PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF

RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING

Project Phase-1 report submitted to
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and technology
In partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
By

1. P.NANDINI (20311A0116)
2. G.SAI CHARAN (20311A0117)
3. G.KRISHNATEJA (20311A0141)
Guided by

Dr.K.V.SEETHARAM

Department of Civil Engineering

Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology (Autonomous)
( Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Approved by AICTE
Hyderabad- 501301 (India)
JANUARY 2024
 SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Project report titled “PLANNING AND

DESIGNING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING” submitted herein to the

Department of Civil Engineering of Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad

for the partial fulfilment of award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology, represents our own

ideas and in places where others’ ideas have been included, we have provided necessary citation

and reference to the original source. The work is original and has not been submitted earlier as a

whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this or any other Institution /

University.

Date: 09/01/2024

Place: Hyderabad

P.NANDINI (20311A0116)
G.SAICHARAN (20311A0117)
G.KRISHNATEJA (20311A0141)
 SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
The Project report titled “PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF RESIDENTIAL

GREEN BUILDING” submitted by P.NANDINI (20311A0116), G.SAI CHARAN

(20311A0117), G,KRISHNATEJA (20311A0141) for the partial fulfilment of award of degree

of Bachelor of Technology, has been carried under my supervision at the department of Civil

Engineering of Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad. The work is

comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Name of the Guide

Dr.K.V.SEETHARAM
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
SNIST, Hyderabad.

Forwarded by:-

Dr. G.V Praveen

Professor and Head,
Department of Civil Engineering,
SNIST, Hyderabad.

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. C.V.TOMY, Executive Director and Dr. T.CH
SHIVA REDDY, Principal, SNIST, for their valuable support and cooperation extended to us in
all respects during our project work.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. G.V. PRAVEEN, HOD, for his valuable help,
support and constant encouragement, cooperation extended to us in all respects during my
Project work.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere regards and deepest gratitude to our
Guide Dr.K.V.SEETHARAM (Professor), Civil Engineering Dept., SNIST, Hyderabad, for his
valuable guidance right from the start to the successful completion of this Project. It is only due
to his, positive guidance constant supervision, encouragement and appraisal that, we are able to
cover the various aspects of this Project work in time.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr.N.VENKATESH (Asst. professor), Project Co-

ordinator, for his valuable time, support and constant cooperation throughout during our Project
work.

This Project work could not be made without the tremendous background information
made available by various research workers and authors of excellent books and articles, which
have been referred to and are listed at the end of this thesis. We are thankful to them.

We are also thankful to all the Laboratory staff without whose help this work would not
have been completed.

P.NANDINI (20311A0116)
G.SAICHARAN (20311A0117)
G.KRISHNATEJA (20311A0141)
 ABSTRACT

Planning and designing a residential green building involves considering various aspects to create an

environmentally friendly and sustainable living space. This process includes incorporating energy-efficient

systems, utilizing renewable resources, and implementing eco-friendly materials and construction techniques.

The aim is to minimize the building's environmental impact while maximizing energy efficiency and

occupant comfort. Additionally, careful consideration is given to factors such as water conservation, waste

management, and indoor air quality. By integrating these principles into the planning and design stages, a

residential green building can contribute to a healthier and more sustainable future.

Planning and designing a residential green building involves several key considerations. Here is some more

information on each aspect:

1. Energy Efficiency: This involves incorporating energy-efficient systems and technologies such as solar

panels, energy-efficient appliances, LED lighting, and insulation. The goal is to reduce energy consumption

and reliance on non-renewable energy sources.

2. Renewable Resources: Utilizing renewable resources like solar, wind, or geothermal energy can help power

the building and reduce its carbon footprint. This may involve installing solar panels, wind turbines, or

utilizing geothermal heat pumps.

3. Eco-Friendly Materials: Choosing sustainable and environmentally friendly materials is crucial. This

includes using recycled or reclaimed materials, low VOC (volatile organic compound) paints and finishes,

and sustainable wood products certified by organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).

4. Construction Techniques: Implementing green construction techniques such as proper insulation, efficient

HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, and passive design strategies can optimize energy

efficiency and occupant comfort.

5. Water Conservation: Implementing water-saving fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and efficient

irrigation methods can help reduce water consumption and promote sustainable water management.
 ABSTRACT
6. Waste Management: Incorporating recycling systems, composting facilities, and designing for minimal

waste generation can contribute to effective waste management and reduce the environmental impact of the

building.

