 0.5349 0.737 0.652 0.633
11 Figure 5. 17 Displacement and IDR Profile of 40-storey Tube in tube building subjected to Artificial ground motions
2
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
Storey
Storey
20 20
15 Tube in Tube 15 Tube in Tube
10 10
5 5
0
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Displacement (m)
IDR (%)

0.509 0.366 0.336
0.673 0.711 0.633
3 buildings subjected to Artificial ground motions
30 30
25 25
20 20
Bhuj Bhuj
Chamoli Chamoli
Storey
Storey
15 Chamba Chamba
15
Uttarkashi Uttarkashi 5. IB-97
5. IB-97 Dharmshala
Dharmshala Sikkim Median
Sikkim Median
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.152 0.273 0.028 0.123 0.153 0.032 0.514 0.152 0.319 0.948 0.099 0.668 0.287 0.132 0.658 0.319
11 Figure 5. 19 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Frame tube building subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
4
30 30
25 25
20 20
Bhuj Bhuj
Chamoli Chamoli
Storey
Storey
15 Chamba 15 Chamba
Uttarkashi Uttarkashi 5. IB-97
5. IB-97 Dharmshala
Dharmshala Sikkim Median
Sikkim Median
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.137 0.280 0.026 0.122 0.162 0.029 0.510 0.137
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.338 0.990 0.099 0.731 0.284 0.148 0.568 0.338
11 Figure 5. 20 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Bundle tube building subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
5
30 30
25 25
20 20
Bhuj Bhuj
Chamoli 3.Chamba Chamoli 3.Chamba
Storey
Storey
15 4. Uttarkashi 5. IB-97 15 4. Uttarkashi 5. IB-97

Dharmshala Dharmshala
Sikkim Median Sikkim Median
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.165 0.269 0.023 0.114 0.179 0.028 0.388 0.165
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.305 0.655 0.087 0.590 0.279 0.125 0.454 0.305
11 Figure 5. 21 Displacement and IDR Profile of 30-storey Tube in tube building subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
6
30 30
25 25
20 20
Storey
Storey
15 15
Tube in Tube Tube in Tube

10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Frame Tube Bundle Tube Tube in Tube Frame Tube Bundle Tube Tube in Tube
0.152 0.137 0.165 0.319 0.338 0.305
11 Figure 5. 22 Comparison of Median Displacement of 30-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube buildings subjected to
7 Recorded Earthquake ground motions
40 40
35 35
Bhuj
30 30 Chamoli
Chamba
Uttarkashi 5. IB-97
25 Dharmshala
25
1 Bhuj Chamoli Sikkim Median
2 .
.
Storey
Storey
20 . 20
3 . Chamba
4 . Uttarkashi
.
15 . IB-97 15
5
6 Dharmshala
10 10
7 Sikkim dian
Me
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.176 0.307 0.034 0.198 0.149 0.031 0.865 0.176
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.323 1.152 0.105 0.923 0.324 0.133 0.974 0.324
11 Figure 5. 23 Displacement and IDR Profile of 40-storey Frame tube building subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
8
40 40
35 35
Bhuj
30 30 Chamoli
Chamba
Uttarkashi
25 25 5. IB-97
Dharmshala
Bhuj
Sikkim
Chamoli
Storey
Storey
Median
20 Chamba 20
Uttarkashi 5. IB-97
Dharmshala
Sikkim Median
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.209 0.270 0.030 0.158 0.125 0.051 0.776 0.158
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.244 0.796 0.077 0.606 0.235 0.131 1.272 0.244
11 Figure 5. 24 Displacement and IDR Profile of 40-storey Bundle tube building subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
9
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
1. Bhuj
2. Chamoli
Bhuj
Storey
Storey
20 20 Chamoli
3. Chamba Chamba
4. Uttarkashi Uttarkashi 5. IB-97
Dharmshala
15 15
5. IB-97 Sikkim Median
6. Dharmshala
10 10
7. Sikkim
Me dian
5 5
0
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.242 0.275 0.030 0.154 0.122 0.039 0.698 0.154
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 Median
0.293 0.650 0.070 0.566 0.295 0.093 0.715 0.295
12 Figure 5. 25 Displacement and IDR Profile of 40-storey Tube in tube building subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
0
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
Storey
Storey
20 20
15 Tube in Tube 15 Tube in Tube
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

