ED REPORT BY Ankita Deshmukh

Environmental Design
Jan 2020
ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN
Submitted
For the partial fulfilment of degree
Bachelor of Architecture
Submitted by
Ms.ANKITA DESHMUKH
Guided by
Prof. Deepali Hejip

Prof. Chitra Shinde
Submitted to
Department of Architecture
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AURANGABAD, MAHARASHTRA
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN MAHARASHTRA OPEN UNIVERSITY, NASHIK (M.S.).
1 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

‘B’
MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN MAHARASHTRA OPEN UNIVERSITY, NASHIK (M.S.)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. ANKITA DESHMUKH_has submitted the assignments for his
towards the fulfilment of the requirements of subject Seminar -Thesis Topic (semester-
VII) for the graduate degree - B.Arch. in Nov -2018. This is bonafide work of the above
student of MITcollege, Aurangabad, who carried out work under my supervision.
Date - JAN -2020
Place- M. I. T.(E), Aurangabad
Subject Teacher head of department

Prof.deepali hejib External Examiner
Prof.chitra shinde

‘B’
DECLARATION
I here by declare that the -- EMNIVRONMENTA DESIGN REPORT submitted by me

towards the partial fulfilment for the award of under graduate degree B.Arch (General)
in July 2019 is a record of my own work. The matter embodied in this study has not been
submitted to any university for the award o any degree.
Date:
Place – M.I.T., Aurangabad

Ms. Ankita Deshmukh

‘B’
CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. ENVIORNMENTAL DESIGN .................................................................................... 02

2. IMPORTANCE OF ENVIORNMENTAL DESIGN .................................................... 04
3. EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ENVIORNMENT ....................................... 06
4. EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ATMOSPHERE .......................................... 08
5. POLLUTION ............................................................................................................... 10
6. TYPES OF POLLUTION ........................................................................................... .12
7. POLLUTANTS............................................................................................................ 20
8. PRECIPITATION ........................................................................................................ 23
9. HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................ 25
10. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.............................................................................. 30
11. LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 34
12. SITE ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………… 40

‘B’
1.ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
+Environmental design is the process of addressing surrounding environmental parameters
when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products.
+Classical prudent design may have always considered environmental factors; however, the
environmental movement beginning in the 1940s has made the concept more explicit.
+Environmental design can also refer to the applied arts and sciences dealing with creating the
human-designed environment.
+These fields include architecture, geography, urban planning, landscape architecture, and
interior design.
+Environmental design can also encompass interdisciplinary areas such as historical
preservation and lighting design. In terms of a larger scope, environmental design has
implications for the industrial design of products: innovative automobiles, wind power
generators, solar-powered equipment, and other kinds of equipment could serve as examples.
Currently, the term has expanded to apply to ecological and sustainability issues.
HISTORY
+Early roots of modern environmental design began in the late 19th Century with
writer/designer William Morris, who rejected the use of industrialized materials and processes
in wallpaper, fabrics and books his studio produced.
+He and others, such as John Ruskin felt that the industrial revolution would lead to harm done
to nature and workers.
+The narrative of Brian Danitz and Chris Zelov's documentary film Ecological Design:
Inventing the Future asserts that in the decades after World War II, "The world was forced to
confront the dark shadow of science and industry." From the middle of the twentieth century,
thinkers like Buckminster Fuller have acted as catalysts for a broadening and deepening of the
concerns of environmental designers.
+Nowadays, energy efficiency, appropriate technology, organic horticulture and agriculture,
land restoration, New Urbanism, and ecologically sustainable energy and waste systems are
recognized considerations or options and may each find application.
+By integrating renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, and even
geothermal energy into structures, it is possible to create zero emission buildings, where energy
consumption is self-generating and non-polluting.
+It is also possible to construct "energy-plus buildings" which generate more energy than they
consume, and the excess could then be sold to the grid. In the United States, the LEED Green
Building Rating System rates structures on their environmental sustainability.

‘B’
Figure – circle of design (source - https://www.blokboek.com/laurel-brunner-meaning-life/)

‘B’
2.IMPORTACE OF
ENVIORMENTAL DESIGN
+ENVIORMENTAL DESIGN is one of the parts of ARHITECTURAL DESIGN VALUES.

