Project Report on

Advanced Earthquake resisting Techniques

Submitted by:
Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033
Chinmoy Atanu Chatterjee 20171311016
Masarirevu Artwell 20171311045
Parjapati Jigarkumar Ranchhodbhai 20291311071

Under the guidance of

Mr. Yash Shah

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University

A Project report submitted to

Ganpat University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The Degree of Diploma Engineering (6th Semester) in
Civil Engineering
April -2023

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

B.S. PATEL POLYTECHNIC / INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

GANPAT UNIVERSITY,

KHERVA

4
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work embodied in this semester entitled “Your
Topic” was carried out by following students studying at B. S. Patel
Polytechnic for partial fulfillment of Diploma Engineering. This Project work
has been carried out under my supervision and is up to my satisfaction.

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Chinmoy Atanu Chatterjee 20171311016
Masarirevu Artwell 20171311045
Parjapati Jigarkumar Ranchhodbhai 20291311071

Date: __/__2023

Place: Kherva

Signature of Guide

Mr. Yash Shah

Assistant Professor

Civil Engineering Department

Institute of Technology

Ganpat University

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Project brings about dramatic changes in the traditional lookout of

science & technology. It has widened our vision, opened newer avenues
and lightened the dark obscure facts of mysterious universe. Behind every
success there are lot many efforts, but efforts are fruitful due to hands
making the passage smoother. We express our deep sense of gratitude for
hands, people extended to us during our work.
We would like to thank to our Guide Mr. Yash Shah, Assistant Professor
of Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, for his moral
support, constant unceasing encouragement, critical evaluation,
suggestion, constant untiring guidance and affection during the entire
span of our under-graduation study.

With reverence and gratitude, we would like to thank Mr. V. N. PATEL,

Head of Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Patel Polytechnic &
Institute of Technology, who has provided us the necessary knowledge
and guidance for enabling our project work successfully at regular
interval.

We would like to express our special thanks to all friends who were
always stood by us and provided all the necessary help to complete our
work. We are very much thankful to almighty for giving us chance to
have such brilliant and co-operative friends.
At the occasion of Project submission, we would like to thank from the
bottom of my heart to our parents and Department of Civil
Engineering for their endless love, support and encouragement. Last but
not least we pay our reverence to this institute, Institute Technology. We
are proud to be associated with this college.

Place: Kherva.

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

Chinmoy Atanu Chatterjee 20171311016
Masarirevu Artwell 20171311045

6
 Parjapati Jigarkumar Ranchhodbhai 20291311071

ABSTRACT

For over 35 years now, field of earthquake engineering has existed in our country.
There have been significant contributions to seismic safety of several important
structures in our country by Indian engineers. It is also seen that due to lack of
awareness amongst practicing engineers about provisions that needs to be followed
in designing earthquake resistant buildings, the result has been less satisfactory for
normal structures during past Earthquake in India.

To prevent the buildings from earthquake excitations there are several techniques
that are used nowadays such as base isolation, dampers, bracings, etc. This paper is
a review on various researches carried out by various researchers and engineers on
such systems. The paper consists of a short review on the tests and investigations on
systems for earthquake resistance in buildings done by professors, students, etc of
various universities from all over the globe and also focuses on the result they
obtained.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any task depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of
this seminar. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Farhan Vahora
(Asst. prof, L.J.I.E.T. Ahmedabad) without his encouragement and guidance this
literature review would not have materialized. I would like to thanks Mr. Vaibhav
Doshi (Asst. prof, L.J.I.E.T. Ahmedabad) for his support whenever I face any
difficulty.

- PATEL MONALISA VINODBHAI

(14032072000
9)

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Contents
TITLE PAGE NO.
Certificate ii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgement v
Table Of Contents vi
List Of Figures viii
List Of Tables
viii

1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................1

1.2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......................................................................2

1.2.1 Hybrid fibre reinforced concrete..............................................................2

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF WORK................................................................................3

1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK.................................................................................3

2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................5

2.1 Effect Of Hybrid Fibres On The Properties Of Class C Fly Ash Based
Concrete (Rama Mohan Rao. P, Ravi Chandra .A)...................................................5

2.2 Influence of Hybrid Fibre on Reinforced Concrete (Selina Ruby G.,

Geethanjali C.,Jaison Varghese,P. Muthu Priya).......................................................6

2.3 Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete (Vikrant S.

Vairagade,Kavita S. Kene).........................................................................................7

2.4 Evaluation of Performance of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) for

M25 Grade(Konapure C.G, Kangiri S.D. )................................................................8

2.5 Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete For Pavements

(Rajarajeshwari Vibhuti, Radhakrishna, Arvind).....................................................10

3 METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................11

3.1 GENERAL....................................................................................................11

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 3.2 MATERIALS................................................................................................11

3.2.1 CEMENT...............................................................................................11

3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE.............................................................................11

3.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE.......................................................................12

3.2.4 WATER..................................................................................................12

3.2.5 FLY ASH...............................................................................................12

3.3 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE............................................................15

3.3.1 HISTORY OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE............................17

3.3.2 PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE......................18

3.4 STEEL FIBRE...............................................................................................19

3.4.1 NEED OF STEEL FIBERS...................................................................20

3.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FIBERS...................................................20

3.4.3 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL FIBERS............................................20

3.4.4 VOLUME OF FIBERS AS PER USE...................................................20

3.4.5 SHAPE OF STEEL FIBER....................................................................21

3.4.6 HOOKED END FIBER.........................................................................21

3.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE................................................................22

3.5.1 MIX DESIGN........................................................................................22

4 EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND RESULTS......................................................26

4.1 WORKABILITY TEST................................................................................26

4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST...........................................................27

4.3 SPLIT-TENSILE TEST................................................................................29

4.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST..................................................................30

4.5 CASTING SCHEDULE OF PROJECT........................................................31

5 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................34

6 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................35

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11
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 SLUMP TEST 27

FIGURE 2 COMPRESSIVE TEST 28
FIGURE 3 SPLIT TENSILE TEST 29
FIGURE 4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH 30

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 SCHEDULE 31
TABLE 2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE 32
TABLE 3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH 32
TABLE 4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH 33
TABLE 5 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH 33

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural disasters that can have
catastrophic effects on buildings and infrastructure. The loss of life, damage to
property, and disruption of essential services can have a significant impact on
communities and economies. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in
developing advanced earthquake resisting techniques to mitigate the impact of
earthquakes on buildings and infrastructure.

