STUDY ON COROSSION RATE

ON REBAR IN CONCRETE
WITH STP WATER USING HALF-CELL
POTENTIOMETER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

HARIKARAN C (16BCE3025)
VEERAPANDI P (16BCE3097)

in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

M. KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
KARUR – 639 113

APR/MAY 2020
 ii

M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “STUDY ON CORROSION RATE

ON REBAR IN CONCRETE WITH STP WATER USING HAIF-CELL
POTENTIOMETER”is the bonafide work of “HARIKARAN.C
(16BCE3025), VEERAPANDI.P (16BCE3097),” who carried out the
16CE811 - PROJECT WORK during the academic year 2019-20 under my
supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation
on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion
on this or any other candidate.

Signature
Mr.R. DINESHKUMAR, M.E.,
SUPERVISOR,
Department of Civil Engineering,
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering,
Thalavapalayam, Karur-639113.
Signature
Dr.M.LOGANATHAN, M.E., Ph.D.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT,
Department of Civil Engineering,
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering,
Thalavapalayam, Karur-639113.

This project Report has been submitted for the End Semester Design Project viva
voce Examination held on _____________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 iii

DECLARATION

We affirm that the 16CE811 - PROJECT WORK report titled

“STUDY ON CORROSION RATE ON REBAR IN CONCRETE WITH
STP WATER USING HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETR” being submitted
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Department of Civil Engineering is the original work carried out by us. It
has not formed the part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis
of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or
any other candidate.

Signature

HARIKARAN.C

VEERAPANDI.P
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our sincere thanks to Thiru.M.Kumarasamy, Chairman and

Dr.K.Ramakrishnan, Secretary of M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering for
providing extra ordinary infrastructure, which helped us to complete the project in time.

It is a great privilege for us to express our gratitude to our esteemed Executive

Director Dr.S.Kuppusamy, MBA., Ph.D., and Principal Dr.N.Ramesh Babu, Ph.D.,
for providing us right ambiance for carrying out the project work.

We would like to thank our Head of the Department

Dr.M.Loganathan, M.E., Ph.D., for his unwavering moral support throughout the
evolution of the project.

We would like to thank our project coordinators Mr.G.Balaji, M.E., Assistant

Professor and Ms.K.M.Monisha, M.E., Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering for thier cooperation and culminating in the successful completion of project
work.

We offer our whole hearted thanks to our internal guide

Mr.R.DINESHKUMAR, M.E., Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for
his constant encouragement, kind co-operation, valuable suggestions and support rendered
in making our project a success.

We glad to thank all the Teaching Faculties and Non-Teaching Faculties of

Department of Civil Engineering for extending a warm helping hand and valuable
suggestions throughout the project.

Words are boundless to thank Our Parents and Friends for their constant
encouragement to complete this project successfully.
 v

VISION AND MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

College Vision

 To emerge as a leader among the top institutions in the field of technical education.

College Mission

 Produce smart technocrats with empirical knowledge who can surmount the global
challenges.
 Create a diverse, fully-engaged, learner-centric campus environment to provide
quality education to the students.
 Maintain mutually beneficial partnerships with our alumni, industry and
professional associations.

VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

Department Vision

 To continue to excel national and international recognition through the impact of

civil engineering knowledge of our students and alumni to build better human
society.

Department Mission

 To produce smart civil engineers with basic knowledge on science and engineering
to compete the global challenges.
 To make the department to excel in the thrust areas of structural engineering and
environmental engineering research.
 To work with the society to identify the problems faced and providing solutions
through consultancy services.
 To create, disseminate and integrate knowledge of engineering in the minds of fresh
graduates to face the future technological challenges.
 vi

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO)

PEO1: Graduates of the programme will contribute competent, inspired, and highly
dedicated professionals in their working environment.

PEO2: Graduates of the programme will contribute versatile and innovative in the
workplace, possess the capacity to face the tough challenges and converting them
into opportunities, and embrace leadership and teamwork opportunities and
affording sustainable engineering careers.

PEO3: Graduates of the programme will contribute Continue their professional

development by obtaining advanced degrees in Core area of specialization such
as Environmental Engineering, Structural engineering or professional fields like
transportation and geotechnical engineering, as well as other fields of Project
management, Environmental law.

PEO4: Graduates of the programme will espousal ethical attitude and evince effective
skills in team management, coordination of sub workers and good leadership
qualities expected of practicing engineering professionals.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
 vii

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member

or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with

the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

PSO1: Employability Skills: Able to give sustainable solution to the real time problems
of society by using technical and software skills.

PSO2: Career Growth: Able to exhibit ethically their managerial and professional skills
as an individual or as a team in multidisciplinary environment.
 viii

ABSTRACT

This project deals with the impact of STP water in the fresh concrete properties,
hardened concrete and also the durability aspects. STP water samples will be collected
from the institution. STP water will be checked for its physical and chemical parameters
present in the water. Fresh concrete samples using STP water will be tested to determine
its slump value, workability and concrete penetrometer test is done. The hardened concrete
tests, compressive strength of the specimens will be tested at 7 days, 14days and 28days.
These tests are done for both river sand using STP water and fresh water. The results
obtained from the specimen using STP water in river sand will be analysed and the results
will be compared to the test result obtained from samples casted using fresh water in river
sand. Hence the comparative test results are obtained. The reults shows anf fresh water
along with compressive strength on 28th day using STP water and fresh water along with
corrosion inducing technique to determine rate of corrosion on reinforcement bar by half –
cell potentiometer.
 ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
No. CONTENTS No.
ABSTRACT viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 CORROSION INDUCING TECHNIQUE 2
1.3 HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER TEST 2
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
3 METHODOLOGY 8
4 MATERIAL TESTS 9
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 9
4.2 TESTS ON MATERIAL USED 9
4.2.1 TESTS ON CEMENT 9
a) FINENESS OF CEMENT 9
b) INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT 10
c) FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT 11
d) STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT 11
4.2.2 TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE[RIVER SAND] 12
a) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE 12
4.2.3 TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE 13
a) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE 13
4.2.4 TESTS ON WATER [FRESH AND STP WATER] 13
a) POTENTIAL HYDROGEN[pH] ION 14
CONCENTRATION
b) TURBIDITY 14
c) CHLORIDES 14
 x

d) TOTAL HARDNESS 16
e) TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 17
f) SULPHATES 18
5 MIX DESIGN 20
6 TESTS ON CONCRETE 21
6.1 SLUMP VALUE OF FRESH CONCRETE 21
6.2 INITIAL TIME CONCRETE PENETROMETER TEST 21
6.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 22
6.4 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST 23
6.5 CORROSSION INDUCING 23
TECHNIQUE[IMPRESSED CURRENT TECHNIQUE]
6.6 HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER TEST ON 24
CONCRETE
7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26
7.1 SLUMP VALUE OF FRESH CONCRETE 26
7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 26
7.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 28
7.4 INDUCING REINFORCEMENT CORROSION BY 30
IMPRESSED CURRENT TECHNIQUE
7.5 HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER TEST ON 31
CONCRETE
a) POTENTIOMETER TEST ON CONCRETE IN 32
NORMAL CONDITION
b) POTENTIOMETER TEST ON CONCRETE IN 32
CORROSION INDUCED CONDITION
8 CONCLUSION 34
REFERENCES 35
 xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

4.1 Initial setting time of cement 10
4.2 Standard consistency of cement 12
4.3 Specific gravity of fine aggregate 13
4.4 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 13
4.5 pH value of fresh and STP water 14
4.6 Turbidity of fresh aand STP water 14
4.7 NaCl Vs AgNO3 15
4.8 Fresh water Vs AgNO3 15
4.9 STP water Vs AgNO3 16
4.10 Total hardness[fresh water] 17
4.11 Total hardness[STP water] 17
4.12 TDS in fresh and STP water 18
4.13 Sulphates[fresh water] 18
4.14 Sulphates[STP water] 19
5.1 Mix design proportion 20
6.1 Corrosion rate measurement 25
7.1 Slump value of concrete 26
7.2 Compressive strength test @ 7days 27
7.3 Compressive strength test @ 14days 27
7.4 Compressive strength test @ 28days 28
7.5 Split tensile strength test @ 7days 29
7.6 Split tensile strength test @ 14days 29
7.7 Split tensile strength test @ 28days 30
7.8 Corrosion rate measurement 31
7.9 Rate of corrosion on concrete in normal condition 32
7.10 Rate of corrosion on concrete in corrosion induced 32
condition
 xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