0.176 0.158 0.154
0.324 0.244 0.295
1 buildings subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motions
5.5 RESULTS OF INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Incremental Dynamic Analysis is carried out for monotonically scaled up single-record

(#7 Sikkim) using SeismoStruct software to evaluates structural seismic performance.
IDA curves are plotted for all six buildings as shown in figure 5.27 and 5.28.
Modified Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectra (MDRS) method is used to obtain

performance point for each building and shown in figure 5.29 to 5.34.
0.12
0.1
0.08
Vb/W
0.06
Frame tube
0.04 Bundle tube
Tube in tube
0.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

IDR (%)
Figure 5. 27 IDA Curve of 30-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube
buildings subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motion (#7 Sikkim)
0.12
0.1
0.08
Vb/W
0.06
Frame tube Bundle tube
0.04 Tube in tube
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
IDR (%)
Figure 5. 28 IDA Curve of 40-storey Frame tube, Bundle tube and Tube in tube
buildings subjected to Recorded Earthquake ground motion (#7 Sikkim)
122
Base Shear at Performance Point 30418 kN
Displacement at Performance Point 0.4488 m
Figure 5. 29 Performance Point of 30-storey Frame tube building

Figure 5. 30 Performance Point of 30-storey Bundle tube building
Figure 5. 31 Performance Point of 30-storey Tube in tube building

Figure 5. 32 Performance Point of 40-storey Frame tube building
Figure 5. 33 Performance Point of 40-storey Bundle tube building

Figure 5. 34 Performance Point of 40-storey Tube in tube building
Here, Performance quantities are compared in Table 5.4 for all six buildings.
Table 5. 4 Performance comparison of each building

No. of Structural Displacement Base Shear Design Base
Vp/Vb
Storey System (m) (Vp) (kN) Shear (Vb) (kN)
Frame tube 0.4488 30418 14504 2.09
30 Bundle tube 0.4476 30128 14540 2.07
Tube in tube 0.3803 38199 15770 2.42
Frame tube 0.6677 34996 15240 2.29
40 Bundle tube 0.6273 35556 14890 2.38
Tube in tube 0.5511 40912 16334 2.50
Chapter 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 GENERAL
The objective of the present study is to evaluate the structural performance of RC tall
buildings with different structural systems when subjected to range of potential levels of
ground motions. For this purpose, Performance evaluation is done using nonlinear
dynamic analysis.
6.2 CONCLUSION
In this study, 30 and 40-storey RC Frame tube, Bundle tube, Tube in tube tall buildings
are analysed and designed using ETABS-2016. Lateral load analysis of buildings was
done for seismic and wind loads. It is observed that Base Shear, Base Overturning
Moment and Top Storey Displacement is more for seismic loading compared to wind
loading. So, Buildings were designed as per IS 16700: 2017 and IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016
Code provisions for lateral forces of Zone V. Performance evaluation is done using
Nonlinear Time History Analysis and Incremental Dynamic Analysis.
The following conclusions have been drawn from this study:
 From Modal analysis, it is seen that Tube in tube system has higher time period than
Frame tube and Bundle tube system, which indicates that Tube in Tube system is
relatively stiffer.
 From Quantity calculations of frame elements, it has been observed that quantity of
concrete work for 30 and 40-storey buildings varies from 0.17 to 0.23 cum/sqm and
quantity of reinforcement steel varies from 27 to 45 kg/sqm. The, quantity of
reinforced concrete work required for Tube in tube system building is higher than
Frame tube and Bundle tube buildings which makes Bundle tube and Frame tube
systems more economical than Tube in tube system.
 Shear lag is more predominant for Frame tube and Tube in tube systems compared to
Bundle tube system due to presence of the interior webs, non-uniformity of column
forces reduces substantially.
 It is observed from the results of NLTHA for buildings subjected to set of 6 artificial
ground motions and set of 7 recorded past Indian ground motions that Inter-Storey
Drift Ratio does not exceed target drift limit of 2% (as per the Life-Safety structural
performance level) for all buildings. Higher IDR values area observed for building
with Bundle tube system
 Base shear at performance point as obtained from Dynamic Pushover curve of IDA is
higher for Tube in tube system as compared to Frame tube and Bundle tube system
which indicates higher over strength of Tube in tube system.
6.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
 Performance evaluation can be extended for shear wall, outrigger and belt & outrigger
systems.
 Soil Structure Interaction can be incorporated in this study.
 IDA can be done for multi-record.
 Performance comparison can be done for buildings with seismic dampers.
REFERENCES
1. Ali M. M. (1996) “Performance Characteristics of Tall Framed Tube Buildings in Seismic