Advanced earthquake resisting techniques involve using innovative and cutting-edge

technologies and design principles to improve the performance of buildings and
infrastructure during earthquakes. These techniques are designed to reduce the
transfer of seismic energy to buildings, increase their ability to withstand ground
motion, and minimize damage to essential services such as plumbing, gas lines, and
electrical systems.

Some of the advanced earthquake resisting techniques include base isolation, damping
systems, bracing and shear walls, structural reinforcement, flexible piping systems,
mass damping, and advanced materials. These techniques can be used in combination
or independently to improve the resilience of buildings and infrastructure during
earthquakes.
The importance of advanced earthquake resisting techniques cannot be overstated.
They can significantly reduce the impact of earthquakes on buildings and
infrastructure, and ensure the safety of people and property. This report aims to
provide an overview of the different types of advanced earthquake resisting
techniques. their applications, and their effectiveness. By understanding these
techniques, we can better prepare for earthquakes and minimize their impact on our
communities and economies.

1
Methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques
The methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques involves several steps,
including:

 Site evaluation:
The first step in the methodology is to evaluate the site where the structure is to be
built. This involves assessing the geology and soil conditions, as well as the
seismicity of the region. This information is used to determine the seismic hazard and
the design earthquake ground motion for the site.

 structural analysis and design:

The next step is to perform structural analysis and design to ensure that the structure
is capable of withstanding the expected seismic forces. Advanced earthquake-resistant
techniques involve the use of innovative materials and structural systems that can
dissipate seismic energy and reduce the risk of structural damage.

 Seismic isolation:
Seismic isolation is an advanced technique that involves the use of special bearings or
pads to isolate the structure from the ground motion during an earthquake. This
technique can significantly reduce the seismic forces on the structure and minimize
damage.

 Damping systems:
Damping systems are another advanced technique that involves the use of devices
such as dampers or shock absorbers to absorb seismic energy and reduce the seismic
forces on the structure. This technique is particularly effective for high-rise buildings
and other tall structures.

 Retrofitting:
Retrofitting is the process of strengthening an existing structure to make it more
earthquake-resistant. Advanced retrofitting techniques involve the use of innovative
materials and structural systems that can improve the seismic performance of the
structure.

 Quality control and testing:

Quality control and testing are critical components of the methodology for advanced
earthquake-resistant techniques. This involves regular inspections and testing to
ensure that the structure is built according to the design specifications and is capable
of withstanding seismic forces.

Overall, the methodology for advanced earthquake-resistant techniques involves a

comprehensive approach to seismic design and construction that integrates the latest
technologies and best practices. By using these techniques, it is possible to design and
build structures that can withstand even the strongest earthquakes and minimize the
risk of damage and loss of life.

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.1.1 Hybrid fibre reinforced concrete
It is well known that concrete is very good in resisting compressive forces, but it is
found to be weak against tensile forces. It has the qualities of flexibility and ability to
redistribute stresses, but it possesses a low specific modulus, a limited ductility and a
very little resistance to cracking.

A composite can be termed as hybrid, if two or more types of fibers are rationally

combined to produce a composite that derives benefits from each of the individual

fibers and exhibits a synergetic response. Concrete is a complex material with several

phases all in different orders of magnitude like C-S-H gels in micron scale, sand in

millimeter scale, and gravel in centimeter scale.

Reinforcement of concrete with asingle type of fiber may improve the properties to a
limited level. However by usingthe concept of hybridization with two or more
different types of fibers incorporatedin a common cement matrix, the hybrid
composite can offer more attractiveengineering properties because the presence of one
fiber enables the more efficient utilization of the potential properties of the other
fiber .

The potentialities of fly ash concrete can be more exploited by imparting tensile
resistance property to it. Investigations carried out by various researchers go to prove
that the introduction of discrete uniformly dispersed randomly oriented steel fibers to
plain concrete not only improves its resistance against tensile forces, but also imparts
greater ductility and delays the onset of first flexural crack.

In fly ash concrete composites also, the addition of such ash can improve its
resistance against tensile stresses, delay the onset of flexural crack and improve
ductility.

The addition of two materials; namely fibres and fly ash results in a new composite
called Fibre Reinforced Fly Ash Concrete, which not only shows better resistance to
compressive forces but also exhibits substantial resistance to tensile forces.

Aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). 3

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.2 OBJECTIVE OF WORK
In all, the project is having following overall objective.

Reducing the cement content which reduces the costs.

Improving workability.

To compare the characteristic strength of Hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with class
C fly ash and Hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with class F fly ash.

.3 SCOPE OF THE WORK

The project work is to be executed in two semesters. The scopes of the project work
are as under:
1. To carry out Mix Design of M30 Grade Concrete as per IS: 10262 which is
conceder as base of compression.
2. Identifying & calculating material requirement and procurement of the same.
3. To carry out material test like,
(a) Cement,
(b) Sand,
(c) Coarse aggregate.
4. Casting controlled mix concrete.
5. Prepare base results like,
(a) Compressive strength of concrete ( 7thday, 28th day).
(b)Splits Tensile strength of concrete ( 7thday, 28th day).
(c)Flexural Tensile strength of concrete ( 7thday, 28th day).
6. Casting& Testing of Concrete prepared with
(a) 20% Cement Replacement with class C fly ash & addition of 1% steel fiber
0% palm fibre.
(b) 20% Cement Replacement with class C fly ash & addition of 0.25% steel
fiber 0.75% palm fibres.
(c) 20% Cement Replacement with class C fly ash & addition of 0.5% steel
fiber 0.5% palm fibres.
(d) 20% Cement Replacement with class C fly ash & addition of 0.75% steel
fiber 0.25% palm fibres.