6.1 Slump cone test 21
6.2 Compression testing machine 22
6.3 Split tensile strength test 23
6.4[(a)&(b)] Corrosion inducing technique(impressed current method) 24
6.5(a) HCP measurement(schematic illustration) 25
6.5(b) Corrosion potential measurement 25
7.1 Slump value graph 26
7.2 Compressive strength graph 28
7.3 Split tensile strength graph 30
7.4 Half-cell potentiometer test graph 33
 xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IS - Indian Standards
STP - Sewage Treatment Plant
DC - Direct Current
OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement
NTU - Nephelometric Unit
ECORR - Corrosion Potential
 1

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Water is one of the most important elements in human life and construction.
India has more than 17 percent of the world's population, but has only 4% of world's
renewable water resources. Construction activities play a major role in the
infrastructural development. Water has an undisputed important place in civil
construction and so far no alternative to water is available. In construction industry
concrete being most widely construction material used, uses most of water. About 5
billion cubic yards of concrete are used each year, annual production is about two tons
per person on the plane. As per provision of IS 10262- 2009, 186 litres of water is
required for 1m3 of concrete. On an average 150 litres of water is required for 1m of
concrete. The construction of 100,000 sq.ft. Multi-storey structure can require about 10
million litres of water for production, curing and site development activity.
About 97 percent of water is held in the oceans, while only 3 percent is fresh
water. Of the freshwater, only 1 percent is easily accessible as ground or surface water,
the remains are stored in glaciers and icecaps. Moreover, freshwater is not evenly
distributed across land surfaces, and there are a number of heavily populated countries
located in arid lands where fresh water is scarce.
Construction industry is among the most water consuming industries. But there
is one relief that it does not essentially need fresh or potable water. Chemical limits for
water for construction, suggested by different codes indicate that many types of non-
potable water can be used for construction. Reuse of non-potable water like STP water
for construction can reduce the burden on fresh water resources and the environment.
Almost all results of parametric study suggest the feasibility of using treated domestic
waste water as mixing or curing water. STP water consists of the discharges from toilets
in our college. STP water contains nitrogen and phosphorous in high concentrations
and most of the pathogens, germs and pharmaceutical residues. Commonly, STP water
consist discharges from showers, baths, washing and it can be used for the construction
purposes. It is used with partial replacement in fresh water in varied proportion to
evaluate the structural properties of concrete specimens.
 2

1.2 CORROSION INDUCING TECHNIQUE [IMPRESSED

CURRENT TECHNIQUE]
The impressed current technique comprises of DC power source, anode and
cathode. Here, the DC power source with positive terminal is clipped to reinforcement
bar of the specimen acts as anode and the negative terminal is connected to the reference
electrode of steel acts as cathode, then this set-up is dipped into 5% NaCl solution with
0.03N along with specimen about 3/4th of the specimen to induce corrosion in the
reinforcement bar for short period of time in normal environmental condition. The rate
of corrosion on reinforcement bar is calculated theoretically by the difference in the
normal and corrosion induced specimens.

1.3 HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER ON REINFORCED

CONCRETE ELEMENTS
The half-cell potentiometer instrument is used in reinforced concrete elements
to estimate the corrosion rate on cylindrical specimen in actual and corrosion induced
condition. The reference electrode of copper-sulphate solution with copper strip which
is placed on the concrete surface and the other electrode is clipped in reinforcing bars
to measure the difference in potential and electrical difference between the
reinforcement and concrete to calculate the corrosion rate of reinforcement steel bar of
the specimen. The electrical activity of the steel reinforcement and the concrete to be
considered the steel as one electrode and the concrete as the electrolyte. The corrosion
potential (Ecorr) is measured as potential variation (or voltage) towards a reference
electrode. The numerical values of the measured corrosion rate among the metal in
concrete and the reference electrode will depend upon the type of reference electrode
used and its exposure.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

 To study on rate of corrosion of reinforcement bar in concrete by using non-
destructive method (i.e) half-cell potentiometer
 To determine the usage of STP water in concrete by replacing the potable fresh
water in varied proportion in order to obtain an accurate result on project.
 3

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

LUKASZ SADOWSKI, et al.,(2013) studied that the corrosion of steel reinforcement

has become a major problem in the construction industry. Therefore, much attention
has been given to developing methods of predicting the service life of reinforced
concrete structures. The progress of corrosion cannot be visually assessed until a crack
or a delamination appears. The corrosion process can be tracked using several
electrochemical techniques. Most commonly the half-cell potential measurement
technique is used for this purpose. However, it is generally accepted that it should be
supplemented with other techniques. Hence, a methodology for assessing the
probability of corrosion in concrete slabs by means of a combination of two methods,
that is, the half-cell potential method and the concrete resistivity method, is proposed.
An assessment of the probability of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures carried
out using the proposed methodology is presented. Potential (𝐸corr) and concrete
resistivity 𝜌 in each point of the applied grid were measured. The experimental results
indicate that the proposed methodology can be successfully used to assess the
probability of corrosion in concrete structures.

VEERACHAI LEELALERKIETA, JE-WOON KYUNGA, MASAYASU

OHTSUA,ET al.,(2004) studied that non-destructive evaluation techniques by the half-
cell potential measurement are applied to estimate the corrosion of reinforcing steel-
bars in concrete slabs under cyclic wet and dry conditions. The three-dimensional
boundary element method (BEM) is applied to study the potential distributions and
current flows of rebar. Then, the inverse boundary element method (IBEM) is applied
to experimental results to identify the corrosion states. The influence of a void on the
potential distribution and current flow is also investigated. Results show that the half-
cell potential measurement is marginally successful, compared with analytical results
of potential distribution and current flow by BEM. It is demonstrated that results by
IBEM analysis identify clearly corroded areas.

MOHAMMAD POUR-GHAZ1, O. BURKAN ISGOR AND POURIA GHODS, et

al.,(2009) studied that the interpretation of half-cell potential measurements in
 4

reinforced concrete structures can be a major challenge for civil engineers. The main
reason for this is that half-cell potential mapping provides information to predict the
probability of corrosion in concrete, but it does not give clear insight on the rate and
the nature of corrosion. Although for general uniform corrosion, half-cell data can
provide valuable information about the probability of corrosion. In the case of localized
corrosion, the predictions of half-cell measurements can be misleading. The main
objective of the present work is to provide practicing engineers a tool that they can use
to better interpret the results of half-cell potential measurements. This tool
quantitatively relates the potential readings on the surface of the concrete to the rate of
probable localized reinforcement corrosion through concrete resistivity, cover
thickness, and temperature, allowing the engineers to gain supplementary information
from half-cell tests. Experimental comparisons presented in this paper demonstrate the
potential benefits of the proposed approach when typical half-cell measurements may
not be able to predict the localized corrosion mechanism.

GINOE BELL, ANDREAS BURKERT, AND JÜRGENMIETZ, et al.,(2019)

studied that electrochemical potential mapping is a recognized technique for the
localization of corroding reinforcing steels. In reinforced concrete structures the
measured potentials are not necessarily directly linked to the corrosion likelihood of the
reinforcing steel. The measured values may be significantly affected, different from,
e.g., stress measurement, by different influences on the potential formation at the phase
boundary metal/concrete itself as well as the acquisition procedure. Due to the
complexity of influencing factors there is a risk that the results are misinterpreted.
Therefore, in a training concept firstly the theoretical basics of the test method should
be imparted. Then, frequently occurring practical situations of various influencing
factors will be made accessible to the participants by a model object specially designed
for this purpose. The aim is to impart profound knowledge concerning the
characteristics of potential mapping for detecting corrosion of reinforcing steel in order
to apply this technique in practice as reliable and economical test method.

B. ELSENER, et al.,(2001) suggested that Rapid, non-destructive techniques such as

half-cell potential mapping can detect and locate the main cause of deterioration, the
localized chloride-induced corrosion of the rebars, and thus, greatly improve the quality
of condition assessment and repair works. After completing restoration suitable
 5

monitoring techniques should be made available to control its effectiveness and

durability. This paper reports on the successful use and limitations of\ half-cell potential
mapping as an assessment technique after completion of repair work. The examples
presented and discussed include traditional repair replacement of chloride contaminated
concrete, electrochemical chloride removal [ECR], electrochemical re-alkalization
[ER] and the application of surface applied corrosion inhibitors. It is shown that due to
possible changes in resistivity and pH of the concrete pore solution induced by the
repair work, a correct interpretation of half-cell potential readings after repair work
requires precise knowledge on the mechanism of corrosion protection of the repair
strategy, and a sound experience in half-cell potential mapping on RC structures.