Zones” Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 0 08 042822 3.
2. Anderson J. C., Gurfinke G. (1975) "Seismic Behaviour of Framed Tubes" Earthquake

Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.4, 145-162.
3. Chopra A. K. (2012) “Dynamics of Structures” Pearson.
4. Chourasiya S. (2002) "Analysis and Design of Tubular Structure" IIT Roorkee.
5. Computers and Structures, Inc. (2016) “CSI Analysis Reference Manual” Berkeley:
Computers and Structures, Inc.
6. Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat (CTBUH Height Criteria) [Online]
http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/HeightStatistics/Criteria/tabid/446/language/en-
US/Default.aspx.
[Accessed 2nd October 2018].
7. Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 356 (2000) “Prestandard and

Commentry for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings” Federal Emergency
Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
8. Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 440 (2005) “Improvement of Nonlinear

Static Seismic Analysis Procedures” Department of Homeland Security Federal
Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
9. Fintel M. (1985) "Handbook of Concrete Engineering" Van Nostrand Reinhold Company

Inc.
10. Ghasemi H.A. (2016) "Evaluation of Seismic Behaviour of Irregular Tube Building in
Tube Systems" Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, Vol. 10.
11. IS 16700 (2017) "Criteria for Structural Safety of Tall Concrete Buildings" Bureau of
Indian Standard, New Delhi.
12. IS 1893 (Part 1) (2016) "Indian Standard for Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures- General Provision and Building" Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
13. IS 456 (2000) "Indian Standard for Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice"
Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
14. IS 875 (Part 3) (2015) "Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures
- Code of Practice (Part 3 Wind Loads)" Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
15. Khan F. R., Amin N. R. (1976) “Analysis and Design of Framed Tube Structures For Tall
Concrete Buildings” SP36, American Concrete Institute(ACI), Vol. 36.
16. Memari A.M., Motlagh A.Y., Scanlon A. (2000) "Seismic evaluation of an existing
reinforced concrete framed tube building based on inelastic dynamic analysis"
Engineering Structures, Vol. 22, 621–637.
17. Shin M., Kang Thomas H.-K., LaFave J.M., Grossman J.S. (2010) "Design and behaviour
of a reinforced concrete high-rise tube building with belt walls" The Structural Design of
Tall and Special Building, Vol. 21, 918-932.
18. Singh Y., Nagpal A. K. (1994) "Negative Shear Lag in Framed-Tube Buildings" Journal
of Structural Engineering, Vol. 120, 0733-9445.
19. Spires D., Arora J. S. (1990) "Optimal Design of Tall RC-Framed Tube Buildings"
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.116, 0733-9445.
20. Taranath B. S. (2010) "Reinforce Concrete Design of Tall Buildings" CRC Press Taylor
& Francis Group.
21. Vamvatsikos D., Cornell C.A. (2002) "The Incremental Dynamic Analysis and its
Application to Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering" 12th European Conference
on Earthquake Engineering.
ANNEXURE 1
ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING PERFORMANCE POINT
MATLAB Program is prepared to obtain Performance Point using FEMA 440 Equivalent
Linearization Method for Nonlinear Static Evaluation. Repeat below given process for each
scaled demand.
INITIAL INPUT
CAPACITY DEMAND CURVE STOREY STOREY

NO. OF SEISMIC
CURVE MASS STIFFNESS
(IS-SPECTRA) STOREYS WEIGHT
MATRIX MATRIX
PROCESS
CONVERSION OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
EIGEN SOLUTION {Ф,
CURVE TO ADRS FORMAT
Ѡ}
[Base Shear, Disp] --> [Sd,Sa]
using |k-mw2|
INTERMMEDIATE INPUT
APPROXIMATE SPECTRAL APPROXIMATE SPECTRAL ACCELERATION

DISPLACEMENT
(api)
(dpi)
PROCESS
CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE TIME PERIOD