Ii is rooted in a number of perspectives including the aim of managing the ecosystems for
sustainable development, and the idea that everything in nature has an intrinsic value (nature
protection and preservation). Environmental problems and challenges led to a development
where environmental values became important in design. Different approaches to
environmental building and product technology can be illustrated with the development of
environmental high-tech architecture and the more “traditional” environmental movement
within is ecological based architecture.
+The environmental design values category consists of three design values.
Green and sustainability
Re-use and modification
Health
 Green and sustainability

+This value is based on a belief that a sustainable and/or environmentally friendly building
approach is beneficial to users, society and future generations. Key concepts within this design
value are: energy conservation, resource management, recycling, cradle-to-cradle, toxic free
materials etc.
 Re-use and modification

+This is based on a belief that existing buildings, and to some degree products, can be
continuously used through updates. Within this value there are two separate schools of thought
with regards to aesthetics: one camp focuses on new elements that are sublimated to an overall
aesthetic, and the other advocates for aesthetical contrast, dichotomy and even dissonance
between the old and the new.
 Health
+This design value is based on the belief that the built environment can contribute to ensuring
a healthy living enviorment. Built into this design value, are principles like: buildings should
be freestanding; sites need to be distributed to maximize the amount of sunlight that reaches
individual structures. Similarly, there is an emphasis on health based construction and
reduction of toxic emissions through selection of appropriate materials

‘B’
+Environmental design is an essential procedure for every project because it will help inspire
a win-win situation for both the society and the environment. With effective environmental
design, everyone will benefit by using the area in helpful and constructive ways. Most
importantly, this will also be advantageous to the environment as it'll be able to preserve itself
for future generations.
+To help gain a better understanding of its importance, here are three components involved in
environmental design.
1. The first one is the current status of the natural environment – taking all the existing uses,
features and natural resources at hand into account. This is where we assess the area that will
be used for the project. Without this step, environmental site assessments aren't possible.
2. Secondly, we have the part that involves goal setting and other measurable objectives. This
is where professionals come up with plans to achieve the best possible result for the site.
3. The third one is putting these plans into action with the right people, materials and
technology
Figure – environmental design (source - https://www.assetzproperty.com/blog/sustainable-initiatives-construction-industry/

‘B’
3.EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

ON ENVIRONMENT
+Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes
changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources
caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental
degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological
crisis, and ecological collapse.
+Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society is causing severe effects, which become
worse as the problem of human overpopulation continues.
+Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on
a global scale include human reproduction, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and
deforestation, to name but a few.
+Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss pose an existential risk
to the human race, and overpopulation causes those problems.
+The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity.
+The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and it was
first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on
climax plant communities.
+The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "Anthropocene" in the mid-
1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced from
human activity but also applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.
CAUSES
 +Human overpopulation
 +Overconsumption
 +Technology
 +Agriculture
 +Fishing
 +Irrigation
 +Agricultural land loss and soil erosion
 +Meat production
 +Energy industry

‘B’
Figure – global warming (source-https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180705110027.htm)

‘B’
4. EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

ON ATMOSPHERE
+The Industrial Revolution sparked a huge advance in technology and development, but it led
to air pollution and contaminants being released into the air.
+The human impact on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate remains a major issue in ecological
politics today, and presents a problem that could threaten the planet for years.
Greenhouse Gases
+Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, contributes to the greenhouse effect,
which causes the atmosphere to trap heat, making temperatures rise in the oceans and on the
planet.
+According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the concentrations
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased by 38 percent since 1750, while methane
concentrations have gone up 148 percent during the same period.
+Most scientists attribute this increase to the widespread combustion of fossil fuels.
Depleted Ozone Layer

+The ozone layer, a protective covering of the atmosphere, helps to block ultraviolet radiation.
In May of 1985, scientists from the British Antarctic Survey discovered that something was
destroying ozone molecules above Antarctica.
+Study of the problem traced the destruction to chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting
chemicals, and in 1987, countries around the world signed the Montreal Protocol to discontinue
the use of CFCs.
+CFCs include chemicals typically found in aerosol sprays, in refrigerants used in air
conditioners and in blowing agents for foam and other packing materials.