7. Indoor Air Quality: Ensuring good indoor air quality through proper ventilation, use of low VOC materials,

and effective air filtration systems is essential for occupant health and comfort.

By considering these aspects during the planning and design stages, a residential green building can achieve a

balance between environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, and occupant well-being.

• In our case site is predetermined. So we are not including the site selection in this project.
 INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 1

Introduction
- History of Green Building
- Importance of Sustainable Construction
- Objectives of the project

CHAPTER – 2

Literature Review
- LEED Rating systems
- Material selection
- Indoor air quality

CHAPTER – 3

Methodology

- Planning and designing

- Design considerations

- Material Used

- Cost analysis

CHAPTER – 4

Results and Discussions

CHAPTER – 5

- Conclusions

- References

Page | 7
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

History of Green Building

Residential green building has a rich history marked by various phases:

1. *Early Practices (Pre-20th Century):*

- Ancient civilizations utilized locally sourced, sustainable materials for housing.

- Traditional practices like adobe construction, thatched roofs, and natural ventilation showcased early eco-
friendly approaches.

2. *Early 20th Century:*

- The Arts and Crafts movement emphasized craftsmanship, natural materials, and a connection to nature.

- The 1970s energy crisis prompted interest in energy-efficient homes, with passive solar design gaining
attention.

3. *Late 20th Century:*

- The 1980s witnessed the emergence of green building concepts, influenced by environmental movements.

- The U.S. saw the founding of the Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1993, laying the groundwork for
LEED certification.

4. *1990s-2000s:*

- LEED became a globally recognized standard, encouraging sustainable practices in residential

construction.

- Energy-efficient technologies like solar panels and high-efficiency appliances gained popularity.

- Green building materials, such as recycled and locally sourced options, gained prominence.

5. *21st Century:*
Page | 8
- Advancements in smart home technology integrated with green principles for energy conservation.

- Sustainable urban planning and mixed-use developments emphasized eco-friendly community design.
 - Building codes began incorporating energy efficiency standards, driving the adoption of green practices.

6. *Current Trends:*

- Net-zero energy homes and passive house design are at the forefront of sustainable residential
construction.

- The use of eco-friendly materials, rainwater harvesting, and green landscaping are increasingly common.

Throughout this history, residential green building has evolved from niche practices to mainstream adoption,
reflecting a global commitment to sustainable living. Incorporating energy-efficient systems, renewable
energy sources, and environmentally conscious materials, the trajectory of residential green building
continues to shape the future of sustainable housing.

Importance of Sustainable Construction

1. Environmental Preservation:*
- Reduces the environmental impact of construction activities, minimizing resource depletion and pollution.
- Promotes the use of eco-friendly materials and sustainable building practices to preserve ecosystems.

2. *Energy Efficiency:*
- Incorporates designs and technologies that enhance energy efficiency, reducing overall energy
consumption.
- Focuses on renewable energy sources, such as solar power, to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy.

3. *Cost Savings:*
- Long-term cost savings through energy-efficient designs and systems.
- Utilizes recycled and locally sourced materials, often leading to reduced construction costs.

4. *Health and Well-being:*

- Enhances indoor air quality by using low-emission materials and efficient ventilation systems.
- Incorporates natural lighting and biophilic design principles, positively impacting occupants' health.

5. *Resilience to Climate Change:*

- Designs structures that are resilient to the impacts of climate change, considering factors like extreme
weather events and rising temperatures.
- Encourages the use of sustainable landscaping practices to mitigate climate-related risks.

6. *Waste Reduction:*
- Emphasizes waste reduction through practices like recycling, reusing materials, and minimizing
construction waste.
- Aims for zero or minimal waste during the construction and demolition phases.

7. *Regulatory Compliance and Certifications:*

- Adherence to green building standards and certifications, such as LEED, to meet regulatory requirements
Page |9
and gain recognition for sustainable practices.
- Compliance with evolving environmental regulations and building codes.
8. *Enhanced Market Value:*
- Green buildings often have higher market value and appeal to environmentally conscious buyers.
- Sustainable features can contribute to the certification and branding of the property.