AND EFFECTIVE DAMPING [TEFF AND BEFF] REDUCED SPECTRAL ORDINATES USING
MODIFICATION FACTOR
PERFORMANCE POINT
PLOT OF MULTIPLE DEMAND EACH WITH TSEC

PLOT OF ADRS
CAPACITY CURVE CURVES AND INTERSECTION OF
INTERSECTION OF
CAPACITY CURVE
AND LOCUS OF
POSSIBLE
PERFORMANCE
POINT
Program to obtain performance point using MATLAB by FEMA 440 Equivalent
Linearization
clear all
clc
n=input('Input number of storeys: ');
xi=0.05;
W=input('Input Seismic Weight of structure (DL + 0.5 LL)(kN):
');
fprintf('Input Storey forces(DL+0.5LL,Bottom location) of %d
to 1 Storey(kN): ',n);
MM=input(' ');
MM=flipud(MM);
for i=1:(n-1)
M_(i)=MM(i)-MM(i+1);
end
M_(n)=MM(n);
M_=0.01*M_; %to convert kN into tonne(1/100)
fprintf('Input Storey Stiffness Vector of %d to 1
Storey(kN/m): ',n);
K=input(' ');
K=flipud(K);
m_=zeros(n,n);
k=zeros(n,n);
k(1,1)=K(1);
for i=1:(n-1)
m_(i,i)=M_(i);
k(i,i) = k(i,i)+K(i+1);
k(i,i+1) = -K(i+1);
k(i+1,i) = -K(i+1);
k(i+1,i+1) = k(i+1,i+1)+K(i+1);
end
m_(n,n)=M_(n);
m_;
k;
DEMAND=xlsread('DEMAND',1);
CAPACITY=xlsread('CAPACITY',1);
[A,B]=eig(k,m_);
for i=1:n;
j=1:n;
FI(i,j)=A(i,j)./(A(1,j));
end
FI;
FII=FI(:,1); %First Mode Only
wn=B.^(1/2);
mI=M_;
Pk=((mI*FII))/(mI*(FII.^2))
alpha=(((mI*FII)))^2/(mI*(FII.^2))/(sum(mI'))
beta=Pk*FII(n,1)
Sac=((CAPACITY(:,2))/W)/(alpha);
Sdc=(CAPACITY(:,1))/(beta);
Sad=DEMAND(:,2);
Sdd=((DEMAND(:,2)).*((DEMAND(:,1)).^2).*9.81)/((2*pi)^2);
plot(Sdc,Sac,'k','LineWidth',3)
xlabel('Spectral Displacement(m)')
ylabel('Spectral Acceleration(g)')
hold on
plot(Sdd,Sad)
x1=Sdc(1,1);
x2=Sdc(2,1);
y1=Sac(1,1);
y2=Sac(2,1);
m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
x=linspace(0,0.8,20);
y=m*x;
plot(x,y,'--')
hold on
dy=input('Input initial displacement: ');
ay=input('Input initial acceleration: ');
To=2*pi*sqrt(dy/ay/10);
mu=Sdc/dy;
Tsec=2*pi*((Sdc(:,1)./Sac(:,1)/10).^(0.5));
if mu<4
Teff=(((0.2).*((mu-1).^2)-0.038.*(mu-1).^3)+1)*To;
Beff=(4.9.*(mu-1).^2)-(1.1.*(mu-1).^3)+(xi*100);
elseif 4<=mu<=6.5
Teff=(0.28+(0.13.*(mu-1))+1)*To;
Beff=14+(0.32.*(mu-1))+(xi*100);
else
Teff=((0.89.*((sqrt((mu-1)./((1+0.05.*(mu-2)))))-
1))+1).*To;
Beff=(19.*(((0.64.*(mu-1))-1)./(0.64.*(mu-
1).^2)).*((Teff/To).^2))+(xi*100);
end
Teff;
Beff;
M=((Teff./Tsec).^2);
for i=1:length(mu);%length(mu(3:3:end,:));
Sab(:,i)=(Sad./4).*(5.6-log(Beff(i)))*M(i);
Sab;
plot(Sdd,Sab(:,i),'B')
end
for i=1:length(mu);%length(mu(3:3:end,:));
j=1:length(Tsec);
xa(:,i)=Sdc(j).*(Sac(i)./Sdc(i));
xa(:,i);
plot(Sdc,xa,'M--')
[h(i,1),k(1,i)]=curveintersect(Sdc(:,1),xa(:,i),Sdd(:,1),(
Sab(:,i))');
end plot(h([2:length(mu(3:3:end,:))],:),k(1,
[2:length(mu(3:3:end,:
))]),'*')
plot(h([2:length(mu)],:),k(1,[2:length(mu)]),'r*')
hold off
[PPSd,PPSa]=curveintersect(h([2:length(mu(3:3:end,:))],:),k(1,
[2:length(mu(3:3:end,:))]),Sdc(:,1),Sac(:,1))
[PPSd,PPSa]=curveintersect(h([2:length(mu)],:),k(1,[2:length(m
u)]),Sdc(:,1),Sac(:,1))
BS=PPSa*(alpha)*W;
Disp=PPSd*beta;
disp('Base Shear at Performance point(kN)')
disp(BS)
disp('Dispalcement at Performance point(m)')
disp(Disp)