‘B’
Figure – ozone layer depletion (source-https://helpsavenature.com/ozone-layer-depletion-effects-causes)

‘B’
5. POLLUTION
+Humans alone have the potential to gather resources from beyond their immediate
surroundings and process them into different and more versatile forms.
+This has made humans to thrive and flourish beyond natural constraints. As a result of which
the anthropogenic (man-induced) pollutants have overloaded the system, and the natural
equilibrium is disturbed.
+Rapid development activities have been associated with more and more exploitation of
various natural resources.
+Technological development has resulted in fast depletion of non-renewable energy resources,

mainly coal and petroleum, and also various minerals.
+Mining activities, dam, building, urbanization and industrialization have all interfered with
the ecological balance of nature due to large scale impact.
+Primitive humans used natural resources to satisfy their basic needs of air, water, food and
shelter.
+These natural and unprocessed resources were readily available in the biosphere, and the
residues produced by the use of these resources were generally compatible with or easily
assimilated by the environment.
+With the dawn of the industrial revolution, humans were better able than ever to satisfy their
needs for air, water, food and shelter.
+So, humans turned their attention to other needs beyond those associated with survival.

‘B’
+Automobiles, household appliances, processed foods and beverages, etc. have now become
as popular as to seem necessities, and meeting these acquired needs had become a major thrust
of modern industrial society.
+These acquired needs are usually met by items that must be processed or manufactured or
refined.
+The production, distribution and use of such items usually results in more complex residuals
and/or wastes, many of which are not compatible with or readily assimilated by the
environment.
+As the acquired needs (or luxuries) increase so will the complexity of the production chain,
and mass and complexity of the pollutants generated.

‘B’
6.TYPES OF POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
+Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases,
particles, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
+It may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other
living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built
environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.
Figure – air pollution (source-https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/09/news-air-quality-brain-cognitive-function/)
Air pollutant
 +An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans
and the ecosystem.
 +The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be
of natural origin or man-made.

‘B’
 +Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually

produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption.
 +Substances emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Sulfur oxides (SOx)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
• Particulate matter
• Persistent free radicals
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Ammonia
• Radioactive pollutants
• Odors
Effects
 Health effects
+In 2012, air pollution caused premature deaths on average of 1 year in Europe, and was a
significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory
infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.
 Agricultural effects
+In India in 2014, it was reported that air pollution by black carbon and ground level ozone
had reduced crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2011 when compared to
1980 levels.
 Economic effects
+Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses
and degraded quality of life, according to a joint study by the World Bank and the Institute for
Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington.
 Historical disasters
+The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster in India.
The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog
of 1952 formed over London. he worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US
occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000
were injured.

‘B’
WATER POLLUTION
+Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities.
Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater.
+Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For
example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to
degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
+In turn, this can lead to public health problems for people living downstream. They may use
the same polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation.
+Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne
diseases.
Figure – water pollution (source-https://www.indiacelebrating.com/environmental-issues/water-pollution/)
CAUSES
+The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well as
physical parameters.

‘B’
+Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Elevated temperatures can also
lead to polluted water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant
by power plants and industrial manufacturers.
+Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain
composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species.
+The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals,
pathogens, and physical changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration.
+While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring
(calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the concentration usually determines what is a natural
component of water and what is a contaminant. High concentrations of naturally occurring
substances can have negative impacts on aquatic flora and fauna.
EFFECTS
+The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in
which locations.
+Many water bodies near urban areas (cities and towns) are highly polluted. This is the result
of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped
by manufacturing industries, health centers, schools and market places.
 Death of aquatic (water) animals

+The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills organisms that depend on these
water bodies. Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins, and many other animals often
wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat (living environment).
 Disruption of food-chains
+Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are
eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food
chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.
 Diseases
+Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases such as
hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always
outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of poor drinking water treatment from contaminated
waters.
‘B’
 Destruction of ecosystems
+Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a place, depending on each other for life) can
be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by
careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.
CONTROL
 Municipal wastewater treatment