CHETHAN P, et al.,(2010) concluded that the cement reacts chemically with the water
and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a
durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or
super plasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the
wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials
embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.

P.PUSPALATHA, V.DIVYASRI, et al.,(2019) suggested that brackish water

collected from the residential building is effectively treated in treatment plants. The
main objective of this project is to control the abundant use of drinking water in
construction activities by implementing treated sewage effluent as mixing agent in
concrete mix, curing and for other activities. This is perfectly suitable for arid areas
where there is a shortage of rainfall and lack of natural resources. In that type of
situation treated effluent is the best substitute to drinking water in concrete mix. This
treated effluent can be directly used in concrete mix when it satisfies standards. Water
sample of treated waste water is collected and tested and analyzed along with chemical
parameters were within the ASTM standards limits and can be used satisfactorily in
concrete mixing. By using treated effluent in place of freshwater, not only saved natural
resources but also enhanced the compressive strength of concrete up to 0.97%, 0.05%,
0.40% at curing ages of 7,14 and 28 days.

MARCIA SILVA AND TARUN R. NAIK, et al.,(2010) concluded that water is a

critical environmental issue and water supplies and water quality are becoming more
 6

limited worldwide. The current state of knowledge about the use of reclaimed water,
especially partially processed sewage treatment plant water in concrete. On the basis of
identified knowledge, an initial laboratory investigation was conducted. A detailed
research agenda has also been developed for additional knowledge on this topic in order
to understand and to reduce the environmental impacts of the concrete industry.

SHAMSHAD AHAMED, et al.,(2009) studied that the impressed current technique

commonly used for accelerating reinforcement corrosion in small- as well as large-sized
concrete specimens. Then the procedure for calculating degree of induced corrosion in
percentage by mass and in terms of average corrosion current density using the intensity
and duration of the applied current is presented. The effectiveness of the applied current
in inducing reinforcement corrosion.

TANVIR MANZUR, BAYEZID BATEN, et al.,(2018) suggested that quantitative

evaluation of the corrosion behaviour of commonly used masonry chip concrete mixes
as an assessor of durability performance of infrastructures. In South Asian regions like
Bangladesh, the construction domain is inclined towards using masonry chips as coarse
aggregate owing to its low cost and profound availability. However, reinforced concrete
structures with brick aggregate impart high susceptibility towards corrosion while
putting long-term sustainability at stake. This phenomenon is further prominent in the
coastal areas where high saline conditions are prevalent. Meanwhile, there is no
significant study available to assess the corrosion behaviour of commonly used
masonry chips which is relatable to the degree of durability degradation. Hence, a
comprehensive study has been designed to infer the corrosion characteristics of
concrete mixes made with brick aggregate in saline environment by using an
accelerated corrosion technique. Corrosion proneness of different concrete mixes with
a variation in water-cement ratio and mix proportion was analysed within the scope of
this study. An overall comparison of the corrosion performance of brick aggregate was
also made to the similar behaviour of stone aggregate to have a comparative overview
of the durability performance of the commonly used aggregates in concrete mixes.
From the above reviewed paper, the following findings are obtained, they are:
The replacement of STP water by fresh water in varied proportions of about
25%,50%,75% and 100%. The usage of half-cell potentiometer gives effective results
 7

could be obtained and the impressed current technique is the most reliable corrosion
inducing method among various techniques.
 8

CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
The methodology is as follows, initially STP water samples will be collected
and it will be tested to determine its physical, chemical and biological properties. Then
after cube specimens and cylindrical specimens will be casted using fresh and STP
water.

LITERATURE REVIEW

COLLECTION AND TESTS OF STP WATER

MATERIAL TESTS

MIX DESIGN

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

CORROSION INDUCING AND HALF-CELL

POTENTIOMETER TESTS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
 9

CHAPTER-4

MATERIAL TESTS

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

In this project, the concrete specimens were prepared using Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC-43grade), potable fresh water is replaced by STP water in varied
proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 74% and 100%), coarse aggregates (20mm) and river sand
is used as fine aggregates. Some basic properties of cement and aggregates are
determined such as initial and final setting time test, consistency test, flakiness and
elongation index, fineness, absorption, specific gravity. Water tests are conducted for
both fresh and STP water such as pH, total hardness, turbidity, chlorides and sulphates.

4.2 TESTS ON MATERIAL USED

4.2.1 TESTS ON CEMENT

a) FINENESS OF CEMENT

Fit the tray under the sieve, weigh approximately 100g of cement to the nearest
0.1g and place it on the IS sieve size 90µ, being careful to avoid loss. Agitate the sieve
by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more fine material passes through
it, sieved continuously for a period of 15 minutes. Remove and weigh the residue.
Express its mass as a percentage.

Cement Used: PPC grade

Weight of Cement =300g
Weight of Residue =10g
Calculation
Fineness = (weight of cement-weight of retained cement/weight of
cement) X 100

= (300 - 10/300) X 100

Fineness of given sample of cement = 96.6%

 10

b) INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled water shall be used
in preparing the paste. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions
prescribed in IS: 4031 (Part 4)-1988. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is
added to the cement. Fill the vicat mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the
mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the
surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block this
prepared in the mould is the test block. Immediately after moulding, place the test block
in the moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except when
determinations of time of setting are being made. Place the test block confined in the
mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle; lower the
needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly
release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block. Repeat this procedure until the
needle, when brought in contact with the test block and released as described above,
fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould.
The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time
at which the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from
the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time is shown in the below table 4.1.

Weight of sample taken = 300 gm

Normal consistency of cement = 34%
Water-cement(W/C) ratio =0.85 X 0.34 X 300 = 86.7ml
Table 4.1: Initial setting time of cement
SL.NO TIME TAKEN(min) DEPTH OF
PENETRATION(mm)
1 0 0
2 5 2
3 10 4
4 15 5
5 20 5
6 25 7
7 30 8
 11

Initial setting time of the cement = 30 min

c) FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled water shall be used
in preparing the paste. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions
prescribed in IS: 4031 (Part 4)-1988. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is
added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould with a cement paste gauged as above, the
mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the
surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block this
prepared in the mould is the test block. Immediately after moulding, place the test block
in the moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except when
determinations of time of setting are being made. Replace the needle of the Vicat
apparatus by the needle with an ular attachment. The cement shall be considered as
finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the
needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so. The period
elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the
needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the attachment fails to
do so shall be the final setting time. In the end of a scum forming on the surface of the
test block, use the underside of the block for the determination.
Cement Used: PPC
Weight of sample taken = 300 gm
Standard consistency = 34%
Quantity of water added = 86.4 ml
The final setting time of cement = 600 minutes
Final setting time of given sample of cement =600 minutes
d) STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement with a weighed quantity of
potable or distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes,
or more than 5 min, and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting
occurs. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry
cement until commencing to fill the mould. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the
mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After completely filling the mould, smoothen
the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould. The mould may be
 12

slightly shaken to expel the air. Clean appliances shall be used for gauging. In filling
the mould, the operator's hand and the blade of the gauging trowel shall alone be used.
Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the
rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block,
and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be carried
out immediately after filling the mould. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages
of water and test as described above until the amount of water necessary for making up
the standard consistency as defined, depth of penetration of plunger in samples is given
in below table 4.2.
Cement used : OPC 43grade
Weight of sample taken = 300gm
Table 4.2: Standard consistency of cement
WEIGHT PERCENTAGE QUANTITY DEPTH OF
OF OF WATER OF WATER PENETRATION
SAMPLE ADDED (%) TAKEN (ml) OF PLUNGER
(gms) (mm)
300 30 90 39
300 31 93 37
300 32 96 36
300 33 99 34
300 34 100 28
The standard consistency of the given cement =33%
4.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE[RIVER SAND]
a) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be measure of strength or
quality of the materials. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker than
those with higher specific gravity values. The specific gravity test helps in the
identification of stone. Empty weight of the pycnometer is taken with the help of weight
balance(W1 in g) 3/4 th of the aggregates are filled in the bottle and the weight is noted
down(W2 in g). Now the water is filled alone with the aggregates and the weight is
noted down(W3 in g). Aggregates with water is removed from the bottle and washed
 13