9. *Social Responsibility:*
- Demonstrates a commitment to social responsibility by considering the well-being of future generations.
- Aligns with community expectations for sustainable and responsible development.

10. *Innovation and Technology Adoption:*

- Encourages the adoption of innovative technologies and construction methods, fostering industry
advancements.
- Drives research and development in sustainable construction practices.

Objectives of the project

1. *Energy Efficiency:*
- Incorporate design elements that optimize energy use, such as passive solar design, efficient insulation,
and high-performance windows.

2. *Resource Efficiency:*
- Utilize sustainable and locally sourced materials to minimize the environmental impact of construction
and reduce resource depletion.

3. *Water Conservation:*
- Implement water-efficient technologies, like low-flow fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems, to reduce
water consumption.

4. *Indoor Environmental Quality:*

- Prioritize indoor air quality through proper ventilation systems, low-emission materials, and designs that
enhance occupants' health and well-being.

5. *Waste Reduction:*
- Develop strategies to minimize construction and operational waste through recycling, reuse, and
responsible disposal practices.

6. *Natural and Renewable Resources:*

Page
- Integrate renewable energy sources like solar panels and incorporate natural elements such | 10
as daylighting
and natural ventilation.
7. *Green Landscaping:*
- Plan and design outdoor spaces with native and drought-resistant vegetation to minimize water usage and
promote biodiversity.

8. *Adaptability to Climate Change:*

- Design structures that are resilient to the impacts of climate change, considering factors like extreme
weather events and temperature fluctuations.

9. *Smart Technologies:*
- Incorporate smart home technologies for energy management, security, and convenience, enhancing the
overall efficiency of the residential green building.

10. *Community Integration:*

- Foster a sense of community by incorporating shared spaces, pedestrian-friendly designs, and amenities
that promote social interaction.

11. *Accessibility and Inclusivity:*

- Ensure that the design considers accessibility for all residents, including features for people with
disabilities and diverse needs.

12. *Regulatory Compliance:*

- Adhere to local building codes and green building standards to ensure compliance with regulations and
attain certifications like LEED.

13. *Life Cycle Analysis:*

- Conduct life cycle assessments to evaluate the environmental impact of materials and construction
processes, guiding decisions towards sustainability.

14. *Long-Term Performance:*

- Focus on durability and low-maintenance design to enhance the building's longevity and reduce the need
for frequent renovations.
Page | 11
15. *Education and Outreach:*
- Include educational elements in the design to inform residents about sustainable practices, encouraging a
green lifestyle within the community.

These objectives collectively contribute to the creation of a residential green building that is environmentally
responsible, resource-efficient, and conducive to the well-being of its occupants while promoting a
sustainable and resilient community.

Page | 12
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

LEED Rating systems

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating systems play a crucial role in planning
and designing residential green buildings. LEED, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC),
provides a framework for assessing and certifying the sustainability of buildings. Here's a brief overview:

1. *LEED for Homes:*

- Specifically tailored for residential projects, it evaluates the sustainability of single-family homes, multi-
family buildings, and affordable housing.
- Covers various aspects, including energy and water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, materials
selection, and sustainable site development.

2. *Rating Categories:*
- LEED for Homes uses eight credit categories, such as Location and Transportation, Sustainable Sites,
Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality,
Innovation in Design, and Regional Priority.
- Each category addresses specific sustainability goals and practices.

3. *Certification Levels:*
- LEED certifications are awarded at different levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum, based on the
total points earned during the evaluation.
- The levels signify varying degrees of environmental performance and sustainability.

4. *Energy and Water Efficiency:*

- Emphasizes energy-efficient design, renewable energy integration, and water conservation measures.
- Includes criteria for energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and HVAC systems, as well as water-saving
fixtures.

5. *Indoor Environmental Quality:*

- Focuses on creating healthy indoor environments through proper ventilation, use of low-emission
materials, and strategies to enhance indoor air quality.
- Encourages designs that maximize natural light and provide thermal comfort.

6. *Materials and Resources:*

- Promotes the use of sustainable and recycled materials, waste reduction during construction, and
responsible sourcing of building materials.
- Considers life cycle assessments to evaluate the environmental impact of materials.

7. *Innovation and Regional Priority:*

- Recognizes innovative strategies beyond standard LEED requirements and addresses regional
environmental priorities. Page | 13
- Encourages projects to go above and beyond in incorporating sustainable practices.
8. *Process:*
- The LEED certification process involves registering the project, submitting documentation, and
undergoing a review by a third-party organization.
- Projects earn points for meeting specific criteria within the credit categories.