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RC TALL BUILDINGS

DESIGNED AS PER IS 16700: 2017 BY NONLINEAR TIME

Under the guidance of

Department of Civil Engineering

I hereby declare that, this report entitled “Performance Evaluation of RC Tall

(Suthar Pramitkumar Atulbhai)

Endorsed and Recommended for Examination

SUTHAR PRAMITKUMAR ATULBHAI

ID No. 17MSPBS013, M. Tech. Sem. – IV (Civil–Structural Engg): 2018-19

It embodies bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance and

I am also extremely indebted to Prof. K. N. Sheth (Head, Civil Engineering Department,

Suthar Pramitkumar Atulbhai

Figure 1. 1 Height Relative to context......................................................................................2

Figure 2. 1 Flat Slab-Frame System........................................................................................12

Figure 3. 1 Frame elements.....................................................................................................54

Figure 4. 1 Geometric Configuration of Frame tube building................................................67

Figure 5. 1 30 and 40-storey Wind and Seismic Base Shear..................................................95

Table 2. 1 Stress-Strain Variation for Reinforcing Steel........................................................24

Table 3. 1 Concrete Parameters...............................................................................................58

Table 4. 1 Buildings Data........................................................................................................70

Table 5. 1 Quantity of Concrete and Reinforcement..............................................................91

fy Yield stress of Steel

A building of 14-storey (over 50 meter/165 feet) could be used as a threshold for

1. Height Relative to context:

Figure 1. 1 Height Relative to context

A 14-story building may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise city

3. Tall building Technologies:

Figure 1. 3 Single-Function OR Mixed-Use

A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85 percent or more of its

Figure 1. 4 Building OR Tower

Figure 1. 5 Single OR Co-Joined Building

A building is a co-joined building when 50 percent or more of the total building

1.3 SEISMIC DESIGN METHODS

1.4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Figure 1. 6 Flow Chart of Performance Evaluation Methods

1.4.1 Nonlinear Static Analysis

Nonlinear static analysis is an improvement over linear static. It is practical method in

TYPES OF NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

a. Non-Linear Time History Analysis (NLTHA)

b. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)

Figure 1. 7 Incremental Dynamic Analysis Plot for single-record

1.5 SOURCES OF NONLINEARITY

As it is required to know the ultimate capacity of building, the analysis is essential to be

Geometric nonlinearity as a change in the elastic load-deformation characteristics of the

The few possible sources of each nonlinearity are as follows:

Figure 1. 8 Geometric Nonlinearity

1.6 SELECTION OF SOFTWARE

“Performance Evaluation of RC Tall Buildings Designed as per IS16700: 2017 by

1.8 LAYOUT OF DISSERTATION

1. Chapter 1: It comprises of Introduction, Aim and Scope of Dissertation.

The principles of efficient tall building structural design are:

 Introduction to lateral load resisting systems and loads

There are mainly three types of systems,

Hybrid Systems are combination of Interior and Exterior Systems.

2.2.1 Interior Structural Systems

2.2.1.1 Flat Slab-Frame System

Figure 2. 1 Flat Slab-Frame System

Figure 2. 2 Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls

2.2.1.3 Coupled Shear Walls

Figure 2. 3 Coupled Shear Walls

Cast-in-place concrete buildings have the inherent advantage of providing continuity at

Figure 2. 4 Rigid Frame

Figure 2. 5 Belt & Outrigger System