thoroughly. Bottle is filled with the water and note the weight (W4 in g), the specific
gravity of fine aggregate is calculated in the given below table 4.3.
Table 4.3: specific gravity of fine aggregate(river sand)
SL. SPECIFICATIONS RESULT
NO (g)
1 Weight of Pycnometer(W1) 630
2 Weight of Pycnometer + dry fine aggregate(W2) 1125
3 Weight of Pycnometer + dry fine aggregate + water(W2) 1808
4 Weight of Pycnometer + full of water(W4) 1505
5 Specific gravity = W2-W1/[(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)] 2.62
Specific gravity of fine aggregate(river sand) = 2.62
4.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
a) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be measure of strength or
quality of the materials. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker than
those with higher specific gravity values. The specific gravity test helps in the
identification of stone. Empty weight of the pycnometer is taken with the help of weight
balance(W1 in g) 3/4 th of the aggregates are filled in the bottle and the weight is noted
down(W2 in g). Now the water is filled alone with the aggregates and the weight is
noted down(W3 in g). Aggregates with water is removed from the bottle and washed
thoroughly. Bottle is filled with the water and note the weight (W4 in g), the specific
gravity of coarse aggregate is calculated in the given below table 4.4.
Size of coarse aggregate to be used: 20mm
Table 4.4: specific gravity of coarse aggregate(20mm)
SL. SPECIFICATIONS RESULT
NO (g)
1 Weight of Pycnometer(W1) 633
2 Weight of Pycnometer + dry coarse aggregate(W2) 1060
3 Weight of Pycnometer + dry coarse aggregate + water(W2) 1762
4 Weight of Pycnometer + full of water(W4) 1495
5 Specific gravity = W2-W1/[(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)] 2.66
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate(20mm) = 2.66
 14

4.2.4 WATER[FRESH WATER AND STP WATER]

a) POTENTIAL HYDROGEN ION [pH] CONCENTRATION

Calibrate the electrode with standard distilled water of pH. The sample is
entered into the meter to allow for a temperature correction Rinse the electrode
thoroughly with the distilled water and carefully wipe with the tissue paper Dip the
electrode into the samples and wait for one minute for steady reading. The reading is
noted down.
pH value for fresh water and STP water is tabulated below in table 4.5;
Table 4.5: pH value for fresh water and STP water
WATER SAMPLE TAKEN pH VALUE
Fresh water 7
STP treated water 6.5
The pH value of fresh water = 7
The pH value of STP water = 6.5
b) TURBIDITY
Take the turbidimeter and set the instrument at 100 on the scale. Shake
thoroughly the sample and keep it for some time to eliminate air bubbles. Take the
sample in the nephelometer sample tube and put the sample in the sample chamber and
find out the value on the scale. Dilute the sample with turbidity free water and again
read the turbidity.
Turbidity value for fresh water and STP water is tabulated below in table 4.6;
Table 4.6: Turbidity of freshwater and STP water
WATER SAMPLE TAKEN TURBIDITY[NTU]
Fresh water 80
STP treated water 132
Turbidity of fresh water = 80 NTU
Turbidity of STP water = 132 NTU
c) CHLORIDES
Take 20ml of sample in conical flask. Add 1 ml of potassium chromate to get
light yellow colour. Titrate it with standard silver nitrate solution till the colour changes
from yellow to brick red Note the end point. The titration of AgNO3 with NaCl, fresh
water and STP water is shown in below tables 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 respectively.
 15

TITRATION-I
NaCl Vs AgNO3
Table 4.7: NaCl Vs AgNO3
BURETTE
S.No VOLUME OF READING(ml) CONCORDANT
SAMPLE(ml) INITIAL FINAL VALUE(ml)
1 20 0 18 18
2 20 0 18 18

Calculation
Volume of NaCl(V1) =20ml
Normality of NaCl(N1) =0.01N
Volume of AgNO3(V2) =18ml
Normality of AgNO3(N2) =(20X0.01)/18
N2 =0.01N

TITRATION-II
Fresh water Vs AgNO3
Table 4.8: Fresh water Vs AgNO3
BURETTE
S.No VOLUME OF READING(ml) CONCORDANT
SAMPLE(ml) INITIAL FINAL VALUE(ml)
1 20 0 19 19
2 20 0 19 19

Calculation
Volume of fresh water(V1) =20ml
Normality of fresh water(N1) =0.01N
Volume of AgNO3(V2) =19ml
Normality of AgNO3(N2) =(20X0.01)/18
N2 =0.026N
 16

TITRATION-III
STP water Vs AgNO3
Table 4.9: STP water Vs AgNO3
BURETTE
S.No VOLUME OF READING(ml) CONCORDANT
SAMPLE(ml) INITIAL FINAL VALUE(ml)
1 20 0 32 32
2 20 0 32 32

Calculation
Volume of STP water(V1) =20ml
Normality of STP water(N1) =0.01N
Volume of AgNO3(V2) =32ml
Normality of AgNO3(N2) =(20X0.01)/32
N2 =0.00625N
The amount of chlorides present in the sample = Normality(N2) X 35.6 X 1000
For fresh water,
Amount of chlorides = 0.028 X 35.6 X 1000
= 946.96 mg/l
For STP water,
Amount of chlorides = 0.00625 X 35.6 X 1000
= 222.22 mg/l
d) HARDNESS
Take pipette out 20 ml of sample in a conical flask. Add 5 ml of buffer solution
and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator. Titrate its EDTA taken in the burette.
The end point is change of colour from wine red to steel blue. Note down the volume
of EDTA required (A), Repeat the titration for concordant values. This procedure repeat
for sample water (B). Calculate the volume of EDTA required for sample (A-B). The
titration of fresh water and STP water to determine total hardness is given below in
table 4.10 and 4.11.
TITRATION-I
TOTAL HARDNESS (fresh water)
 17

Table 4.10: Total hardness (fresh water)

BURETTE
S.No VOLUME OF READING(ml) CONCORDANT
SAMPLE(ml) INITIAL FINAL VALUE(ml)
1 20 0 15 15
2 20 0 15 15

Calculation
Total hardness (mg/l) as CaCO3 = (concordant value/ml of sample) X 1000
= (15/20) X 1000
= 750mg/l
TITRATION-II
TOTAL HARDNESS (STP water)
Table 4.11: Total hardness (STP water)
BURETTE
S.No VOLUME OF READING(ml) CONCORDANT
SAMPLE(ml) INITIAL FINAL VALUE(ml)
1 20 0 30 30
2 20 0 30 30

Calculation
Total hardness (mg/l) as CaCO3 = (concordant value/ml of sample) X 1000
= (30/20) X 1000
= 1500mg/l
The total hardness of fresh water = 750mg/l
The total hardness of STP water = 1500mg/l
e) TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS(TDS)
Calibrate the TDS meter electrode with standard distilled water. The sample is
entered into the meter to allow for a temperature correction. Rinse the electrode
thoroughly with the distilled water and carefully wipe with the tissue paper. Dip the
 18

electrode into the samples and wait for one minute for steady reading. The reading is
noted down.
TDS value for fresh water and STP water is tabulated below in table 4.12;
Table 4.12: TDS value of fresh and STP water
WATER SAMPLE TAKEN TDS VALUE[ppm]
Fresh water 900
STP treated water 1200
The TDS value of fresh water = 900 ppm
The TDS value of STP water = 1200 ppm
f) SULPHATES
Take 20 ml of sample in a 500 ml beaker. Add 10 ml of 2N Hydrochloric acid
in the sample. Heat the beaker for few minutes, after the boiling it is cooled for few
minutes. Add 30 ml of 10% Cacl2 Solution in the beaker. Back Reacts with sulphates
in the sample to form BaSo4, The solution is allowed to settle for few minutes. Take
the empty weight of crucible (W1). The solution is filter paper. The sulphate gets settled
in filter paper. The filter paper is put in the weighed crucible and placed in the muffle
furnace, till it gets charred. Now the charred filter paper containing the sulphate is
weighed along with the crucible (W2). The amount of sulphate content in fresh and STP
water is given below in table 4.13 and 4.14.
SULPHATES( fresh water)
Table 4.13: Sulphates (fresh water)
WEIGHT OF DISH
S.No DESCRIPTION EMPTY W1+ SULPHATE

WEIGHT(W1) FILTER (mg/l)

(gms) PAPER(W2)
(gms)
1 20 38.15 38.52 7.61

Calculation
Weight of empty crucible (W1) = 38.15gms
Weight of crucible taken with charred filter paper = 38.52gms
Weight of BaSO4 (W2-W1) = 0.37gms
 19