4
(e) 20% Cement Replacement with class C fly ash & addition of 0% steel fiber
1% palm fibres.

(a) 20% Cement Replacement with class F fly ash & addition of 1% steel fiber
0% palm fibre.
(b) 20% Cement Replacement with class F fly ash & addition of 0.25% steel
fiber 0.75% palm fibers.
(c) 20% Cement Replacement with class F fly ash & addition of 0.5% steel
fiber 0.5% palm fibers.
(d) 20% Cement Replacement with class F fly ash & addition of 0.75% steel
fiber 0.25% palm fibers.
(e) 20% Cement Replacement with class F fly ash & addition of 0% steel fibre
1% palm fibres.

5
  CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

.1 Effect Of Hybrid Fibres On The Properties Of Class C Fly Ash

Based Concrete (Rama Mohan Rao. P, Ravi Chandra .A)
▪ Steel and palm fibres (natural fibres) were used as hybrid fibre .

▪ The total volume fraction of the fibres limited to 1.0%.

▪ The percentage of class C fly ash was fixed at 40% replacement level of
cement .

▪ Materials used

• Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Coarse Aggregate
• Steel fibres
• Palm fibres
• Super plasticizer
• Fly ash

Mix ID CT AN AN1 AN2 AN3

Steel 0.0 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40

Fibres

Palm 0.0 .0 0.20 0.40 0.60

fibres

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 ▪ The compressive strength of hybrid fibre concrete mix AN2 was
comparable with AN mix with steel fibre alone.
▪ The split tensile strength of hybrid fibre mixes increases from 25 % to 50
% compared with concrete mix without fibre.
▪ The split tensile strength and flexural strength of hybrid fibre mix AN1
marginally compared with AN concrete mix.
▪ There was improvement of modulus of elasticity of hybrid fibre mixes
compared with concrete mix without fibers.

.2 Influence of Hybrid Fibre on Reinforced Concrete (Selina Ruby

G., Geethanjali C.,Jaison Varghese,P. Muthu Priya)

▪ In this paper,the combining of fibers, often called hybridization, was

investigated for a M40 grade concrete at a volume fraction of 0.5%.

▪ Control and three hybrid fiber composites were cast using different fiber
proportions of steel and polypropylene.

▪ Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength test were
performed and results were analyzed.

▪ Relationship between compressive strength and split tensile strength,

compressive strength and flexural strength was presented.

▪ Improved tensile strength can be achieved by increasing the percentage of

steel fibres.

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 • The maximum compressive strength reaches in the HFRC S0.75P0.25, i.e.,
75% steel fibres and 25% polypropylene fibres.

• The split tensile strength of fibre percentage with S0.75P0.25 shows slight
increase in strength.

• The increased fibre availability of PP fibres, combined with the high stiffness
of steel fibres, resulted in a significant enhancement of the split tensile
strength for this combination.

• The flexural strength of HFRC containing the volume fraction of 75% steel
fibres and 25% polypropylene fibres is higher than the other HFRC.

• It can be observed that, under axial loads cracks occur in microstructure of

concrete and fibres limit the formation of growth of crack.

.3 Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Fibre Reinforced

Concrete (Vikrant S. Vairagade,Kavita S. Kene)

▪ In this experimentation, Hook end Steel fibers (L=30 mm, dia=0.5 mm) were
used.

▪ Fibrillated 20 mm cut length Polypropylene fibers were used.

▪ Material Used

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 • Cement

• Fine Aggregate

• Coarse Aggregate

• Water

• Steel Fibre

• Polypropylene Fibre

• Super Plasticizer

1. Compressive strength

• They concluded that the compressive strength between S0.6P0.4 and

S0.7P0.3 is increase high as compare to other interval.

• S0.78P0.2 gives high strength as compare to other combination.

2.Split tensile strength

• S0.8P0.2 gives high strength as compare to other combination.

3. Slump value

• Increasing the percentage of steel fibre in Hybrid Combination reduces

the slump value, to maintain the constant slump we have to increase
the super plasticizer in concrete dose.

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.4 Evaluation of Performance of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced
Concrete (HFRC) for M25 Grade(Konapure C.G, Kangiri S.D. )
▪ In this research paper, two-fiber hybrid composites were casted for 0.5% &
1% total fiber volume fraction by using different fiber proportions of steel and
polypropylene.

▪ The combining of fibres was investigated in this paper for a M25 grade
concrete

▪ One fibre is stronger and stiffer and provides strength, while the other is more
ductile and provides toughness at high strains

▪ Materials used

• Cement

• Fine Aggregate

• Coarse Aggregate

• Steel fibres

• Polypropylene Fibers

• Slump, compaction factor and density of concrete was better for (0.35/0.15) in
TF0.5 category and F3 (0.8/0.2) in TF1 category.

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• 20% and 30% replacement of steel fibre by polypropylene fibre was proved
reasonable for TF(total fibre volume fraction)0.5 and TF1 from workability
point of view.

• F1(0.4/0.1) and F3(0.8/0.2) were preferable from strength point of view which
indicates 20% and 30% of replacement of steel fibre by polypropylene fibre
which gives good compressive strength ,higher flexural strength and split
tensile strength.

In hybrid composite if polypropylene fibre percentage increases, the homogeneity

of mix is affected, E.g.F5 (0.5/0.5) which gives very low workability, poor
compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength.

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.5 Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete
For Pavements (Rajarajeshwari Vibhuti, Radhakrishna,
Arvind)

• In this paper, the effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the
mechanical properties of concrete mixture was studied.
• Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added
individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibre and then they were
added together to form a hybrid fibre reinforced concrete .
• Two types of fibers were used for present investigation (i) Hooked steel
fibers-60mm long and (ii) Polypropylene fibers.
• Four types of concrete mixes were prepared using watercementratio of 0.4.
(i)Plain concrete (PC) (ii) Concretereinforced with 0.036% (900g per cum
of concrete) ofPolypropylene (PFRC) (iii) Concrete reinforced with 1%
ofSteel fibres (SFRC) and (iv) Concrete reinforced withcombination of
0.036% Polypropylene + 1% of Steel fibres(HFRC).