LEED provides a comprehensive and recognized framework for designing and certifying residential green
buildings, promoting sustainable practices and fostering environmentally responsible construction. It serves as
a valuable guide for achieving high-performance and eco-friendly homes.

Material selection
1. *Sustainable Sourcing:*
- Prioritize materials obtained from responsibly managed, renewable sources to minimize environmental
impact.
- Consider certified wood, recycled metals, and other eco-friendly alternatives.

2. *Recycled Content:*
- Choose materials with high recycled content to reduce the demand for raw materials and promote the
recycling industry.
- Products like recycled steel, glass, and plastic can contribute to sustainability.

3. *Low-Emission Materials:*
- Opt for materials with low or no volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to improve indoor air quality and
occupant health.
- Consider low-emission adhesives, paints, and finishes.

4. *Energy-Efficient Insulation:*
- Select insulation materials with high thermal performance to enhance energy efficiency.
- Options like recycled denim, cellulose, or rigid foam insulation contribute to sustainable building
practices.

5. *Durable Materials:*
- Choose durable materials that require less frequent replacement, reducing the environmental impact over
the building's lifecycle.
- Consider long-lasting options such as stone, metal, or high-quality composites.

6. *Water-Efficient Fixtures:*
- Install water-efficient plumbing fixtures and fittings to reduce water consumption.
- Prioritize fixtures with WaterSense certification.

7. *High-Performance Windows:*
- Use energy-efficient windows with low emissivity coatings and insulated frames to minimize heat loss or
gain.
- Consider double or triple glazing for enhanced thermal performance.

8. *Cool Roof Materials:*

Page
- Install reflective roofing materials to reduce heat absorption and contribute to lower energy | 14
consumption
for cooling.
- Cool roof coatings and reflective tiles are examples of energy-efficient options.
9. *Local Materials:*
- Source materials locally to minimize transportation-related energy and emissions.
- Local materials support regional economies and contribute to a smaller carbon footprint.

10. *Lifecycle Assessment:*

- Conduct a life cycle assessment of materials to evaluate their overall environmental impact from
extraction to disposal.
- Choose materials with a lower environmental footprint throughout their lifecycle.

11. *Innovative Eco-Friendly Materials:*

- Explore innovative materials such as bamboo, recycled glass, or bio-based composites to enhance
sustainability and performance.
- Stay informed about emerging technologies and materials in the construction industry.

12. *Waste Reduction Strategies:*

- Select materials that are easy to recycle or reuse, contributing to waste reduction during construction and
demolition phases.

13. *Adaptability and Upgradability:*

- Choose materials that allow for adaptability and future upgrades, reducing the need for extensive
replacements and renovations.

14. *Green Building Certifications:*

- Prioritize materials that contribute to earning green building certifications such as LEED, ensuring
compliance with sustainability standards.

Material selection is a critical aspect of residential green building, influencing energy efficiency, indoor air
quality, and the overall environmental impact of the structure. Choosing materials with a focus on
sustainability aligns with the principles of green building and contributes to a more eco-friendly and resilient
built environment.

Indoor air quality

1. Ventilation Systems:*
- Design efficient mechanical ventilation systems that ensure a constant supply of fresh outdoor air,
reducing the concentration of indoor pollutants.

2. *Low-Emission Materials:*
- Specify building materials with low VOC emissions to prevent the release of harmful chemicals into the
indoor air.
- Choose paints, adhesives, and finishes that meet or exceed green building standards for low emissions.

3. *Air Filtration:* Page | 15

- Incorporate high-efficiency air filtration systems to capture particulate matter and allergens, promoting
cleaner indoor air.
 - Consider HEPA filters and regularly maintain ventilation equipment.

4. *Natural Ventilation:*
- Utilize natural ventilation strategies, such as operable windows and architectural design that encourages
cross-ventilation, to enhance indoor air circulation.

5. *Humidity Control:*
- Implement humidity control measures to prevent mold growth and maintain indoor air quality.
- Use dehumidifiers or moisture-resistant materials in moisture-prone areas.

6. *Indoor Plants:*
- Integrate indoor plants to improve air quality by absorbing pollutants and increasing oxygen levels.
- Select plants known for their air-purifying qualities.

7. *Radon Mitigation:*
- Implement radon-resistant construction techniques to prevent the entry of radon, a naturally occurring
radioactive gas, from the soil.
- Install radon mitigation systems if the area has a known radon risk.

8. *Proper Combustion Systems:*

- Design and install combustion systems for heating and cooking that are properly vented to the outside to
avoid the buildup of carbon monoxide and other pollutants.

9. *Integrated Pest Management:*

- Adopt integrated pest management strategies to minimize the use of harmful pesticides, promoting
healthier indoor air quality.

10. *Formaldehyde-Free Materials:*

- Choose building materials and furnishings that are formaldehyde-free to reduce exposure to this common
indoor air pollutant.

11. *Education and Awareness:*

- Educate residents about proper indoor air quality practices, including regular ventilation, cleaning
routines, and the selection of low-emission household products.

12. *Regular Maintenance:*

- Establish a routine maintenance schedule for HVAC systems and ventilation equipment to ensure optimal
performance and air quality.

13. *Occupancy Sensors:*

- Incorporate occupancy sensors to regulate ventilation and lighting based on the number of people in a
space, promoting energy efficiency and air quality.

14. *Green Cleaning Practices:*

- Encourage the use of environmentally friendly and non-toxic cleaning products to minimize the
introduction of pollutants into indoor spaces.

Ensuring high indoor air quality in residential green building designs not only promotes the health and well-
Page | 16approach,
being of occupants but also aligns with sustainable and eco-friendly principles. It involves a holistic
integrating effective ventilation, material selection, and maintenance practices to create a healthier living
environment.
 Planning and designing
GROUND FLOOR PLAN:-

Page | 17
1ST FLOOR PLAN :-

Page | 18
SLAB PLAN:-

PLOT AREA:- 400 SQ YARDS

BUILT UP AREA:- 365 SQ YARDS

CARPET AREA :- 256 SQ YARDS

INNER WALL THICKNESS - 6”

OUTER WALL THICKNESS – 1’

FLOOR HEIGHT – 11’5”

SURFACE AREA – 81’x 41’

DOOR – 4’8”x 8’22”

Page | 19
Page | 20
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. The orientation of the building
Orientation is the building’s positioning concerning the path of the sun and wind patterns. It is one of
the passive design techniques for improving thermal comfort inside the building. Orientation
regarding climatology is the key in the initial stages of planning and helps in optimizing the heating
and cooling needs throughout the building.

** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

2. Solar shading
Solar control and shading directly impact on the energy efficiency of the building. The cooling load
can be minimized to one-fourth of the building’s load. Shading devices such as fins and chajjas
(overhangs) are designed to get a minimum exposure of the sun in summer while allowing the
winter sun inside the space. This helps in regulating and reducing the electrical load on the building.
Solar orientation is important to consider while designing an effective shading device. Some solar
shading elements can be trees, hedges, overhangs, vertical fins, low-shading coefficient glass,
blinds, and louvers.

** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

Page | 21
3. Building material choices
Material selection for the building’s construction plays a crucial role in deciding its impact on the
environment. Locally available materials that are non-toxic and sustainable should be selected for
the construction to reduce the environmental impact of transportation. Recycled materials can also
minimize waste products from the environment. UV-reflective paints can be used on the exterior
walls to reduce the heat gain of the building. Material on the roof also plays a major role in the
energy efficiency of the building. China mosaic white finish, vermiculite concrete, and polystyrene
insulation are some materials that can be used as a roofing material. The lighter the color of the
material used on the roofs, the lesser the heat gain for the building.

Page | 22
** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

4. Building envelope
The building envelope is the division or a barrier between the interior of a building and the exterior.
It controls the exchange of air, water, heating, and cooling in the building’s interior. Therefore, it is
important to consider the components that make up the envelope. It includes the roof, walls, doors,
windows, and foundations of the building. Besides experiencing various structural loads, it also
accounts for air, heat, and moisture loads. Also, the building’s exterior such as color and texture
contributes to the heat gain/loss for the building. An envelope can be either tight (in cold climates)
or loose (in hot climates) based on the location in which the building is built. A loose envelope lets
air flow freely throughout the building while a tight envelope controls the airflow in and out of the
building.

** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

5. Window-wall ratio (WWR)

The Window-wall ratio is the ratio of the window area to the exterior wall area of the facade. It is an
important value in determining the energy performance of the building. Since windows cause
energy loss twice more than the wall, it has impacts on heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation.
Thus, the size and number of windows should be designed according to the climatic conditions.
Besides, interior and exterior shading, along with high-performance glazing systems can reduce the
undesirable solar heat gains through the windows.

Page | 23
** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

6. Structure design efficiency

The building and construction sector accounts for almost half of the total usage and consumption of
raw material, thus causing exhaustion of natural resources available. Thus, the optimization and
selection of structural systems concerning the minimal weight of the structure help to minimize the
exhaustion of natural resources. Also, structure-wise typical shapes, cross-sections, and varieties
are being developed to optimize the structure.

Page | 24
** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

7. Efficient lightning
Lightning comprises both the artificial light sources (bulbs, CFLs, LEDs, etc.) and the daylight from
the sources such as windows, skylights, or bay windows. A slight flaw in deciding the light for space
can cause negative health and psychological effects. Problems such as headache, decreased work
efficiency, reduced comfort level, and increased blood pressure can arise by a poor lightning
design. Thus, energy-efficient lightning-like CFLs or LEDs should be used instead of incandescent
bulbs, which will reduce not only energy consumption but also heat pollution.

** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

8. Water efficiency
Regulating water consumption and maintaining water quality are the fundamental goals in a green
building. Thus, dual plumbing design may be sought as a solution to protect and safeguard water
throughout the life cycle of the building. Water-conserving plumbing fixtures can also be used to
reduce water wastage. The recycled gray water can be utilized for toilet flushing and landscaping.
Proper drainage infrastructure and water harvesting pits need to be designed to ensure the least
wastage of water possible.
** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

Page | 25
9. Renewable energy systems
The renewable integrated systems are now being used like a solar water heater and solar chimneys to cool the
inside temperature. The electricity can be harnessed through solar energy with the help of photovoltaic
systems at the rooftop or the facades. After meeting the needs of the building, it can go off-grid, which has
multiple benefits such as reduced electricity cost, a power source for the neighborhood along with keeping the
environment clean. Geothermal energy is still in the developing phase for its effective use at the building
level.

** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

10. Waste management

Waste management is required to reduce the burden of waste generated by the residents to the landfills. It is
done by implementing, by reducing, recycling, and reusing the waste generated by the building. Therefore,
initial planning is required for dedicated space requirements during early design stages. The generated waste
needs to segregate on-site as degradable and non-degradable. Therefore, wastewater collection systems and
plumbing systems are required to be well-thought and well-designed. The construction stage is the one where
all the waste management strategies are implemented. Sufficient site accommodation is required for the waste
and recycling systems.

** - How your work took this consideration and how did you implement this consideration?

Page | 26
MATERIAL USED IN GREEN BUILDING

(if needed shift the below appropriate points to above where I asked regarding
implementation)

1. Windows and Openings

Low-E, or low-emissivity, glass was created to minimize the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light
that comes through your glass, without minimizing the amount of light that enters your home. Low-E
glass windows have a microscopically thin coating that is transparent and reflects heat. The coating
is even thinner than human hair! The Low-E coatings keep the temperature in your home consistent
by reflecting the interior temperatures back inside.

2. Lighting Fixtures

The use of LED lighting in green building design has significant economic benefits. By reducing
energy consumption and lowering maintenance costs, LED lighting can help to reduce operating
costs for building owners and tenants. Additionally, the long lifespan of LED lighting reduces the
need for frequent bulb replacements, which further reduces maintenance costs and improves the
overall economic feasibility of the building.

Page | 27
3. Plumbing Fixtures

Large quantities of water are saved by the use of plumbing fixtures that are designed to operate with
less water. For instance, toilets were once made to operate using 7 gallons per flush, but are now
available using only 1.3 gallons (a savings of over 80%). Water-saving plumbing fixtures are required in
many areas by building and plumbing codes.

4. Flooring

PVC is a synthetic plastic polymer made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin, which is mixed with
other additives to enhance its overall properties. This makes PVC highly resistant to wear, moisture,
and stains. For flooring, PVC is available in various forms, such as sheets, tiles, rolls, etc., catering
to diverse flooring needs. It's simple and easy installation and low maintenance requirements
further enhance its appeal.

Page | 28
5. DEODAR WOOD

Deodar, deemed as ‘Wood Of Gods’, is prized for its ample medicinal, religious and commercial
uses. The Deodar has many medicinal properties. The wood, resin and bark have anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.

6. LOW – VOC PAINTS

Low VOC paints are the ones that contain less volatile organic compounds or VOC solvents as
compared to traditional coatings. Since VOCs evaporate, subsequently transferring harmful chemicals
into the air, using low VOC products is better for improving air quality .
Page | 29
 7. AAC BLOCKS

Autoclaved aerated concrete combines insulation and structural capability in one material for walls,
floors, and roofs. Its light weight/cellular properties make it easy to cut, shave, and shape, accept
nails and screws readily, and allow it to be routed to create chases for electrical conduits and
smaller-diameter plumbing runs. This gives it design and construction flexibility, and the ability to
make easy adjustments in the field.

8. GREEN CEMENT

• Reduce greenhouse gas emission i.e., carbon dioxide emission from the cement
Page | 30
industry.
• Limits the use of natural resources such as limestone, clay, shale, natural river sand,
natural rocks that are being consumed for making conventional concrete.
• Makes use of industrial waste such as fly ash, silica fume, and last furnace that may
require several acres of land to dispose of.
• Requires less energy in production
• Withstands temperature fluctuations and hence decreases costs related to both
heating and cooling
• Durable and fire-resistant

9. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting is the simple process or technology used to conserve rainwater by collecting,
storing, conveying and purifying of rainwater that runs off from rooftops, parks, roads, open
grounds, etc. for later use. Here, let us have a look at the diagram of rainwater harvesting system .

10. SOLAR PANELS Page | 31

Solar Power is a cost-effective and clean source of electricity. It is also an excellent alternative to
power produced by fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. Solar power uses the energy from the
sun to generate electricity. Solar panels are either photovoltaic (PV) panels or concentrating solar
power (CSP) panels. Photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. The most common
form of photovoltaic panels is crystalline silicon solar panels. Crystalline silicon solar panels are
made of thin silicon layers and stacked on top of each other because of the thinness .

• Although there are so many green materials like slate, insulated concrete foams, straw
bale….etc, are available in market. But we are not using them. Because of they are very
expensive, they allows moisture to penetrate into the surface, which leads to mold and
mildew breeding, indoor humidity problems, requires specialized labors.

COST ANALYSIS:-
1. *Initial Construction Costs:*
- Specify costs for eco-friendly materials (recycled, locally sourced).
- Include expenses related to energy-efficient windows and doors.
- Break down the cost of renewable energy installations like solar panels.

2. *Operational Costs:*
- Calculate expected energy savings from efficient systems.
- Estimate water savings through low-flow fixtures and landscaping choices.
- Factor in maintenance costs for green features, such as specialized HVAC maintenance.

3. *Certification Costs:*
- Detail expenses associated with obtaining certifications, including application fees and consultant
fees.

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4. *ROI (Return on Investment):*
- Analyze potential savings over time from reduced energy and water bills.
 - Consider the payback period for higher upfront costs in comparison to standard construction.

5. *Incentives and Rebates:*

- Identify and quantify any available financial incentives or rebates for green building initiatives.
- Explore tax credits related to energy efficiency.

6. *Resale Value:*
- Research market data to estimate the impact of green features on property resale value.
- Consult with real estate professionals to gauge buyer interest in sustainable homes.

7. *Life Cycle Cost Analysis:*

- Evaluate the total cost of ownership, considering the lifespan of different building components.
- Include replacement or upgrade costs for non-durable components.

CHAPTER - 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS :-
• GREEN BUILDING
MATERIAL SIZE COST ENERGY
EFFICIENCY

AAC BLOCKS 600*200*100 MM RS-50/- PER LOWERING THE

BLOCK AIR
CONDITIONING
ABOUT 25%

GREEN 1m3 RS-4800/- REDUCES THE

CONCRETE CARBON FOOT
PRINTS ABOUT
60%

LOW E THICKNESS- RS-1350/- PER REDUCE HEAT

WINDOWS 20MM SQUARE FLOW UPTO 50%
GLASS METER

DEODAR WOOD THICKNESS 1.5” RS-1150/- PER THERMAL

CUBIC FEET CONDUCTIVITY-
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0.089 TO 0.117
W/MK
• CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
MATERIAL SIZE COST ENERGY
EFFICIENCY

FLY ASH 230*110*70 MM ₹ 5/ Piece LOWERING

BRICK THE AIR
CONDITIONING
ABOUT 20%

RMC 1m3 RS-4500/- REDUCES THE

CONCRETE CARBON FOOT
PRINTS ABOUT
9.5%

WINDOW 28 X 2 X 48 Inch ₹ 282/cu.m REDUCE HEAT

GLASS FLOW UPTO
18%

TEAK WOOD Thickness: 3-10 ₹ 1,500/ Cubic THERMAL

Inch Feet CONDUCTIVITY
0.1-0.2 W/MK
• GREEN BUILDING:-

S.NO MATERIALS QUANTITY RATE/EACH PRICE

1 Green cement 400(bags) 390 156000

2 Steel 1.5(tons) 62000 93000

3 Wood 167(sqfeet) 1500 250500

4 Bricks 1500(no's) 500 750000

5 Plastering sand 13(tons) 3800 49400

6 20mm 25(tons) 3500 87500

7 40mm 8(tons) 3000 24000

8 Gravel 42(tons) 1800 Page | 34

75600
 9 Tiles 35000(no's) 55 1925000

10 Electrical work 400(sq.feet) 100 40000

11 Plumbing 400(sq.feet) 110 44000

12 Painting 200000

13 Labour 400(sq.feet) 400 160000

14 Solar panels 2kw 115000 230000

Total costing 4085000

• CONVENTIONAL BUILDING:-

S.NO MATERIALS QUANTITY RATE PRICE

1 Cement 400(bags) 420 168000

2 Steel 1.5(tons) 62000 93000

3 Wood 175(sqfeet) 1150 201250

4 Bricks 9000(no's) 50 450000

5 Plastering sand 13(tons) 3800 49400

6 20mm 25(tons) 3500 87500

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7 40mm 8(tons) 3000 24000
 8 Gravel 42(tons) 1800 75600

9 Tiles 35000(no's) 55 1925000

10 Electrical work 400(sqfeet) 100 40000

11 Plumbing 365(sqfeet) 110 40150

12 Painting 200000
13 Labour 400(sqfeet) 400 160000

Total costing 3513900

CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION

• If the Home is Constructed as a green home in this project, the total cost increases by 5,71,100 in
addition to the total construction cost of the conventional home which is found to be 35,13,900.

• The percentage increase in total construction cost is 14% .

• So, on the bases of above figures, it can be concluded that:

• - “if the intension is to construct a new Home to live in, it is advisable to go for a Green home rather
than the ordinary conventional home. Because, the percentage increase of 14% in the total cost is not a
negligible amount when the intension is just to renovate or retrofit an old home”

The outcomes of our study provide clear support of the affordability of Green building. From the LCCA of
both the buildings, it is clear that the total cost needed for a Green building for 25 years is much less than that
of a conventional building. In the case of overall maintenance cost and environmental impact, Green building
is showing high performance compared to the conventional building. Hence this study proves that Green
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Building Technology can effectively adapt to all building sector to maintain the sustainability of the
environment. Green Building concept gives Tangible and non-tangible benefits from the stage of
conceptualization of the project till the full useful life of the building, through initially in few projects the
construction cost is higher than the base cost by approximately 14%, but this can be recovered within 2-3
years of lifecycle of the building by the way of saving in the operation of the green building. The main
drawback of this technology is its high initial investment. To reduce the initial investment large scale
constructions should start in the field of Green building, it can reduce the cost of energy efficient
technologies. For that from government level awareness should be given to constructors about the benefits of
Green Building Technology, which will help to attract more people to turn to sustainable technologies and
can preserve our environment.

REFERENCE

"LEED - U.S. Green Building Council“

"Green Building HomeGreen Building: Section 01350“
"Buildings – Analysis“
"Building Operations and Maintenance Services - GSA Sustainable
The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings
Indian green building council, IGBC Net Zero Energy Rating Syatem
Rain water harvesting & Conservation Manual – CPWD, Government of
India.

A Review Paper on Electricity Generation from Solar Energy, Mohd

Rizwan Sirajuddin Shaikh, Sirajuddin Shaikh.
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