Amount of SO4 = BaSO4 X 411.5 / Volume of sample taken in ml

= (0.37 X 411.5 / 20)
= 7.61 mg/l

SULPHATES( STP water)

Table 4.14: Sulphates (STP water)
WEIGHT OF DISH
S.No DESCRIPTION EMPTY W1+ SULPHATE

WEIGHT(W1) FILTER (mg/l)

(gms) PAPER(W2)
(gms)
1 20 38.15 40 7.61

Calculation
Weight of empty crucible (W1) = 38.15gms
Weight of crucible taken with charred filter paper = 40.00gms
Weight of BaSO4 (W2-W1) = 1.85 gms
Amount of SO4 = BaSO4 X 411.5 / Volume of sample taken in ml
= (1.85 X 411.5 / 20)
= 38.04 mg/l
The amount of sulphate present in fresh water sample = 7.61 mg/l
The amount of sulphate present in STP water sample = 38.04 mg/l
 20

CHAPTER-5
MIX DESIGN
 Grade designation = M30
 Type of cement used = OPC 53 grade
 Max. nominal size of coarse aggregate = 20mm
 Type of fine aggregate used = River sand

Table 5.1: mix design proportion

W/C CEMENT FINE COARSE
RATIO AGGRGATE AGGREGATE
RATIO 0.5 1 1.8 2.8

Per m3 197lit 394Kg 732 Kg 1139 Kg

From the above table 5.1, the ratio and requirement of materials for 1m3 is
given for M30 grade of concrete by obtaining from mix calculation.
 21

CHAPTER - 6
TESTS ON CONCRETE
6.1 SLUMP VALUE OF FRESH CONCRETE
The concrete is mixed according to the specified mix design. The internal
surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and should be free from moisture. The
mould is filled in four layers each approximately 1/4 of the height of the mould. Each
layer is tamped 25 times by the tamping rod taking care to distribute the strokes evenly
over the cross section. After the top layer has been rodded, the excess concrete is struck
off with the trowel. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it
slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. This allows the concrete to subside. This
subsidence is referred as slump of concrete. The difference in level between height of
the mould and that of the highest point of the subsided concrete is measured. This
difference in height (mm) is taken as slump of concrete is shown in below fig 6.1.

Fig 6.1: slump cone test

6.2 INITIAL TIME CONCRETE PENETROMETER TEST
Sample of concrete prepared as per the mix design M30 grade. Sieve the
concrete through 4.75 mm sieve order remove the mortar from concrete. Mix the mortar
thoroughly and place the container layers. Compact each layer of mortar using tamping
rod. The final height of mortar after tamping should be less than mm from the height of
the Cover the specimen in the container, with suitable tight fitting, water impermeable
blanket for the duration of the test. Before testing, remove the bleeding water from the
 22

surface of the mortar by means of a pipette. Attach the needle with the penetration
resistance apparatus. Bring the bearing surface of the needle in contact with the mortar
surface. Apply a vertical downward force on the apparatus until the needle penetrates
to a depth of 25 mm, as indicated by scribe mark. The time taken to penetrate 25 mm
depth could be about 10 secs. Record the force required to produce 25 mm penetration
and time of inserting, from the time water is added to the cement. Repeat the step, at an
hourly interval. The initial penetration test is carried out after 3 to 4 hours of adding
water to the mix. Avoid the area where the mixture has been disturbed. The clear
distance should be two times the diameter of bearing area. Needle is inserted at least 25
mm away from the wall of container. Not less than six penetration resistance
determination is made. Continue the test until one penetration resistance at least 26.97
MPa is reached. Penetration resistance is calculated in N/mm2, by dividing the force
required to cause 25 mm depth of penetration of the needle by the area of bearing face
of the needle.
Initial setting time of concrete = 3.6 hrs
Final setting time of concrete = 27 hrs
6.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Quantity of cement, aggregate, water is determined by weight. Ingredients are
mixed by hand or batch mixer. Assembled the mould and coated with oil by all sides of
the mould as shown in below fig 6.2. Concrete is filled into the mould layer by layer
and each layer is subjected to 35 stokes with damping rod. After the top layer has been
compacted proper finishing has been done. After 24 hours the mould is removed and
immediately submerged in clean fresh water. Curing is done for 7 days, 14 days, 28
days at the temperature 27° C.

Fig 6.2: compression testing machine

 23

6.4 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

The mass and dimensions of the specimens shall be noted before testing. The
test specimen shall be placed in the centering jig with packing strip and carefully
positioned along the top and bottom of the plane of loading of specimen. The jig shall
then be placed in the machine so that specimen is located centrally. It shall be ensured
that upper plate is parallel with lower plate. The load shall be applied without shock
and increased continuously at nominal rate within the rage about 1.2 N/mm2/min to 2.4
N/mm2/min. The maximum load shall be noted when the specimen gets crack as in
below fig 6.3.

Fig 6.3: Split tensile strength test

6.5 CORRSION INDUCING TECHNIQUE [IMPRESSED
CURRENT TECHNIQUE]
To induce corrosion on cylindrical concrete specimen to obtain comparative
study on rate of corrosion in reinforcement steel in cylinder with the concrete in normal
environment. The DC power source(12V) with positive terminal is clipped to
reinforcement bar of the specimen acts as anode and the negative terminal is connected
to the reference electrode of steel acts as cathode, then this set-up is dipped into 5%
NaCl solution with 0.03N along with specimen about 3/4th of the specimen to induce
corrosion in the reinforcement bar for short period of time in normal environmental
condition. The rate of corrosion on reinforcement bar is calculated theoretically by the
difference in the normal and corrosion induced specimens.
 24

The experimental set-up is used for inducing reinforcement corrosion through

impressed current consist of NaCl as the electrolyte and steel reference electrode and
the direct-current power source as show in below fig 6.4 [(a)&(b)]. The DC power
source of anode, the positive terminal is connected to the reinforcement steel bar and
of the cathode, the negative terminal is connected to steel electrode which is immersed
in the NaCl electrolyte (5% of sodium chloride with 0.03N) to induce corrosion on
reinforcement in specific interval of time (24 hours). To induce the corrosion in
reinforced concrete cylindrical element by impressed current technique with this
experimental set-up.

(a) (b)
Fig 6.4[(a)&(b)]: corrosion inducing technique(impressed current method)
6.6 HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER TEST ON CONCRETE
The half-cell potentiometer instrument is used in reinforced concrete elements
to estimate the corrosion rate on cylindrical specimen in actual and corrosion induced
condition. The reference electrode of copper-sulphate solution with copper strip which
is placed on the concrete surface and the other electrode is clipped in reinforcing bars
to measure the difference in potential and electrical difference between the
reinforcement and concrete to calculate the corrosion rate of reinforcement steel bar of
the specimen. The electrical activity of the steel reinforcement and the concrete to be
considered the steel as one electrode and the concrete as the electrolyte.

The corrosion potential (Ecorr) is measured as potential variation (or voltage)

towards a reference electrode. The numerical values of the measured corrosion rate
among the metal in concrete and the reference electrode will depend upon the type of
reference electrode used and its exposure.
 25

After 28 days, corrosion rate is measured in concrete and found that the
potentials reaches negative values in wet situation and in dry conditions the values
reaches up to 350mV. The half-cell potentiometer is consist of voltmeter, reference
electrode and true electrode. The voltmeter is connected with the electrodes, the true
electrode is clipped in reinforcement bar in the specimen and another electrode
(reference) is placed in the surface of concrete to determine the potential difference by
reinforcement. The varied values of potential gives the rate of corrosion in
reinforcement bar as in below fig 6.5[(a)&(b)]. The reference electrode is of copper
strip and copper sulphate solution with copper crystals.

Fig 6.5: (a)HCP measurement (schematic illustration) ,(b)corrosion potential measurement.