1) It is evident from the present investigation that the hybridization of fibres proves to
be better as compared to mono fibers.

2) There was 17% increase in the compressive strength as a result of hybridization.

3) Hybridization boosted the split tensile strength and flexural strength by 52.87% and
34.25%.

4) The improved mechanical properties of HFRC would result in reduction of warping

stresses, short and long term cracking and reduction of slab thickness.

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  METHODOLOGY

.1 GENERAL
The methodology of the entire work is represented to illustrate the necessary test on
the material before casting of the concrete. Various test methodology on concrete like
test on fresh concrete as well as test on harden concrete explained as per relevant IS
standards.

In any concreting work some initial properties of its ingredient should be required to
measure. Before carrying out concrete mix design, setting time of cement, sieve
analysis of aggregates, specific gravity of the aggregate, water absorption and
fineness modulus are calculated. After carrying out the preliminary tests, mix design
should be carried out as per IS-10262-2009 given in Appendix A.

.2 MATERIALS

.2.1 CEMENT
Cement acts as a binding agent for materials. Cement as applied in Civil Engineering
Industry is produced by calcining at high temperature. It is admixture of calcareous,
siliceous, aluminous substances and crushing the clinkers to a fine powder. Cement is
the most expensive materials in concrete and it is available in different forms. When
cement is mixed with water, a chemical reaction takes place as a result of which the
cement paste sets and hardens to atone mass. Depending upon the chemical
compositions, setting and hardening properties, cement can be broadly divided into
following categories.

● Portland Cement
● Special Cement

The cement used in this experimental work is 53 grades Ordinary Portland Cement.
The specific gravity of the cement is 3.15. The initial and final setting times were
found as 72 minutes and 180 minutes respectively. Standard consistency of cement
was 31.25%.

.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE

Locally available sand passed through 4.75mm IS sieve is used. The specific gravity
of 2.75 and fineness modulus of 3.338 are used as fine aggregate. The loose and

13
compacted bulk density values of sand are 1094and 1162 kg/m3 respectively, the
water absorption of 1.538%.

.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

20MSA & 10 MSA: Crushed aggregate available from local sources has been used.
The coarse aggregates with a maximum size of 20mm having the specific gravity
value of 2.885and fineness modulus of 7.386 are used as coarse aggregate. The water
absorption of 0.504%

.2.4 WATER
Water to be used in the concrete work should have following properties.

● It should be free from injurious amount of soils.

● It should be free from injurious amount of acids, alkalis or other organic or
inorganic impurities.
● It should be free from iron, vegetable matter or any other type of substances,
which are likely to have adverse effect on concrete or reinforcement.
● It should be fit for drinking purposes.

The function of water in concrete.

● It acts as lubricant.
● It acts as a chemically with cement to form the binding paste for coarse
aggregate and reinforcement.

.2.5 FLY ASH

.2.5.1 DEFINITION
According to ACI 116 R, definition of fly ash is,

“The finely divided residue that results from the combustion of ground or powdered
coal and that is transported by fuel gases from the combustion zone to the particle
removal system”

Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants.

14
.2.5.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
More than 2000 years ago roman builders recognized that certain volcanic ashes
capable of forming effective contents when combined with lime.

The Romans widely exploited this Pozzolanic property of volcanic ashes and many
structures form the roman period are still intact.

The term fly ash was first used in the electrical industry C.A. 1930

The first comprehensive data n its use in concrete in North America was reported in
1937 by Davis eats.

The first major practical application was reported in 1948 with the publication by the
united state bureau of reclamation of data on the use of fly ash in the construction of
dam.

.2.5.3 NEED OF FLY ASH

Due to increased awareness of all ill effects of pollution, utilization and safe disposal
of ash generated at thermal power plants has become an urgent and challenging task.

Fly ash is needed in many civil engineering applicant because it provides better
strength at later stages than the ordinary Portland CEMENT CONCRETE OF PLAIN
CONCRETE.

.2.5.4 ADVANTAGES and Disadvantages of Fly Ash

Advantages

● It provides higher strength.

● It helps to reduce the permeability.

● Fly Ash ties up with free limes and help to reduce the sculpture attack

● It reduce the amount of shrinkage

● Better workability is achieved with use of proper amount of fly ash.

● It provides the good &improved finishing to the surface.

● It also helps to reduce the bleeding and segregation.

15
Disadvantages
● Fly ash does not provide high early strength.

● It is mainly provide good &better strength at letter ages therefore for

construction of temporary structure in quick time fly ash does not solve the
purpose.

● If fly ash is not utilized in proper proportion that it create adverse effect to the
structure.

.2.5.5 CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH

ASTM-C 618-93 categories fly ash into the following three categories.

1. Class N Fly Ash

Raw or calcined natural pozzolana such as some diatomaceous earths, opalinechert

and shale, stuffs, volcanic ashes and pumice are come in these categories. Calcined
kaolin clay and laterite shale also fall in this category of pozzolana.

2. Class F Fly Ash

Fly ash normally produced from burning class of fly ash exhibits Pozzolanic property
but rarely if any, self-hardening property.

3. Class C Fly Ash

Fly ash normally produced from lignite or sub bituminous coal is the only material
included in this category. This class of fly ash has both Pozzolanic and varying degree
of self-cementations properties.

.2.5.6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH

As per morphological studies, fly ash particles usually consist of clear glassy spheres
and spongy aggregate ranging in diameter form 1 to 150 micron.

16
The majority being less than 45 micron as seen under energy dispersive X-ray
analysis.

1. Fineness

Fineness one of the primary physical characteristics of fly ash that relates to its
Pozzolanic activity. A large fraction of ash particle is smaller than 3 micron in size. In
bituminous ashes, the particle sizes range from less than 1 to over 100 micron.

2. Specific Gravity

The S.G. of fly ash is related to shape as well s chemical composition of particles.
Specific gravity of fly ash usually varies from 1.3 to 1.6. Opaque spherical magnetite
and hematite particles. Light brown to black in colour, when present in sufficient
quantity in fly ash increases the specific gravity to about 3.6 to 4.8.