+In urban areas of developed countries, municipal wastewater (or sewage) is typically treated
by centralized sewage treatment plants. Well-designed and operated systems (i.e., with
secondary treatment steps or more advanced treatment) can remove 90 percent or more of the
pollutant load in sewage.
+Some plants have additional systems to remove nutrients and pathogens, but these more
advanced treatment steps get progressively more expensive.
+Nature-based solutions are also being used instead of (or in combination with) centralized
treatment plants
 On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
+Households or businesses not served by a municipal treatment plant may have an individual
septic tank, which pre-treats the wastewater on site and infiltrates it into the soil. This can lead
to groundwater pollution if not properly done.
 Industrial wastewater treatment
+Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that is similar to domestic sewage and can be
treated by sewage treatment plants. Industries that generate wastewater with high
concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals,
volatile organic compounds) or nutrients such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems.
+Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic
compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.

‘B’
Industries generating large volumes of wastewater typically operate their own treatment
systems.
+Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce
or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.
 Control of urban runoff (storm water)

+Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of storm water, as
well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a variety of storm water
management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff.
+These techniques, called best management practices for water pollution (BMPs) in the U.S.,
may focus on water quantity control, while others focus on improving water quality, and some
perform both functions.

‘B’
NOISE POLLUTION
+Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of
noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life.
Figure – noise pollution (source-https://english.madhyamam.com/en/articles/2018/apr/11/stop-drilling-brain)
CAUSES
+The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and
propagation systems.
+Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential
buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.
+Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include loud music, transportation
noise, lawn care maintenance, nearby construction, or young people yelling (sports games).
+Noise pollution associated with household electricity generators is an emerging
environmental degradation in many developing nations.

‘B’
+The average noise level of 97.60 dB obtained exceeded the WHO value of 50 dB allowed for
residential areas. Research suggests that noise pollution is the highest in low-income and racial
minority neighborhoods.
EFFECTS
+High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased
incidence of coronary artery disease.
+In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and
avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing
loss.
+While the elderly may have cardiac problems due to noise, according to the World Health
Organization, children are especially vulnerable to noise, and the effects that noise has on
children may be permanent.
+Noise poses a serious threat to a child’s physical and psychological health, and may negatively
interfere with a child's learning and behavior.
CONTROL
+The Hierarchy of Controls concept is often used to reduce noise in the environment or the
workplace. Engineering noise controls can be used to reduce noise propagation and protect
individuals from overexposure.
+When noise controls are not feasible or adequate, individuals can also take steps to protect
themselves from the harmful effects of noise pollution. If people must be around loud sounds,
they can protect their ears with hearing protection (e.g., ear plugs or ear muffs).
+In recent years, Buy Quiet programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat
occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and
equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.
+Noise from roadways and other urban factors can be mitigated by urban planning and better
design of roads. Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation of
vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use of traffic
controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design.
+An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise, that
is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations, and hypothetical
mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought
in the planning stage of a roadway project.
+Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of
day runway has benefited residents near airports.

‘B’
7. POLLUTANTS
+A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has

undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource.
+A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the growth rate
of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort,
health, or property values.
+Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore will not persist in the
environment in the long term. However, the degradation products of some
pollutants are themselves polluting such as the products DDE and DDD produced
from degradation of DDT.
+In general, substance or energy introduce into the enviorment that has undesired
effect, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource.
+A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the growth rate
of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort,
health, or property values. Pollutants may be classified by various criteria:
1} By the origin: whether they are natural or man-made [synthetic].
2} By he effect: on an organ, specie, or an entire ecosystem.
3} by the properties: mobility, persistence, toxicity.
4} By the controllability: ease or difficulty of removal.

‘B’

‘B’
Figure – pollutant (source-http://www.socialni-susice.cz/?quizlet=quizlet-law-dissertations)
Different types of pollutants in nature

 Stock pollutants
+Pollutants, towards which the environment has low absorptive capacity are called stock
pollutants. (e.g. persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs, non-biodegradable plastics, and
heavy metals).
+Stock pollutants accumulate in the environment over time. The damage they cause increases
as more pollutant is emitted, and persists as the pollutant accumulates. Stock pollutants can
create a burden for future generations, by passing on damage that persists well after the
‘benefits' received from incurring that damage; have been forgotten

‘B’
 Fund pollutants
+Fund pollutants are those for which the environment has moderate absorptive capacity.
+Fund pollutants do not cause damage to the environment unless the emission rate exceeds
the receiving environment's absorptive capacity (e.g. carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by
plants and oceans).
+Fund pollutants are not destroyed, but rather converted into less harmful substances, or
diluted/dispersed to non-harmful concentrations.
 Notable pollutants
Notable pollutants include the following groups or compounds:
• Mercury Hg
• Persistent organic pollutants POPs
• Ozone Ozone
• Particulate matter PM
• Environmental Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants EPPP
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs
• Volatile organic compounds VOCs
 Light pollutant
+Light pollution is the impact that anthropogenic light has on the visibility of the night sky.
+It also encompasses ecological light pollution which describes the effect of artificial light on
individual organisms and on the structure of ecosystems as a whole.

‘B’
8. PRECIPITATION
+Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under
gravity.
+The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail.
Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so
that the water condenses and "precipitates".
+Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapour does not
condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air
becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapour to the air.
+Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice
crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called
"showers."
+Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface
may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is typically active when freezing rain
occurs.
+A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the foci for
forcing and rising air. Provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the
moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus.
Eventually, the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward
the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects.
+Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example due to water evaporation from
lakes, lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold
cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones. Lake-effect snowfall can be
locally heavy.
+Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation
bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized
within windward sides of the terrain at elevation.
+On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by
compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by
convection.
+The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy
seasons to savannah climes.
+Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the
fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) of
waterfalls as precipitation each year; 398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the

‘B’
oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres (26,000 cu mi) over land. Given the Earth's surface area,
that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres (39 in), but over land
it is only 715 millimetres (28.1 in). Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate
classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate
regimes.
+Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies, e.g. when it gets cold, Mars has
precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.

‘B’
9. HYDROLOGY
 HYDROLOGY
+Hydrology is the science of occurrence , movement and distribution of water above/ below
and land surface or in the atmosphere .
Figure – hydrology (source-https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~jharbor/CeleryBogBeta/hydrology.html)
 Surface water hydrology
+It is the sub field of hydrology concerned with above earth water, in contrast to ground water
hydrology.
+Its application includes rainfall and runoff , the routes that surface water takes example
through rivers and reservoirs. It is used to predict the effect of water construction such as dams
and canals

‘B’
 Groundwater hydrology
+Ground water is water located beneath the earth surface in soil pore space and in the fractures
of rock formations.
+The depth at which soil pore space or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated
with water is called the water table.
 Scope of hydrology
• For knowing the scope of water in that area.
• For knowing quality and quantity of water in that area.
• For distribution of river water for fulfilling the needs of different area.
• Tremendous importance is given to hydrology all over the world in the development
and management of water resources for irrigation , water supply, flood control, water
logging and salinity control, hydro power and navigation .
• The maximum probable flood that may occur at a given site and its frequency, This is
required for the safe design of drains and culverts , dam and reservoirs , channel and
other flood control structures.
Use of hydrology in cities
 It is used to find out maximum probable flood at proposed sites e.g. Dams.
 The variation of water production from catchments can be calculated and described
by hydrology.
 Engineering hydrology enables us to find out the relation between a catchments surface
water and groundwater resources.