The potential measurement is referred in the below given table to obtain rate of
corrosion in reinforcement bars. The corrosion rate of reinforcing bar is evaluated by
means of the potential gradient obtained. The test results can be interpreted based on
the table 6.1 given below;

Table 6.1: Corrosion rate measurement

Potential Difference (mV) Corrosion Rate (%)

>-200 <10
-200 to -350 uncertain
<-350 >90
 26

CHAPTER-7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 SLUMP VALUE OF FRESH CONCRETE
Table 7.1: Slump value of concrete
SL.NO SAMPLE[STP GRADE OF DATE OF SLUMP
WATER CONCRETE SLUMP VALUE
REPLACEMENT (in mm)
IN CONCRETE]
0% 120
25% 120
1 50% M30 23.01.2020& 118
75% 25.01.2020 117
100% 115

SLUMP VALUE GRAPH

SLUMP VALUE(in mm)

120

110

100

90

80
M30
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
1 2 3 4 5
Concrete in varied proportions (%)

Fig 7.1: slump value graph

From the above table 7.1 and fig 7.1, the slump value of fresh concrete in varied
proportion by replacement of STP water to fresh water is calculated which gives reliable
results to cast specimens for further tests.
7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Specimens with normal water replaced by STP treated water at 0%, 25%, 50%,
75%, and 100% were casted. During moulding, the cubes were manually damped. After
24hour of setting, the specimen are marked and removed from the moulds and are
 27

immediately submerged into clean, fresh water. The specimens allowed for curing is
taken after 7, 14, and 28 days. Then compression tests on cube specimens are tested on
three cube specimens in each proportion of replacement of water for 7, 14 and 28 days
is shown in below table 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 respectively.
Size of specimen = 150 X 150 X 150 (mm)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON 7DAYS
Table 7.2: Compressive strength test @ 7days
Date of Date of Cube no. Weight of Load Compressive
casting testing the cube Applied strength
(kg) (KN) (N/mm2)
1[0%] 8.67 520 23.1

2[25%] 8.5 536 23.8

23.01.2020 30.01.2020
3[50%] 8.43 505 22.4

4[75%] 8.33 473 21

5[100%] 8.24 439 19.5

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON 14DAYS

Table 7.3: Compressive strength test @ 14days
Date of Date of Cube no. Weight of Load Compressive
casting testing the cube Applied strength
(kg) (KN) (N/mm2)
1[0%] 8.62 698 31

2[25%] 8.51 720 32

23.01.2020 6.02.2020
3[50%] 8.46 686 30.5

4[75%] 8.38 680 30.2

5[100%] 8.21 675 30

 28

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON 28DAYS

Table 7.4: Compressive strength test @ 28days
Date of Date of Cube no. Weight of Load Compressive
casting testing the cube Applied strength
(kg) (KN) (N/mm2)
1[0%] 8.6 833 37

2[25%] 8.54 851 37.8

23.01.2020 20.02.2020
3[50%] 8.4 788 35

4[75%] 8.31 743 33

5[100%] 8.28 732 32.5

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH GRAPH

Compressive strength(N/mm2)

40

30

20

10

0
1[0%] 2[25%] 3[50%] 4[75%] 5[100%]
Concrete in varied proportions (%)

Compressive strength @ 7days (N/mm2) Compressive strength @14days (N/mm2)

Compressive strength @ 28days (N/mm2)

Fig 7.2: Compressive strength graph

From the graph (above Fig 7.2), Variation of compression strength results by usage of
STP water with fresh water in varied proportions gives reliable results on 25%
compared to other proportions.

7.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Specimens with ordinary portable water replaced by STP treated water at 0%,
25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement levels were cast. After 24 hours of initial
setting of concrete, the specimen is removed from its moulds and allowed to curing for
7, 14, and 24 days. The test specimen is placed in the compression testing machine by
 29

placing jigs on plane of loading in parallel position centrally on the lateral sides of
cylindrical specimens to be tested for 7, 14 and 28 days is noted in below table 7.5, 7.6
and 7.7 respectively.

Size of specimen = 150 mm(diameter) X 300 mm(height)

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST ON 7 DAYS

Table 7.5: Split tensile strength test @ 7days
Date of Date of Cube no. Weight of Load Tensile
casting testing the cube Applied strength
(kg) (KN) (N/mm2)
1[0%] 12.3 205 2.90

2[25%] 12.25 211 2.98

25.01.2020 01.02.2020
3[50%] 12.19 190 2.68

4[75%] 12.15 184 2.60

5[100%] 12.08 175 2.48

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST ON 14DAYS

Table 7.6: Split tensile strength test @ 14days
Date of Date of Cube no. Weight of Load Tensile
casting testing the cube Applied strength
(kg) (KN) (N/mm2)
1[0%] 12.3 257 3.64

2[25%] 12.25 261 3.69

25.01.2020 8.02.2020
3[50%] 12.19 250 3.53

4[75%] 12.15 245 3.46

5[100%] 12.08 231 3.27

 30

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST ON 28DAYS

Table 7.7: Split tensile strength test @ 28days
Date of Date of Cube no. Weight of Load Tensile
casting testing the cube Applied strength
(kg) (KN) (N/mm2)
1[0%] 12.35 309 4.37

2[25%] 12.28 313 4.43

25.01.2020 22.02.2020
3[50%] 12.18 300 4.24

4[75%] 12.11 293 4.15

5[100%] 12.05 277 3.92

TENSILE STRENGTH GRAPH

Tensile strength(N/mm2)

5
4
3
2
1
0
1[0%] 2[25%] 3[50%] 4[75%] 5[100%]
Concrete in varied proportions (%)

Tensile strength @ 7days(N/mm2) Tensile strength @ 14days(N/mm2)

Tensile strength @ 28days (N/mm2)

Fig 7.3: Tensile strength graph

From the graph (above Fig 7.3), Variation of tensile strength results by usage of STP
water with fresh water in varied proportions gives reliable results on 25% compared to
other proportions.

7.4 INDUCING REINFORCEMENT CORROSION BY

IMPRESSED CURRENT TECHNIQUE:
The experimental set-up is used for inducing reinforcement corrosion through
impressed current consist of NaCl as the electrolyte and steel reference electrode and
 31

the direct-current power source. The DC power source of anode, the positive terminal
is connected to the reinforcement steel bar and of the cathode, the negative terminal is
connected to steel electrode which is immersed in the NaCl electrolyte (5% of sodium
chloride with 0.03N) to induce corrosion on reinforcement in specific interval of time
(24 hours). To induce the corrosion in reinforced concrete cylindrical element by
impressed current technique with this experimental set-up.

7.5 HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER TEST ON CONCRETE

After 28 days, corrosion rate is measured in concrete and found that the
potentials reaches negative values in wet situation and in dry conditions the values
reaches up to 350mV. The half-cell potentiometer is consist of voltmeter, reference
electrode and true electrode. The voltmeter is connected with the electrodes, the true
electrode is clipped in reinforcement bar in the specimen and another electrode
(reference) is placed in the surface of concrete to determine the potential difference by
reinforcement.

The varied values of potential gives the rate of corrosion in reinforcement bar
is noted in below table 7.9 and 7.10 for normal condition and corrosion induced
condition respectively. The reference electrode is of copper strip and copper sulphate
solution with copper crystals. The potential measurement is referred in the below given
table to obtain rate of corrosion in reinforcement bars.

The corrosion rate of reinforcing bar is evaluated by means of the potential

gradient obtained. The test results can be interpreted based on the table 7.8 given below;

Table 7.8: Corrosion rate measurement

Potential Difference (mV) Corrosion Rate (%)

>-200 <10
-200 to -350 uncertain
<-350 >90
 32

a) Half-cell potentiometric test on concrete in normal condition

Table 7.9: Rate of corrosion of concrete in normal condition

Date of Date of Percentage of Potential

casting testing replacement of variation in half-
fresh water by cell
STP water potentiometer(eV)

0% -0.250

25% -0.268

25.01.2020 23.02.2020 50% -0.280

75% -0.288

100% -0.310

b) Half-cell potentiometric test on concrete in corrosion induced condition

Table 7.10: Rate of corrosion of concrete in corrosion induced condition
Date of Date of Percentage of Potential
casting testing replacement of variation in half-
fresh water by cell
STP water potentiometer(eV)

0% -0.300

25% -0.309

25.01.2020 23.02.2020 50% -0.350

75% -0.360

100% -0.410
 33

POTENTIOMETER TEST GRAPH

0
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
-0.05
POTENTIAL VARIATION (eV)
-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
-0.25
-0.268
-0.25 -0.28 -0.288
-0.3 -0.309 -0.31
-0.3
-0.35 -0.36
-0.35
-0.41
-0.4

-0.45
Concrete in varied proportions (%)

Potential variation in half-cell potentiometer(eV)[normal condition]

Potential variation in half-cell potentiometer(eV)[corrosion induced condition]

Fig 7.4: half-cell potentiometer test graph

From above results given in fig 7.4, we had concluded that the rate of corrosion is
relatively higher than 0% and 25% among other proportion of specimens both in normal
and corrosion induced condition, 25% replacement of STP water over fresh water is
more reliable than other proportions.
 34

CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
The following are the conclusions made based on laboratory experiments
carried out in this investigation for various tests with varied percentage replacement of
STP water. It is clear that the results in compressive strength, split tensile strength and
half-cell potentiometer test for 25% replacement of STP water over fresh water is more
reliable than other proportions. The numerical potential values for different water used
in specimens immersed in NaCl solution to activate corrosion were tested by using half-
cell potentiometer gives efficient result in 25% replacement of STP water over fresh
water. Hence, 25% replacement of STP water is allowable to cast concrete.
 35

REFERENCES
[1] J. Berger, S. Bruschetini-Ambro, and J. Kollegger, “An innovative design concept
for improving the durability of concrete bridges,” Structural Concrete, vol. 12, no. 3,
pp. 155 163, 2011.
[2] M. Beck, A. Burkert, J. Harnisch et al., “Deterioration model and input parameters
for reinforcement corrosion,” Structural Concrete, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 145–155, 2012.
[3] A. Lowinska-Kluge and T. Blaszczynski, “The influence of internal corrosion on
the durability of concrete,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 12, no.
2, pp. 219 227, 2012.
[4] Lukasz Sadowski, [Research Article] “Methodology for Assessing the Probability
of Corrosion in Concrete Structures on the Basis of Half-Cell Potential and Concrete
Resistivity Measurements”, Volume 2013, Article ID 714501, 29 April 2013
[5] H. Song and V. Saraswalhy, “Corrosion monitoring of reinforcedconcrete
structures—a review,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 2, pp. 1–
28, 2007.
[6] C. Andrade, C. Alonso, J. Gulikers et al., “Test methods for on-site corrosion rate
measurement of steel reinforcement in concrete by means of the polarization resistance
method,” Materials and Structures, vol. 37, no. 273, pp. 623–643, 2004.
[7] G. Sposito, P. Cawley, and P. B. Nagy, “Potential drop mapping for the monitoring
of corrosion or erosion,” NDT and E International, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 394–402, 2010.
[8] John P. Broomfield, “The use of permanent corrosion monitoring in new and
existing reinforced concrete structures”- Cement & Concrete Composites 24 (2002) 27–
34
[9] J. Hoła and M. Ksiazek, “Research on usability of sulphur polymer composite for
corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in concrete,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical
Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47–59, 2009.
[10] M. Kosior-Kazberuk and W. Jezierski, “Evaluation of concrete resistance to
chloride ions penetration by means of electric resistivity monitoring,” Journal of Civil
Engineering and Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 109–114, 2005.
[11] J. Hoła and K. Schabowicz, “State-of-the-art non-destructive methods for
diagnostic testing of building structures—anticipated development trends,” Archives of
Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5–18, 2010.
 36

[12] K. Liam, S. Roy, and D. Northwood, “Chloride ingress measurements and

corrosion potential mapping study of a 24-yearold reinforced concrete jetty structure in
a tropical marine environment research,” Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 44, pp.
205–215, 1992.
[13] Stratfull, R.F., “Half-Cell Potentials and the Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,”
Highway Research Record 433, 1973.
[14] J.P. Broomfield, “Assessing Corrosion Damage on Reinforced Concrete
Structures,”
in Corrosion and Corrosion Protection on Steel in Concrete, Proceedings of
International Conference, University of Sheffield, U.K., Edited by R.N. Swamy, 1994,
Vol. 1, pp. 1-25.
[15] Shamsad Ahmad, “TECHNIQUES FOR INDUCING ACCELERATED
CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE” The Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering, Volume 34, Number 2C, December 2009
[16]Tanvir Manzur, Bayezid Baten, Md. Jihan Hasan, Halima Akter, Adhora Tahsin,
Khandaker M.A. Hossain, “Corrosion Behavior Of Concrete Mixes With Masonry
Chips As Coarse
Aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.185, pp.20-29, 2018.
 May – June 2020
ISSN: 0193-4120 Page No. 1954 - 1957

Corrosion Assessment in Reinforced Concrete

Elements using Half-Cell Potentiometer – A Review
R. Dineshkumar, dineshrcivil@gmail.com,
C. Harikaran,hariharan.hh710@gmail.com,
P. Veerapandi, pandiveera72@gmail.com,
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamilnadu, India

Article Info Abstract:

Volume 83
Page Number: 1954 - 1957
Publication Issue:
May - June 2020
Article History
Article Received: 11August 2019
Revised: 18November 2019
Accepted: 23January 2020
Publication: 10 May2020
The early failure of structure is due to the corrosion of reinforcement steel bars which
leads to decrease in serviceability and durability of the structures then causing
structural properties of structural elements [1,2]. Although the reinforcing steel bar is
covered with concrete in passive film like form to enhance high alkalinity, if pH is
enormously decreased the protecting film is damaged. To avoid the failure, forecasting
of corrosion rate is to be done to reduce the maintenance cost. To this end, non-
destructive evaluation methods are to estimate the corrosion rate on reinforcement bar.
There are few non-destructive methods instruments are commercially available in
markets. A brief comparative study has been performed and presented in this review
paper using half-cell potentiometer.

1. INTRODUCTION various corrosion affected areas[5–7]. The one of

The chloride attack on the reinforcing steel bars
which leads to corrosion causing premature failures
and damages of structural elements takes place. If
concrete covers contains chloride concentration in
higher level, result in loss of strength, fatigue,
reduced bond strength, limited ductility on RC
[reinforced concrete] structures. This state of affairs
represents a excessive corrosion threat in systems;
corrosion attack turns into viable in the presence of
oxygen and humidity on the metal. Chloride-
triggered corrosion of steel in concrete is as a
minimum on the start. With the improvement of
lively and passive macro-cells[2]. The corrosion of
reinforcement increases the volume of
reinforcement from its actual volume which leads to
spalling of structural elements.The half-cell
potentiometer estimation is utilized to find the
nearness of consumption rate on reinforcement bars.
The most important objective of this paper is to
enable the engineers to higher interpret the
outcomes of half-cell potential measurements. The
results of the measurement relates the potential
readings on the reinforced concrete gives corrosion
rate in localized reinforcement corrosion via
concrete resistivity and temperature, enables the
engineers to comparing supplementary records from
half-cell potentiometer tests. This review projects
the half-cell potentiometer readings obtained from
the best strategy to decide the corrosion rate is half-
cell potentiometer.However non-destructive tests
should be provided to support corrosion
measurement [9–12].
2. HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER ON
REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
The half-cell potentiometer instrument is
used in reinforced concrete elements to estimate the
corrosion rate on cylindrical specimen in actual and
corrosion induced condition. The reference
electrode of copper-sulphate solution with copper
strip which is placed on the concrete surface and the
other electrode is clipped in reinforcing bars to
measure the difference in potential and electrical
difference between the reinforcement and concrete
to calculate the corrosion rate of reinforcement steel
bar of the specimen. The electrical activity of the
steel reinforcement and the concrete to be
considered the steel as one electrode and the
concrete as the electrolyte. The potential variation
between the electrodes is measured and notted as
Ecorr. The numerical values of the measured
corrosion rate depends on the nature of material
used as a reinforcement and the reference electrode
used was suggested by Lukasz Sadowski[9]. He
also suggested that the concrete cover over the
reinforcement also plays an effect over the potential