3. Specific surface area

The specific surface area of fly ash means area of unit mass. It is measured by Blaine
specific surface area technique, which measures the resistance of compacted particles
to airflow.

.2.5.7 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

According to the IS: 3812 the chemical properties of fly ash shall be as per the table
shown below.

Characteristics Requirement
Sio2+AL2O3+Fe2O3 Min. 70% by mass.
SiO2 Min. 35% by mass.
MgO Max. 5%by mass.
Sulphur as SO3 Max. 3%by mass.
Loss on ignition. Max. 12%by mass.

.3 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which
increases its structural integrity. So we can define fiber reinforced concrete as a
composite material of cement concrete or mortar and discontinuous discrete and
uniformly dispersed fiber.

17
Fibre is discrete material having some characteristic properties. The fibre material can
be anything. But not all will be effective and economical. Some fibres that are most
commonly used are:

● Steel
● Glass
● Carbon
● Natural
● NBD

Steel fibre is one of the most commonly used fibre. Generally round fibres are used.
The diameter may vary from 0.25 to 0.75mm. The steel fibre sometime gets rusted
and lose its strength. But investigations have proved that fibres get rusted only at
surfaces. It has high modulus of elasticity. Use of steel fibres makes significant
improvements in flexure, impact and fatigue strength of concrete. It has been used in
various types of structures.

Glass fibre is a recently introduced fibre in making fibre concrete. It has very high
tensile strength of 1020 to 4080Mpa. Glass fibre concretes are mainly used in exterior
building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete. This material is very
good in making shapes on the front of any building and it is less dense than steel.

Use of carbon fibre is not a developed process. But it has considerable strength and
young’s modulus. Also investigations have shown that use of carbon makes the
concrete very durable. The study on the carbon fibres is limited. Mainly used for
cladding purpose.

Natural fibres are low cost and abundant. They are non-hazardous and renewable.
Some of the natural fibres are bamboo, jute, coconut husk, elephant grass. They can
be used in place of asbestos. It increases toughness and flexural strength. It also
induces good durability in concrete.

Disposal of non-biodegradable materials is a serious problem. It creates

environmental problems. Reusing is the best option to reduce the waste. These NBD
materials are non-corrosive, resistant to chemical attack, light in weight, easy to
handle. NBD materials – fibre plastic, jute plastic, polythene, disposal glass, cement
bags.
18
Studies conducted so far, proved that the short and discrete, small fibres can improve
the flexural load carrying capacities and impact resistance for nonferrous fibres.

.3.1 HISTORY OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

The use of fibres to increase the structural properties of construction material is not a
new process. From ancient times fibres were being used in construction. In BC, horse
hair was used to reinforce mortar. Egyptians used straw in mud bricks to provide
additional strength. Asbestos was used in the concrete in the early 19th century, to
protect it from formation of cracks. But in the late 19 thcentury, due to increased
structural importance, introduction of steel reinforcement in concrete was made, by
which the concept of fibre reinforced concrete was over looked for 5-6 decades. Later
in 1939 the introduction steel replacing asbestos was made for the first time. But at
that period it was not successful. From 1960, there was a tremendous development in
the FRC, mainly by the introduction of steel fibres. Since then use of different types
of fibres in concrete was made. In 1970’s principles were developed on the working
of the fibre reinforced concrete. Later in 1980’s certified process was developed for
the use of FRC. In the last decades, codes regarding the FRC are being developed.

19
.3.2 PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Properties of concrete are affected by many factors like properties of cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate. Other than this, the fibre reinforced concrete is affected
by following factors:

● Type of fibre

● Aspect ratio

● Quantity of fibre

● Orientation of fibre

.3.2.1 TYPES OF FIBRE

A good fibre is the one which possess the following qualities:

● Good adhesion within the matrix.

● Adaptable elasticity modulus (sometimes higher than that of the matrix)
● Compatibility with the binder, which should not be attacked or destroyed in
the long term.
● An accessible price, taking into account the proportion within the mix
● Being sufficiently short, fine and flexible to permit mixing, transporting and
placing
● Being sufficiently strong, yet adequately robust to withstand the mixing
process.

.3.2.2 ASPECT RATIO

Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of length to width of the fibre. The value of aspect
ratio varies from 30 to 150. Generally the increase in aspect ratio increases the
strength and toughness till the aspect ratio of 100. Above that the strength of concrete
decreases, in view of decreased workability and reduced compaction.

From investigations it can be found out that good results are obtained at an aspect
ratio around 50 to 80 for steel fibres. Keeping that in view we have considered steel
hooked end fibres with aspect ratio of 50 (Length 50 mm and Diameter 1 mm).

20
.3.2.3 FIBER QUANTITY
Generally quantity of fibres is measured as percentage of cement content. As the
volume of fibres increase, there should be increase in strength and toughness of
concrete. Regarding our fibre, we hope that there will be an increase in strength, with
increase in fibre content. We are going to test for percentages of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 by
weight of cement.

.3.2.4 ORIENTATION OF FIBRE

The orientations of fibres play a key role in determining the capacity of concrete. In
RCC the reinforcements are placed in desired direction. But in FRC, the fibres will be
oriented in random direction. The FRC will have maximum resistance when fibres are
oriented parallel to the load applied.

.4 STEEL FIBRE
There are numbers of different types of steel fibers with different commercial names.
Basically, steel fibers can be categorized into four groups depending on the
manufacturing process : cut wire, silt sheet, melt extract, and mill cut. It can also be
classified in to its shape various notation were previously used to nominate the
specific type of steel fiber but in this dissertation the following notation are use.

● (h*w*l) to nominate the straight rectangular section steel fibers. The letters h,
w and l stand for section depth, width and fibers length respectively.

● Hooked ended steel fiber i.e (80/60 means aspect ratio/length of steel fiber).

PROPERTY VALUE

Wire diameter (d) 1 mm (± 0.04 mm)

Fiber length (L) 50.0 mm (+2/-3 mm)

Hook length (l and l’) 1 – 4 mm

Bending angle (α and α’) 45° (min. 30°)

Aspect ratio (L/d) 50

Tensile strength of drawn wire 1200 N/mm2 29

21
.4.1 NEED OF STEEL FIBERS
● Crack, Impact and Fatigue Resistance.
● Shrinkage Reduction.
● Toughness- by preventing/delaying crack propagation.

.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FIBERS

● SFRC distributes localized stresses.
● Reduction in maintains and repair cost.
● Provides tough and durable surfaces.
● Reduces surface permeability, dusting and wear.
● Cost saving.
● They act as crack arrestor.
● Increases tensile strength and toughness.
● Resistance to impact.

.4.3 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL FIBERS

The addition of steel fiber to concrete reduce the workability of concrete as addition
of water and cement are require to coat the surface of steel fiber.

.4.4 VOLUME OF FIBERS AS PER USE

1. Low volume fraction (less than 1%)

Used in slab and pavement that have large exposed surface leading to high shrinkage
cracking.

2. Moderate volume fraction (between 1 and 2 percent)

Used in Construction method such as Short Crete & in Structures which requires
improved capacity against delimitation, spelling& fatigue?

3. High volume fraction (greater than 2%)

Used in making high performance fiber reinforced composites (HPFRC).

.4.5 SHAPE OF STEEL FIBER

1 Hooked end fiber

22
Hooked end fiber has been in the market for over 25 years. This shape is probably the
most popular and successful in the history of steel fiber reinforced concrete.

2 Flat end fiber

Flat end Fiber is a straight fiber with flattened ends. It is sometimes referred to as
fishtail. Through the flattening process, the ends become larger which significantly
increases the anchorage of the fiber in the concrete matrix rather than relying solely
on the friction between concrete and steel. 31

3 Undulated fiber

Undulated fiber has been designed such from the point of view of amplitude and wave
length that the workability is good for aspect ratios up to 45 and remains satisfactory
for aspect ratios up to 60.

4 Crimped fiber

One of the many outstanding characteristics of Target Crimped Steel Fibers is the
high strength of steel and ease of handling. No sophisticated or expensive equipment
is required to achieve uniform, ball free distribution of Target Crimped Fibers in the
concrete matrix. The undulations along the fiber length provide mechanical anchorage
of the fibers into the concrete, enhancing post first crack strength.

.4.6 HOOKED END FIBER

The steel fiber used in the study is the hook ended type HOOKED TYPE having aspect
ratios 50. The constant dosages of 0.5 % fibers up to 2.0% are used by total volume of
concrete. The length of dividing fiber is 50mm and the diameter of fiber is 1 mm.

23
.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

.5.1 MIX DESIGN

Mix design is known as the selection of mix ingredients and their proportions required in
a concrete mix. In the present study method for mix design is the Indian Standard
Method.

The mix design involves the calculation of the amount of cement, fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate in addition to other related parameters dependent on the properties of
constituent material. The modifications are made and quantities of constituent materials
used to cast Fly Ash Fiber Reinforced concrete.

Mix design of M30concrete (As Per I.S 10262)

Data used
Grade of designation-M 30

Types of cement-OPC 53

Maximum nominal size of aggregate -20 mm, 10 mm

Minimum cement content -300 kg/m3

Maximum water-cement ratio- 0.5

Workability in terms of Slump-75 mm

Exposure condition-Mild

Method of concrete placing-Manual

Type of aggregate-crushed angular

Maximum cement content-450 kg/ m3

Chemical admixture type-Nil

Specific gravity of cement-3.15

1.Coarse aggregate-2.67

2.fine aggregate-2.60

24
Water absorption (IS 2386:1963)

1.Coarse aggregate

0%

2.fine aggregate

2.00%

Step-1 Target mean compressive strength for mix proportioning (IS 10262: 2009,
Clause3.2. Page -1)

f’ck= 𝑓𝑐𝑘+ (1.65 x S)

= 30+ (1.65*4)

f’ck= 36.60 N / mm2

Step - 2: Water – Cement Ratio (IS 10262: 2009, Clause 4.1., Page -2)
Maximum water-cement ratio: 0.5

(From Table 5 of Is 456 -2000, page – 20)

Step - 3: Selection of Water – Content (IS 10262: 2009, Clause 4.2., Page -2)
(From Table 2 of IS 10262 - 2009, page – 3)

= 186 kg (for 25 to 50 mm slump range) for 20 mm aggregate.

Workability in terms of Slump: 75 mm (Data Given)

Estimated water content for 75 mm slump:

= [186 + ((3/100) x186)]

= 191.6 kg

Step - 4: Calculation of Cementations Material Content

∙ Water content =191.6 kg. (As Per Step – 3)

∙ water-cement ratio=0.5 (As Per Step – 2)

∴Water / cement = 0.5

25
∴ 191.6 / cement = 0.5

∴Cement content = 383.2 kg/m3

From Table 5 of Is 456 -2000, page – 20 =300 kg/m3

Cement content > From Table 5 of IS 456 -2000, page – 20

∴Cement content = 383.2 kg/m3

Step - 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion (IS 10262: 2009, Clause

4.3., Page - 3)
From Table 3 of IS 10262 - 2009, page – 3, volume of coarse aggregate

corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone I) for water-cement

ratio of 0.50 = 0.60

Corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio of 0.5

= 0.59

Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.59

Volume of fine aggregate = 0.41

Step - 6: Mix Calculation

● Volume of concrete = 1 m3
● Volume of cement = 1000
● Specifiic gravity of cement
● Mass of cement= 0.104 m3
● Volume of water = 1000
● Mass of Water= 0.192 m3
● Volume of all in aggregate = a – (b+c)= 1 – (0.104 + 0.192)= 0.704m3
● Mass of coarse aggregate= [d x volume of coarse aggregate x Sp. gravity
ofcoarseAggregate x 1000]= 1184.00 kg
● Mass of fine aggregate = [d x volume of fine aggregate x Sp. gravity of
fineAggregate x 1000]= 544.00 kg

Step – 7: Mix proportions

26
Cement = 383.2 kg/m3
Water = 191.6 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 544.00 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1184.00 kg/m3
Water – cement ratio = 0.5
The proportions for normal mix of M30 Normal Mix are as follows:
Cement: Sand: Coarse Aggregate: Water
1:1.42:3.09:0.5.

27
  EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND RESULTS
The details about the tests are mention in subsequent topics.

.1 WORKABILITY TEST
Workability is carried out by conducting the slump test and compaction factor test. As
per I.S. 1199-1959 on ordinary concrete and fiber reinforced concrete.

Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength
and durability as well as the cost of labour and appearance of the finished product.
Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily placed and compacted
homogeneously i.e. without bleeding or Segregation. Unworkable concrete needs
more work or effort to be compacted in place, also honeycombs &/or pockets may
also be visible in finished concrete.

The property of fresh concrete which is indicated by the amount of useful internal
work required to fully compact the concrete without bleeding or segregation in the
finished product.

The test will follow the following procedure.

1. Mix the dry constituents thoroughly to get a uniform color and then add water

2. Place the mixed concrete in the cleaned slump cone mould in 4 layers, each
approximately ¼ of the height of the mould. Tamp each layer 25 times with tamping
rod distributing the strokes in a uniform manner over the cross-section of the mould.
For the second and subsequent layers the tamping rod should penetrate in to the
underlying layer.

3. Strike off the top with a trowel or tamping rod so that the mould is exactly filled.

4. Remove the cone immediately, raising it slowly and carefully in the vertical
direction.

5. As soon as the concrete settlement comes to a stop, measure the subsidence of

6. Concrete in mm which will give the slump.

28
Note: Slump test is adopted in the laboratory or during the progress of work in the
field for determining consistency of concrete where nominal maximum size of
aggregate does not exceed40mm

Figure 1 SLUMP

.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compression Test of the Concrete Specimen is most widely used test to measure its
compressive strength. Two types of concrete specimen: Cubes &Cylinders are used for
this purpose:

Cubes of size 150mm are more common in Asia, Russia & European countries while
Cylinders of 150mm in diameter & 300mm high are common in U.S and Australia.

Cubes for compression test are casted in steel or cast-iron moulds of prescribed
dimensions. BS 1881: Part 108: 1983 requires filling the mould in layers of
approximately 50 mm. Compaction of each layer is achieved by not less than 35 strokes
for 150mm cubes or 25 strokes for 100 mm cubes. A standard tamping bar of a 25mm
square of steel section is used for this purpose. Compaction by vibration may also be
used.

After finishing the cube, it should be stored at a temperature of 15 0C to 250C, when the
cubes are to be tested at or more than 7 days. When the test day is less than 7 days 39 the
temperature to be maintained is 180C to 220C. Also, relative humidity of 90 per cent is
to be maintained always.

The cube is demoulded just before testing at 24 hours. For greater ages at test,
demoulding takes place between 16 to 28 hours after adding water in a concrete mix
and the specimens are stored in a curing tank at 180C to 220C until the required age.

29
The most common age at testing is 28 days, but tests can be made at 1, 3, 7 & 14 days
also. At the time of testing the specimen is placed in a "Compression Testing
Machine" with the position of cubes at right angles to the position of cast. The load is
applied at a constant rate of stress within the range of 0.2 to 0.4 MPa/sec.

Under pure uniaxial compression loading, the failure cracks generated are
approximately parallel to the direction of applied load with some cracks formed at an
angle to the applied load. Practically, the compression testing system rather develops
a complex system of stresses due to end restraints by steel plates.

The compressive strength of concrete is one of most important properties of concrete

in most structural applications. For compressive strength test, cube specimens of
dimensions 150 x 150 x 150 mm were cast for M30 grade of concrete. After curing,
these cubes were tested on Compression Testing machine as per I.S. 516-1959. The
failure load was noted.

Figure 2 COMPRESSIVE TEST

In each category two cubes were tested and their average value is reported. The
compressive strength was calculated as follows,

Compressive strength (MPa) = Failure load / cross sectional area. 40

30
.3 SPLIT-TENSILE TEST
It is the standard test, to determine the tensile strength of concrete in an indirect way.
This test could be performed in accordance with IS : 5816-1970. A standard test
cylinder of concrete specimen (300 mm X 150mm diameter) is placed horizontally
between the loading surfaces of Compression Testing Machine (Fig-4.3). The
compression load is applied diametrically and uniformly along the length of cylinder
until the failure of the cylinder along the vertical diameter. To allow the uniform
distribution of this applied load and to reduce the magnitude of the high compressive
stresses near the points of application of this load, strips of plywood are placed
between the specimen and loading platens of the testing machine. Concrete cylinders
split into two halves along this vertical plane due to indirect tensile stress generated
by Poisson’s effect.

Figure 3 SPLIT TENSILE TEST

Assuming concrete specimen behaves as an elastic body, a uniform lateral tensile

stress of ft acting along the vertical plane causes the failure of the specimen, which
can be calculated from the formula as,

31
The above test result represents the "Splitting Tensile Strength" of concrete that varies
between 1/8 to 1/12 of the cube compressive strength.

.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

After the Splitting tensile test another common test performed for determination of
tensile strength is the Flexure test. A simple plain concrete beam is loaded at one-third
span points. Normal standard size of specimen is 150x150x750 mm. If the largest
nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 25mm, size of 150x150x500 mm may
also be used. Span of the beam is three times its depth. For flexural strength test beam
specimens of dimension 150x150x700 mm were cast. The specimens were demoulded
after 24 hours of casting and were transferred to curing tank where in they were
allowed to cure for 28 days. These flexural strength specimens were tested under two
point loading as per I.S. 516-1959, over an effective span of 600 mm divide into three
equal parts and rest on Flexural testing machine.

Figure 4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

The typical arrangement for the test is shown in Fig-5 above. Equal Loads are applied
at the distance of one-third from both of the beam supports. It induces equal reaction

32
same as the loading at both of the supports. Loading on beam is increased in such a
manner that rate of increase in stress in the bottom fiber lies within the range of 0.02
MPa & 0.10 MPa. The lower rate being for low strength concrete and the higher rate
for high strength concrete.

From the above loading configuration it is clear that at the middle one-third portion,
in between two loadings, beam is subjected to pure bending. No shear force is induced
42 within this portion. It is this portion of beam where maximum pure bending
moment of Pd/2 is induced accompanied by zero shear force.

The load is normally increased & failure load is noted at cracking of beam specimen.
In each category two beams was tested and their average value is reported. The
flexural strength was calculated as follows.

Flexural strength (MPa) = (P x L) / (b x d2)

P = Failure load,

L = Centre to centre distance between the support = 600 mm,

b = width of Specimen=150 mm,

d = depth of specimen= 150 mm.

.5 CASTING SCHEDULE OF PROJECT

Table 1 SCHEDULE

CYLINDER
SF NF CUBE COMP TENSILE BEAM
7/28 7/28 7/28 7/28
    days days days days
1 0 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0.75 0.25 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0.5 0.5 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0.25 0.75 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0 1 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
1 0 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0.75 0.25 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0.5 0.5 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0.25 0.75 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3
0 1 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3

33
 Table 2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CUBE AVG
  SF NF Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3  
Normal - - 18.00 18.53 20.00 18.84
1 0 17.78 20.89 21.33 20.00
0.75 0.25 18.67 21.33 17.78 19.26
20% 0.5 0.5 17.33 20.44 18.44 18.74
class C 0.25 0.75 18.22 19.11 20.00 19.11
flyash 0 1 18.00 21.33 21.78 20.37
1 0 18.00 21.78 21.11 20.30
0.75 0.25 17.78 20.89 19.11 19.26
20% 0.5 0.5 18.44 19.33 19.11 18.96
class F 0.25 0.75 18.22 21.11 21.78 20.37
flyash 0 1 18.67 20.67 22.22 20.52

Table 3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CYLINDER AVG
  SF NF Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3  
Normal - - 18.34 18.89 20.38 19.20
1 0 16.99 19.96 20.38 19.11
0.75 0.25 19.02 21.74 18.12 19.63
20% 0.5 0.5 16.56 19.53 17.62 17.91
class C 0.25 0.75 18.57 19.48 20.38 19.48
flyash 0 1 16.05 19.02 19.42 18.16
1 0 18.34 22.19 21.51 20.68
0.75 0.25 16.99 19.96 18.26 18.40
20% 0.5 0.5 16.45 17.24 17.04 16.91
class F 0.25 0.75 16.25 18.83 19.42 18.16
flyash 0 1 19.02 21.06 22.65 20.91

34
 Table 4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
BEAM AVG
  SF NF Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3  
Normal - - 1.78 1.87 2.13 1.93
1 0 2.49 2.67 2.13 2.43
0.75 0.25 2.31 2.13 2.04 2.16
20% 0.5 0.5 2.40 2.58 2.13 2.37
class C 0.25 0.75 2.13 1.96 2.49 2.19
flyash 0 1 2.31 2.40 1.96 2.22
1 0 2.13 2.31 1.87 2.10
0.75 0.25 1.96 1.78 1.69 1.81
20% 0.5 0.5 2.04 1.87 1.78 1.90
class F 0.25 0.75 1.96 1.78 2.31 2.01
flyash 0 1 2.22 2.31 1.87 2.13

Table 5 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF

CYLINDER AVG
  SF NF Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3  
Normal - - 1.98 1.67 2.20 1.95
1 0 1.60 2.30 2.13 2.01
0.75 0.25 2.05 1.92 1.96 1.98
20% 0.5 0.5 1.56 2.25 1.84 1.88
class C 0.25 0.75 2.00 1.72 2.20 1.97
flyash 0 1 1.62 2.35 2.18 2.05
1 0 1.98 1.96 2.32 2.09
0.75 0.25 1.60 2.30 1.91 1.94
20% 0.5 0.5 2.03 1.74 2.10 1.96
class F 0.25 0.75 1.64 2.32 2.18 2.05
flyash 0 1 2.05 1.86 2.44 2.12

35
  CONCLUSION

● The compressive strength of hybrid fibre concrete mix (1:0 Steel and Palm) is
comparable with mix with steel fibre alone.
● The split tensile strength of hybrid fibre mixes increases from 25% to 50%
compared with concrete mix without fibres.
● The split tensile strength and flexural strength of hybrid fibre mix (0.75:0.25
Steel and Palm) increases marginally compared with (1:0 Steel and Palm)
concrete mix.
● There is an improvement of modulus of elasticity of hybrid fibre mixes
compared with concrete mix without fibres.

36
  REFERENCES

1] Mahyuddin Ramli and Eather Thanoon Dawood, Effects of palm on the mechanical
properties of lightweight concrete crushed brick. American Journal of Engineering
and Applied sciences 3 (2): 489-493, 2010.

2.] S. Mustafa and O.I. Yaman, Hybrid fiber reinforced self compacting concrete with
a high volume coarse fly ash, Construction Building Materials 21 (2007), pp. 150–
156.

3] A. Sivakumar, Manu santhanam. Mechanical properties of high strength concrete

with metallic and non-metallic fibers. Cement Concrete Research 2006; 29:603-608.

4]. Balaguru, P. (1994). Contribution of fibers to crack reduction of cement

composites during the initial and final setting period. ACI Materials Journal. V. 91,
No. 3, May-June, 280-288.

5]. A. M. Neville, Properties of Concrete, 4th edition, 1995.

6] Eethar Thanon Dawood, Mahyuddin Ramli, Development of high strength

flowable mortar with hybrid fibre. Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010)
1043–1050.

7]. Indian standard methods of tests for strength of concrete, IS 516: 1959
(Reaffirmed 1999), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

8]. Indian standard code of practice for Plain and Reinforced concrete, IS 456: 2000,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

9]. Indian standard method of tests for splitting tensile strength of concrete, IS 5816:
1999, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

10]. Indian standard specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement, IS: 12269
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

37