‘B’
 Hydrological investigation helps us to know the required reservoir capacity to assure

adequate water supply in drought conditions. It is used in design and operations of
hydraulic structures.
 It is an essential tool in planning and building hydraulic structures.
 It is used for city water supply design which is based on the catchments area, amount
of rainfall , dry period , storage capacity .
 Dam construction, Reservoir capacity, Spillway capacity , Sizes of water supply
pipelines all are designed on basis of hydrological equations.
 It is also used in determining the water balance of the region .
 Mitigation and predicting floods landslides and draught risk.
 It is also used in designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation ,
for designing bridges, designing sewers and urban drainage system .
 It helps us on assessing the impact of natural and anthropogenic environmentalchange.
 Different hazards and their effects on different structures

1. Floods.
2. Heavy rain
3. Acidity rain
4. Snowfall on hilly area
5. Draught and poor quality of water
6. Heavy run off
7. cyclone
1. FLOOD-
+An overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is
normally dry land. It affects the economy , structures and also causes health issues
2. HEAVY RAIN –
+Heavy rainfall is one of the most frequent and widespread severe weather hazards to affect
human life . Defined as rainfall higher than 100mm in 24 hours.
‘B’
Effects-
+It increases water level which may affect human life. It can also destroy buildings , structures,
Transport and livestock. It affects soil erosion , Landslide from mountains could fall and block
the roads. Electric supply could get hampered.
3- ACIDIC RAIN-
+Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur di oxide
and nitrogen oxides are released into the air.
+These substances rise high into the atmosphere where they mix with water, oxygen and form
acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
Effects-
+It affects surface water and aquatic animals , forests , automotive coating, Building materials,
human health etc.
4- SNOW FALL ON HILLY AREA-
Effects-
+Rock decay due to freezing and thawing action . sudden Increase in river water level . Collapse
of structure by different effect of snow and ice.
+5- DRAUGHT AND POOR QUALITY OF WATER-
+Water is available in an area of different sources , under ground or surface water absed , If
the quality is not satisfied and the quantity is le
 Effects-
+It affects human life , Development of town or residential area is not possible , farming is not
possible construction activities are difficult
‘B’
6- HEAVY RUN OFF-
+When water meet at a point which was driven from different sources like rain or snow melting
on hilly areas and after meeting at a point it starts running in the form of river and having many
disadvantages
Effects-
Land sliding, land cutting , having negative effects on residential commercial areas.
7- CYCLONES
+An extremely large , powerful and destructive storm with very high winds that turn around
an area of low pressure
Effects- One cyclone can destroy one town or more .

‘B’
10. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
+Solid waste refers here to all non-liquid wastes. In general this does not include excreta,
although sometimes nappies and the faeces of young children may be mixed with solid waste.
+Solid waste can create significant health problems and a very unpleasant living environment
if not disposed of safely and appropriately. If not correctly disposed of, waste may provide
breeding sites for insect-vectors, pests, snakes and vermin (rats) that increase the likelihood of
disease transmission. It may also pollute water sources and the environment.
Figure – initial steps waste management (source-Médecins Sans Frontières (1994) Public Health Engineering in Emergency Situation.
Médecins Sans Frontières: Paris.)

‘B’
 Initial steps
In order to establish effective solid waste management in the affected area the following
process should be used
 Solid waste management can be divided into five key

components
Generation
+Generation of solid waste is the stage at which materials become valueless to the owner and
since they have no use for them and require them no longer, they wish to get rid of them.
+Items which may be valueless to one individual may not necessarily be valueless to another.
For example, waste items such as tins and cans may be highly sought after by young children.
 Storage
+Storage is a system for keeping materials after they have been discarded and prior to collection
and final disposal.
+Where on-site disposal systems are implemented, such as where people discard items directly
into family pits, storage may not be necessary. In emergency situations, especially in the early
stages, it is likely that the affected population will discard domestic waste in poorly defined
heaps close to dwelling areas.
+If this is the case, improved disposal or storage facilities should be provided fairly quickly
and these should be located where people are able to use them easily. Improved storage
facilities include:
Small containers: household containers, plastic bins, etc.

Large containers: communal bins, oil drums, etc.
Shallow pits
Communal depots: walled or fenced-in areas
+In determining the size, quantity and distribution of storage facilities the number of users,
type of waste and maximum walking distance must be considered. The frequency of emptying

‘B’
must also be determined, and it should be ensured that all facilities are reasonably safe from
theft or vandalism.
 Collection
+Collection simply refers to how waste is collected for transportation to the final disposal site.
Any collection system should be carefully planned to ensure that storage facilities do not
become overloaded. Collection intervals and volumes of collected waste must be estimated
carefully.
 Transportation
+This is the stage when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site (see 7.6 for more
details). There are various modes of transport which may be adopted and the chosen method
depends upon local availability and the volume of waste to be transported.
+Types of transportation can be divided into three categories:
Human-powered: open hand-cart, hand-cart with bins, wheelbarrow, tricycle
Animal-powered: donkey-drawn cart
Motorised: tractor and trailer, standard truck, tipper-truck
 Disposal
+The final stage of solid waste management is safe disposal where associated risks are
minimised. There are four main methods for the disposal of solid waste:
Land application: burial or landfilling
Composting
Burning or incineration
Recycling (resource recovery)

‘B’
Figure – solid waste pit (source-Médecins Sans Frontières (1994) Public Health Engineering in Emergency Situation. Médecins Sans
Frontières: Paris.)

‘B’
11. LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT
+Liquid wastes mainly consist of waste water from residential, commercial and industrial areas
in towns and cities.
+This waste water contains many dissolvable unwanted and rejected substances. In cities and
towns, waste water is transported through sewerage system having a network of underground
pipes called sewers.
+Sewage is waste water containing solid and liquid excreta coming from houses, streets,
industries etc. Silage is another term applied to waste liquid not containing excreata.
+Sewage water mainly has 99.9 percent of water and rest 0.1 percent of organic and inorganic
substances.
+This waste water carries many bacteria which cause diseases. Organic matter decomposes to
give different colour to the water and it also gives bad odour to the liquid.
+The sewage water is managed to get it free from pollution and can be reused for agricultural
and other uses.
 The treatment to such sewage mainly focused on three things. They

are:
(a) Remove the suspended matters
(b) To reduce the organic matter through decomposition by bacterial action.
(c) To produce germ free water safe for environment.
 Management of liquid waste through sewage treatment:
There are three stages for treatment of sewage water. They are:
1. Primary or physical treatment.
2. Secondary or Biological treatment.

‘B’
3. Tertiary or chemical treatment.
Primary treatment:
+It is the process of mechanically removing the solid materials present in water through metal
screening. Grit chambers and sedimentation.
+Metal screening removes large floating objects such as small piece of woods, rags, masses of
garbage and death insects and animals.
+The Grit chamber allows the settlement of heavier solids such as sand into the bottom layer.
+The waste water is then allowed to pass into a big sedimentation tank where the liquid spends
about 6- 8 hours. During this time about 50 to 70 percent of the solids settle down under the
influence of gravitational force.
+During this process a small amount of decomposition takes place by the microorganisms
present in sewage breaking down the organic matter present.
+The organic matter after breaking down settles down into a layer called sludge.
+This sludge is removed mechanically. Primary treatment removes about 60 percent of floating
solid bodies, 30 percent of oxygen demanding wastes, 20 percent of nitrogen compounds, and
10 percent of phosphorous compounds.

‘B’
Secondary Treatment:
+It is a biological oxidation of organic matter. It is achieved by filter method or by sludge
process. In the filter method, the waste water is sprinkled over the surface of a bed of small
stones of one to two metres deep.
+When the water percolates through the stone bed, a very complex biological growth of algae,
fungi, protozoa and bacteria occurs. By these formation, the waste water gets oxidised. The
oxidised waste water is then passed into the sedimentation tanks.
+The sludge process is a modem method of management of waste water. The liquid from the
sedimentation tank is mixed with sludge collected from the final tank. This sludge is called
activated sludge as it is rich in aerobic bacteria (bacterial which can survive only in presence
of oxygen).
+This activated sludge is then subjected to aeration. By aeration the organic matter of waste
liquid gets oxidized into carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. Organisms causing diseases like
typhoid, cholera are destroyed is the stage.+The oxidised waste liquid is then passed into a
secondary sedimentation tank where activated sludge is collected. The volume and
characteristics of the sludge is reduced through anaerobic (devoid of oxygen) auto digestion.

‘B’
+In this process, complex compounds are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane
and ammonia. This substance works as a good fertiliser.
Tertiary Treatment:
+The residue from earlier two treatment process still leave about 10 percent of suspended solid
bodies, 10 percent of the oxygen demanding wastes, 30 percent of toxic metal compounds, 50
percent of Nitrogen and 70 percent of phosphorous. This Tertiary Treatment method is an
advanced form of chemical and physical process.
+The most common methods in this treatment is precipitation of suspended particles, filtration
with carbon to resolve dissolve organic compounds and reverse osmosis by passage through a
membrane to remove dissolve organic and inorganic materials.
+Chlorination is also required at the end to remove disease causing bacteria and other germs.
Figure – waste water treatment method (source-http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/clip_image00290.jpg)
Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes for the management of waste liquid:
+The algae are a unicellular plant mostly grows in water upper layer or on stones present in the
water. These all are very useful for waste liquid purification. Algae and bacteria used together
is an efficient method for recovery of waste water over bacterial action. This process is also
very inexpensive. In the algae-bacteria combination, an alga provides oxygen to remove
nutriensy and other toxic elements. Bacteria on the other hand degrade organic matter
aerobically.
The aquatic plants are also
used in the treatment of waste-water. These plants when grown in high nutrient water grow
well and double their population in two weeks time. It thus able to clean waste water
containing various organic materials.

‘B’
12.SITE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTIONS:
• Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM), an autonomous
organization of the Ministry of Tourism , Government of India , is one of the premier
institutes in the country offering education , training , research and consultancy in
sustainable management of tourism, travel and other allied sectors.
• Aurangabad district has always been a prominent region on the Deccan plateau.
• Having been inhabited since the Stone major contribution over the years
• As Aurangabad city has tremendous potential to attract the tourist , therefore is a
need to manage this tourism industry . And for the purpose of the same we need to
develop the professionals in this field .

‘B’

‘B’

ED REPORT BY Ankita Deshmukh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ED REPORT BY Ankita Deshmukh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Environmental Design

Prof. Deepali Hejip

1 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

MARATHWADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN MAHARASHTRA OPEN UNIVERSITY, NASHIK (M.S.)

student of MITcollege, Aurangabad, who carried out work under my supervision.

Date - JAN -2020

Place- M. I. T.(E), Aurangabad

Subject Teacher head of department

2 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

I here by declare that the -- EMNIVRONMENTA DESIGN REPORT submitted by me

Place – M.I.T., Aurangabad

3 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

1. ENVIORNMENTAL DESIGN .................................................................................... 02

4 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

5 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – circle of design (source - https://www.blokboek.com/laurel-brunner-meaning-life/)

6 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

+ENVIORMENTAL DESIGN is one of the parts of ARHITECTURAL DESIGN VALUES.

 Green and sustainability

 Re-use and modification

7 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – environmental design (source - https://www.assetzproperty.com/blog/sustainable-initiatives-construction-industry/

8 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

3.EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

9 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – global warming (source-https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180705110027.htm)

10 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

4. EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Depleted Ozone Layer

11 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – ozone layer depletion (source-https://helpsavenature.com/ozone-layer-depletion-effects-causes)

12 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

+Technological development has resulted in fast depletion of non-renewable energy resources,

13 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

14 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – air pollution (source-https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/09/news-air-quality-brain-cognitive-function/)

15 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

 +Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

16 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – water pollution (source-https://www.indiacelebrating.com/environmental-issues/water-pollution/)

17 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

 Death of aquatic (water) animals

 Municipal wastewater treatment

 On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation

 Industrial wastewater treatment

19 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

 Control of urban runoff (storm water)

20 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

21 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

22 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

+A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has

1} By the origin: whether they are natural or man-made [synthetic].

2} By he effect: on an organ, specie, or an entire ecosystem.

3} by the properties: mobility, persistence, toxicity.

4} By the controllability: ease or difficulty of removal.

23 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

24 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

Figure – pollutant (source-http://www.socialni-susice.cz/?quizlet=quizlet-law-dissertations)

Different types of pollutants in nature

25 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR

26 ANKITA DESHMUKH4TH YEAR