1954
Published by: The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc.

difference in corrosion measurement, the potentials
are thus influenced by using resistance drop inside
the cover, through macro-cell current and possibly
through junction potentials. It isn't always necessary
to install half-cells on all over a structure to display
its changing corrosion situation [7] suggested by
John P. Broomfield. Be that as it may, the
consumption rate decided utilizing half-cell
potentiometer is fit in assessment of in-situ
properties (erosion rate) and utilized in innovative
work. This strategy is reasonable for different
auxiliary individuals in changing size of profundity
of solid spread over reinforcement steel bar and it
might utilized whenever during the existence a solid
part. The results determined by half-cell
potentiometer gives the rate of corrosion in
reinforcement bars embedded in concrete as
mentioned by ASTM. The resistance offered by
concrete to the passage of electricity is measured
using half-cell potentiometer. It consists of pre-
wetted sponges which is contact with low electrical
resistance in solution. The tip of half-cell is attached
with sponge to from electrical continuity between
the surface of concrete specimen and porous plug in
it. The half-cell potentiometer is used to evaluate
the corrosion rate of reinforcement bars in order to
control the expenses on maintenance of the
structure. This method is also implementable in
existing structures in embedded and non-embedded
form of test.
3. NEED OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
[STP] WATER
In earth, 3% of fresh water is available in
order to avoid excessive usage of fresh water,
replacement of STP water over fresh water in varied
proportion is studied in this project on various
mechanical properties and also its influence in
corrosion rate.Water is the major component in
concrete which acts as lubricant in the mixture of
cement and aggregates to bind. Sewage treatment is
the process of eliminating the contaminants from
waste water. It includes physical, chemical, and
biological processes of removing the contaminants.
In this project, STP water is replaced over fresh
water in varied proportions to determine influence
of STP water in the strength of concrete and
corrosion rate of reinforcement steel bar. The STP
water is collected from our institutional palnt. STP
water is used in specimen casting in varied
Published by: The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc.
May – June 2020
ISSN: 0193-4120 Page No. 1954 - 1957
proportions in order to check the corrosion induce
on reinforcement bars in specimen.
4. TESTS CONDUCTED
4.1. Compressive strength test
To determine the average compressive
strength of concrete, 150mm cubes were used
having 1:1.8:2.9 mix with 0.5 water-cement
ratio.Specimens with normal water replaced by STP
treated water at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%
were casted. During moulding, the cubes were
manually damped. After 24hour of setting, the
specimen are marked and removed from the moulds
and are immediately submerged into clean, fresh
water. The specimens allowed for curing is taken
after 7, 14, and 28 days. The compression tests on
cube specimens are tested on three cube specimens
in each proportion of replacement of water. The
load is applied without continuously until the
specimens get break down. The average values of
compression strength is recorded.
4.2. Split tensile test
Concrete cylinders having 150mm diameter
and height twice of it can be used to obtain the split
tensile strength. The concrete mix was designed as
1:1.85:2.9 with 0.5 water cement ratio. Specimens
with ordinary portable water replaced by STP
treated water at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%
replacement levels were cast. After 24 hours of
initial setting of concrete, the specimen is removed
from its moulds and allowed to curing for 7, 14, and
24 days. Compression testing machine is used for
testing by placing jigs on plane of loading in
parallel position centrally on the lateral sides of
cylindrical specimens to be tested.The average split
tensile strength of concrete can be obtained by
testing the available five specimens.
5. CORROSION INDUCING TECHNIQUE
5.1 Impressed Current Technique
Corrosion is induced in steel using
impressed current technique comprises of DC
power source supplied to anode and cathode. Here,
the DC power source with positive terminal is
clipped to reinforcement bar of the specimen and
the negative terminal is connected to the reference
electrode of steel, then this set-up is dipped into 5%
1955
 May – June 2020
ISSN: 0193-4120 Page No. 1954 - 1957

NaCl solution with 0.03N along with specimen

about 3/4th of the specimen to induce corrosion in
the reinforcement bar for short period of time in
normal environmental condition. The rate of
corrosion on reinforcement bar is calculated
theoretically by the difference in the normal and
corrosion induced specimens [14].

5.1.1 The experimentalset-up for corrosion

induction of concrete

For experimental purposes, corrosion is to

be induced with the help of impressed current
technique. This method uses NaCl as the electrolyte
and steel reference electrode and the direct-current Fig.1. a) Schematic diagram for corrosion
power source. The DC power source is connected to measurement
reinforcement bar which acts as an anode and to the
reference electrode which acts as a cathode which is
immersed in the NaCl electrolyte (5% of sodium
chloride with 0.03N) to induce corrosion on
reinforcement in specific interval of time (1 hour).
To induce the corrosion in reinforced concrete
cylindrical element by impressed current technique
with this experimental set-up [1].

6. HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER TEST

SETUP
After 28 days, corrosion rate is measured in
concrete and found that the potentials reaches
negative values in wet situation and in dry Fig.1. b) Experimental set up corrosion
conditions the values reaches up to 350mV. The measurement
half-cell potentiometer is consist of voltmeter,
reference electrode and true electrode. Potential Contour maps were plotted against the
difference is measured with the help of voltmeter corrosion rate and time. Potential gradient obtained
which reinforcement bars and a reference electrode gives the rate of corrosion occurred in
placed over the concrete. The varied values of reinforcement bars.. The test results can be
potential gives the rate of corrosion in interpreted based on the following table.
reinforcement bar. The reference electrode is of Table 1. Corrosion rate measurement
copper strip and copper sulphate solution with Corrosion
copper crystals. The potential measurement is Potential Difference(mV)
Rate(%)
referred in the below given table to obtain rate of >-200 <10
corrosion in reinforcement bars. The test setup used -200 to -350 uncertain
my Manzur, et al., is given in Fig.1 <-350 >90

6. CONCLUSION

This review paper gives the information

about the effect of corrosion on the strength of the
concrete which can be obtained by the application

1956
Published by: The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc.
 May – June 2020
ISSN: 0193-4120 Page No. 1954 - 1957

of half cell potentiometer technique. The half-cell environment research,‖ Magazine of Concrete
potentiometer techniques for determining Research, vol. 44, pp. 205–215, 1992.
reinforcement corrosion rate. This method gives [11] Lukasz Sadowski, [Research
effective results in both insitu and exsitu conditions Article]―Methodology for Assessing the
Probability of Corrosion in Concrete Structures
in structures.
on the Basis of Half-Cell Potential and Concrete
Resistivity Measurements‖, Volume 2013,
7. REFERENCES Article ID 714501,29 April 2013
[12] H. Song and V. Saraswalhy, ―Corrosion
[1] C. Andrade, C. Alonso, J. Gulikers et al., ―Test
monitoring of reinforcedconcrete structures—a
methods for on-site corrosion rate measurement
review,‖ International Journal
of steel reinforcement in concrete by means of
ofElectrochemical Science, vol. 2, pp. 1–28,
the polarization resistance method,‖ Materials
2007.
and Structures, vol. 37, no. 273, pp. 623–643,
[13] G. Sposito, P. Cawley, and P. B. Nagy, ―Potential
2004.
drop mapping for the monitoring of corrosion or
[2] J. Berger, S. Bruschetini-Ambro, and J. Kollegger,
erosion,‖ NDT and EInternational, vol. 43, no.
―An innovative design concept for improving
5, pp. 394–402, 2010.
the durability of concrete bridges,‖ Structural
[14] Stratfull, R.F., ―Half-Cell Potentials and the
Concrete, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 155 163, 2011.
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,‖ Highway
[3] M. Beck, A. Burkert, J. Harnisch et al.,
Research Record 433, 1973.
―Deterioration model and input parameters for
[15] Shamsad Ahmad, ―TECHNIQUES FOR
reinforcement corrosion,‖ StructuralConcrete,
INDUCING ACCELERATEDCORROSION
vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 145–155, 2012.
OF STEEL IN CONCRETE‖ The Arabian
[4] J.P. Broomfield, ―Assessing Corrosion Damage on
Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume
Reinforced Concrete Structures,‖
34, Number 2C, December 2009
in Corrosion and Corrosion Protection on Steel in
[16] Tanvir Manzur, Bayezid Baten, Md. Jihan
Concrete, Proceedings of International
Hasan, Halima Akter, Adhora Tahsin,
Conference, University of Sheffield, U.K.,
Khandaker M.A. Hossain, ―Corrosion Behavior
Edited by R.N. Swamy, 1994, Vol. 1, pp. 1-25.
Of Concrete Mixes With Masonry Chips As
[5] J. Hoła and M. Ksiazek, ―Research on usability of
Coarse Aggregate‖, Construction and Building
sulphur polymer composite for corrosion
Materials, Vol.185, pp.20-29, 2018.
protection of reinforcing steel in concrete,‖
Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering,
vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47–59, 2009.
[6] J. Hoła and K. Schabowicz, ―State-of-the-art non-
destructive methods for diagnostic testing of
building structures—anticipated development
trends,‖ Archives of Civil and
MechanicalEngineering, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 5–
18, 2010.
[7] John P. Broomfield, ―The use of permanent
corrosion monitoring in new and existing
reinforced concrete structures‖- Cement &
Concrete Composites 24 (2002) 27–34
[8] M. Kosior-Kazberuk and W. Jezierski, ―Evaluation
of concrete resistance to chloride ions
penetration by means of electric resistivity
monitoring,‖ Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 109–114, 2005.
[9] A. Lowinska-Kluge and T. Blaszczynski, ―The
influence of internal corrosion on the durability
of concrete,‖ Archives ofCivil and Mechanical
Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 219 227, 2012.
[10] K. Liam, S. Roy, and D. Northwood, ―Chloride
ingress measurements and corrosion potential
mapping study of a 24-yearold reinforced
concrete jetty structure in a tropical marine

1957
Published by: The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc.