INTERNSHIP

REPORT ON

Study on the construction process of seven storied

residential building

Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering

Session 2021-22

Submitted by:

Devendra Raut
Faculty Supervisor:
Dr. A. R. Gajbhiye

Industry Supervisor:

Mr. Adarsh Ramteke

Mr. Shekhar Sirsulla
Mr. Prashant
Meshram

Nagar YuwakShikshanSanstha’s

YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur)

NAGPUR – 441 110

2021-22

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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

Certified that the Internship project entitled “Study on the construction process of
seven storied residential building” has been successfully completed by Devendra
Raut during session 2021-22

Faculty Supervisor

Signature :
Name:
Dr. A. R. Gajbhiye
Designation: Professor

Industry Supervisor

Signature : Name:
Mr. Adarsh Ramteke
Designation: Site In charge

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Devendra Raut would like to convey our gratitude to Yeshwantrao Chavan College

of Engineering Mr. Adarsh Ramteke, Mr. Shekhar Sirsulla Site in charge, Sandeep

Dwellers Pvt. Ltd for emphasizing on the Semester Internship Program and giving me

the platform to interact with industry professionals.

I would also like to thank Dr. A. R. Gajbhiye and Mr. Sanjay Raut for giving me the

opportunity to work on the prestigious Internship.

I extend my warm gratitude and regards to everyone who helped me during my

internship

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. Title Page No

No
1 Title Page 1

2 Certificate of Approval 2

3 Acknowledgement 3

4 Internship Certificate 4

5 Index 5

6 Executive Summary 6

 Introduction of the Report 6-7

 Overview of the Internship providing Organization 8

 About the Project 9-30

 Conclusion 31

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6. Executive summary

Introduction of the Report-

We had successfully completed our four months internship in SDPL Company. SDPL are
Builders and Developers in Nagpur since 1987, the last 35 glorious years, who take pride in
creating residential properties ranging from 1 to 4 BHK Apartments, Duplexes, Row houses,
Bungalows, Townships, and Commercial complexes.

This internship report is a summary of the observations and work done during the internship
period. This report mentions various activities we have done in internship. The internship
report is broad-spectrum in which we try to explain our four month experience in our hosting
company.

We have been assigned at construction site in Godhani (SAG) for two months ( January -
February) where the construction work of Residential Building (G+7) was divided in two
phases as per the wings (A & B) then after that we were shifted to hazaripahad site.

In starting we have given the details about the company, Safety training and Induction
program was organized and also the previous work done was briefly explained. Under this
site we have been studied about various constructional activities.
Mix design was finalized after three trials. A good concrete mix design creates the foundation
of a sound infrastructure. Concrete mix design involves a process of preparation in which a
mix of ingredients creates the required strength and durability for the concrete structure.

Excavation was done till the depth of 3m was achieved. Shallow foundation was finalized. It
is a type of building foundation that transfers structural load to the earth very near to the
surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths, as does a deep foundation. A
properly built foundation will keep the building even and supported, even during a flood or
earthquake.
S.B.C of the soil is assumed as 160 kn/m.

In Drawing reading, we had done a detailed study on Center line plan and Structural drawing
of Footing and Column. The plans help in getting the dimensions correct on the field so that
whatever is being constructed will perform as designed.
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Surveying helps us to plan, execute engineering projects and helps to set out and transfer
details from map to realistic view to ground.

Footing is a part of foundation which is constructed with concrete or brickwork masonry and
acts as a base to the floor columns and floor walls. The main function of footing is to transfer
the vertical loads directly to the soil. We had studied the execution of several types of
Footing like Rectangular Footing, Combined and Eccentric Footing.

Quantity calculation is one of the important part of the construction it helps to determine the
quantity of materials required in construction of the building.
We get an overview about building materials. A building structure is composed of different
types of the material these materials are either called as building material. The material use in
the building on basis of the availability and cost. For constructing the essential building
materials are Cement, sand, coarse and fine aggregate, Reinforcement steel and water.

Objectives of Internship:

 To get knowledge about the structural drawing & design specification.

 To implement the structural drawing into construction site.
 To understand the construction and supervision work of column, beam.
 To acquire knowledge about the steps involving construction process.
 To learn how to solve the rising problems and unexpected events.

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Company overview-

Shinde Developers Private Limited [SDPL]

incorporated in the year 1997 with a vision to serve in
the field of infrastructure development for the nation. With this motto they started there
successful journey and executed various projects in the field of Highways, Irrigation,
Tunnels, Bridges, Metro, Dams, Canals, Industrial Infrastructure Development etc. and
achieved benchmarks set by our self.

SDPL are Builders and Developers in Nagpur since 1987, the last 35 glorious years, who take
pride in creating residential properties ranging from 1 to 4 BHK Apartments, Duplexes, Row
houses, Bungalows, Townships, and Commercial complexes.

SDPL Group is engaged in construction activities, Real Estate Investments, and Customized
Homes for the clientele. This group of best Builders and Developers in Nagpur was founded
by Late SHRI SUBHAS AGARWALA, a well-known Industrialist known for his
commitment to business ethics, a highly respected social figure, and an accomplished
sportsman of international fame. Now the 3rd generation of the Agarwala family has taken
over the responsibility and maintained the trust amongst the citizens of Nagpur & the entire
Vidarbha .

SDPL has to its credit more than 1000+ satisfied residential unit owners who have bestowed
their faith and trust on our creations all across Nagpur city aggregating to more than 15+
Lac sqft construction.
There are 16 ongoing project.
They are offering subsidy up to rs 2.67 lakhs on purchase of house under Pradhan Mantri
Awas Yojana (PMAY). This is a significant step in making the dreams of the poor come
true.

Company name - Sandeep Dwellers Private Limited

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About the project-

Project Name - SAG and SAH

Project location – Godhani and Hazaripahad.
Property Details - Unit Size: 1050 sqft. (2 BHK)
550 sqft. (1BHK)
Structural Design by – AAJ Engineers
and Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

Project specifications-
Building Frame:
R. C.C Structure with Brick masonry of Outer 6” and Inner 4” & Plaster.

Flooring:
General Flat – Vitrified Tiles of size 2’ x 2’
Common passages, landings, staircase – Kota Stone
Toilets:
Tiles -Ceramic Tiles on floor
Glazed tiles on wall up to 3’ level in WC

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Glazed tiles on wall up to lintel level in Bath
Sanitary – WC with Cistern
Basin – Wall Hung Basin
Water – Provision for hot (From Solar) and cold in bathing. Only cold in basin

Kitchen:
Platform- 2’ width of Granite with 2ft Dado of tile
Sink – One single-bowl stainless steel sink

Windows:
Two Track Aluminum sliding with 3.5 mm clear glass with M.S. Grill

Doors:
Doors – RCC frame and laminated flush shutters fitted with Standard Stainless Steel fixtures.

Wall Finish:
Internal walls finished with White Cement base/ Synthetic putty and painted..
External walls to be finished with Acrylic Based Paint.

Electrical:
General: Single phase electric supply to each Flat.
Bedroom: 3½ Light/Fan points, 2 Plug Points (One on each side of Bed.
Drawing cum Dining Room: 3½ Light/Fan points, 1 power points, 1 T.V. cable point with 2
plug points.
Kitchen: 1½ Light/Fan points, 1 point provision for Fridge, 1 power point, 1 point provision
for Water Filter, 1 point for exhaust.
Bath: 1½ Light/Fan points, 1 point for exhaust, 1 power point for geyser
Toilet: 1½ Light/Fan points, 1 point for exhaust.
Balconies: 2½ Light/Fan points.
Flat Entrance: 1 Light point outside and 1 Doorbell point.

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Floor plan:

Fig.1 (1BHK
Floor plan)

Fig.2 (2BHK floor plan)

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General Amenities:

Lifts: Automatic 8 passenger capacity Lift.

Power Backup: Back Up Generator for Lift, pump and lights in common areas.
Water: Adequate water supply with ample underground and overhead storage.
Parking: Ample covered and open parking space.
Security: Compound wall with gate.
MSEB Requirements: Transformer / Meter room as per MSEB.

Design Specification:
◦ Design Execution shall be as per IS 456-2000.
◦ S.B.C of the soil is assumed as 160 kn/m.
◦ Minimum depth of foundation should be 3.300 m.
◦ Density of Brick assumed to be 1900 kg/m3.
◦ Not more than 50% bars should be lapped at one section.
◦ No overlaps are allowed in footing.
◦ Use densified coated plywood for shuttering and formwork.
◦ Use M-25 Grade of Concrete.
◦ Proportion of concrete for P.C.C - 1 : 4 : 8
All bars should be extended up to development length.

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Building Materials:

A building structure is composed of different types of the material

these materials are called as building materials. The materials used in the building are on
basis of the availability and cost to construct a building the essential building material are as
follows:

Cement:

The cement, often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound
of lime, silica, alumina and iron. When mixed with water in forms a paste which hardened
and bird the aggregates (sand, gravel, finished rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass
called as concrete.
Ordinary Portland cement:
33 grade conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming
to IS: 12269. It is a combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland
cement is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous
(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the product
(Le.. clinker) with small amount of gypsum into a fine power known as Ordinary Portland
Cement. Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 has been used in all the works at the site.

Good cement has following features.

1. Reduced water requirement.

2. Improve Workability.
3. Less permissible to moisture.
4. Improve resistance to acid and chlorides,
5. Reduced Shrinkage.

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Tests on cement:

Sand:

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or
flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of mineral consisting of 90% of particles of size
greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2mm Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less
particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock. The silt content in sand sample
should be less than or equal to 8%. These are of three types:

Coarse sand

It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6mm and less than 2 mm.

Medium sand:

It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles sieve greater than 02 mm and less than
0.6mm.

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Fine sand:

It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm
Proper selection of sand is critical the durability and performance of concrete mixture. It
should be: Clear, angular and hard, free from chy, mica and soft, flaky material graded, which
means I should be a mix of fire, medium and coarse sand free from contaminates.
Contaminants such as sea sat are consistent in moisture (water) content which should not
exceed 7%. When mixing concrete the moisture content must be taken into consideration.

The price of sand inches three or four components-base cost, transportation handling and
number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand inbuk directly from the source will be cheaper.
Your neighborhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except when you need smiler
quantities.

Field test on Sand:

Silt Test-

Silt content is a fine material which is less than 150 micron. It is unstable in the presence of
water.
It is unstable in the presence of water. If we use silty sand for bonding, it will reduce the
strength and cause rework. Excessive quantity of silt, not only reduces the bonding of cement
and fine aggregates but also affects the strength and durability of work.

Procedure for silt test-

First, we have to fill the measuring cylinder with 1% solution of salt and water up to 50 ml.
Add sand to it until the level reaches 100 ml. Then fill the solution up to 150 ml level.
Cover the cylinder and shake it well. After 3 hours, the silt content settled down over the sand
layer. Now note down the silt layer alone volume as V1 ml (settled over the sand).Then note
down the sand volume (below the silt) as V2 ml
Repeat the procedure two more times to get the average.

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Fig.3 (Slit test apparatus)

Concrete Cube Test:

Three cube mould were casted, tested for checking compressive strength of concrete and
were sent to quality and testing laboratory.
For compressive cube test 3 cubes of 15cm*15cm*15cm are used. The concrete is poured in
the mould and stamped appropriately to avoid voids, top surface of cubes is made even and
smooth. Then these specimen are tested by compression testing machine on different
duration resulting in compressive strength of moulds.

Fig 4 (compressive strength of cube test)

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Aggregate:

Aggregates is a general term applied to those intent (that chemically inactive) material which
when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are
naturally occurring aggregates such as sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates:
Most of which passes through 4.75 mm L.S. sieve and retained on 150 micron.

Coarse Aggregates:
Most of which passes through 63 mm LS. Sieve and retained on 4.75 micron.
All in Aggregate:
Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or river bed. It is sometimes used for unimportant
work without separating into different sizes

Uses of the Aggregate:

Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing any type of good
concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain
concrete but not suitable for R.C.C. which is lighter than broken store aggregate. Air-cooled
blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron forms a stronger and
durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire resistance.

Sieve analysis on aggregate:

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Bricks:

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is an eco-friendly and certified green building material which
is lightweight, load-bearing, high-insulating, durable ,fire resistant building blocks and 3
times lighter when compared to red Bricks.Composed of quartz sand, calcined gypsum, lime,
cement, water and aluminum powder, AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an
autoclave.

Fig. 5 (Brickwork)

Comparison between Bricks.

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Reinforcement steel:

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete.

Concrete has low tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is
compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass through insertion of twisted mild steel bars.
Both branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of
which are marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is
provided exactly as the engineering design specification.

Fig 6 (Reinforcement steel)

Precautions:

Steel bar/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust. Bars that cannot be easily bent
manually or mechanically should be rejected. Optimum length bars must not be chosen to
reduce wastage in cutting. To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted Welded length of
the bars should not be accepted.

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Water:

The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water mixed with it.
Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the strength of concrete. After concrete is
cast, water is used to cure so that the temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly.
It is very important to use clean potable water in quality concrete production. Brackish or
salty water must never be used Contaminated water will produce concrete mortars with
lower durability. The PH of the water used for mixing of mortar/concrete should not have pH
less than 6.

Construction process:

Demolition and site clearance: - It is constructing under development project, 2nd step is to
demolished existing old structure, and then site clearance which involves removal of grass
and vegetation also to transport demolished debris.

For layout of construction site total station is widely used because of easy to mark points
quickly and efficiently. A total station is an electronic device used for surveying and building
construction. From a single reference point all center line marking is done.

Center line plan: It helps to understand the exact positioning of a column on site. In our
project all the center line passed through 115 mm from inner or outer face for column of 300
mm thickness. Horizontal Centre line are named as X1, X2, X3….X19 and vertical center
lines are marked Y1, Y2, …… Y17. By using total station some points are marked and
remaining Centre lines are marked with the help of thread and plumb bob as per drawing.

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Excavation and PCC:

The foundation of the building ground is excavated with the help

of excavating machines as per the building dimension specified in the drawings. In this
foundation trench, a layer of PCC (Plain cement concrete) is laid in the dug portion before
placing the reinforcements for the foundation.

Fig.7 (Plain cement concrete)

Fig. 9 (Excavation for foundation)

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Foundation:
The building is supported on the foundation is the lowermost part of the building that is in
contact with the soil. A building is load transferred from the superstructure to the soil and
needs to be extremely strong to handle the load.
After the PCC work foundation reinforcement work is started. The foundation’s bottom
level must check before concreting it. The remaining space between the foundations is filled
with earth.

Schedule for Footing:

On site we have to check the all the dimension are according to drawing or not. Clear cover is
provided or not, bar size , no of stirrups their spacing , column to column distance, in footing
mesh there are lower longer and short upper bars are used or not.

Fig. 10 (Schedule for footing and reinforced footing)

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Column:

A column can be defined as a vertical structural member designed to transmit a compressive

load. A Column transmits the load from ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its own weight
to the foundation. Hence it should be realized that the failure of a column results in the
collapse of the entire structure. The design of a column should therefore receive importance.

In this we had studied various aspects of column like orientation of column as per centre line
plan, bar bending schedule of column, column placing, shuttering & column casting.
Needle vibrator of 40 mm is used during concreting.
Number of cement bags required – volume *7.5

Stirrup binding for column:

In this drawing, details of stirrups binding format for different size of
columns are mentioned. Generally, 8 mm diameter steel bar are used for stirrups, they are
used to hold the main bar together in an RCC structure. For C1, C2, C3, C5, C6 & C7 four
legged stirrups are used, and for C4 six legged stirrups are used.

Fig 11 (Schedule for column and ring pattern)

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Slab:
We checked the spacing between the bars (100mm), stirrups and numbers of bars. Shuttering
was done, reinforcement (12mm, 16mm) was provided and electrical piping, concrete
casting of slab for area of 4423.06 sq. ft. was done as per the drawings.

Rate of steel binding and shuttering work: 60 Rs/sqft

Rate of casting work of slab: 20 Rs/sqft

We used 3 types of slab:

• One way slab
• Two way slab
• Sunken Slab

One way slab: This type of slab is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the
load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater
than 2, considered as one way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e. in the
direction along its shorter span
Two way slab: This type of slab is supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are
carried by the supports along with both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way
slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.
Sunken slab: This type slab used below the washrooms to cover sewer pipes or WC pipes or
other equipment is called a sunken slab. Care should be taken to avoid leakage problems as
the water pipes are hidden below the ground.

Fig 12 (Reinforcement of slab)

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Precast Compound Wall:

PCC (100mm) was done followed by Raft (200mm*1800mm) for compound wall.
Retaining wall (1700mm*200mm) was casted followed by RCC beam (400mm*600mm).
Curing was done for 14 days period. Precast pre-stressed concrete column & wall were
placed as per the schedule.
Reinforcement, concrete casting for slab was done as per the schedule.

Fig 13 (Precast compound wall)

Plumbing work:
System of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and
use of potable (drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes is done under
plumbing.

Hydraulic Pressure Pipeline Testing:

Hand-operated hydraulic pumps convert mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy by delivering hydraulic fluid under pressure through directly applied
manual effort. They use the simple principle of a handle providing leverage to an internal
piston. Hand operated hydraulic pressure pump used for testing plumbing work at 300psi..

Fig 14 (Hand operated testing pump)

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Plastering:

Cement Plaster:

Cement plaster was done using sand cement aggregate in 1:4 ratio.
The cement plastered surface requires proper curing for minimum 7 days. Improper curing
may develop cracks.
Cement plaster was applied in exterior plaster for (8-12) mm thickness.

Gypsum Plaster:

Punning plaster was done using gypsum powder.

Gypsum plaster was done for interior for (7-8) mm thickness.
Gypsum plaster has good insulation properties, fire resistant and impact resistant. Also,
gypsum saves a lot of time during construction and has superior finish.

Fig 15 (gypsum plaster)

Advantages of gypsum plaster:
 Low thermal conductivity
 Readily available raw material
 No curing time
 Easy to apply
 Efficient setting time
 Fire resistant
 No shrinkage
 Superior finish

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Waterproofing:

Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces of foundations, roofs,

walls, and other structural members. The function of the impermeable barrier is to prevent
water penetrations.
Nozzle grouting was done after waterproofing coat application.
Nozzle filling was done followed by brick bat coba waterproofing using chemical.
Finishing the surface using waterproofing compound blended with cement mortar.
Waterproofing is necessary for the basement, walls, bathrooms, kitchen, balconies, terrace or
roofs, water tanks, and swimming pools, etc.

Fig 16 (Waterproofing)

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Tile Work:
Tile work for 1st floor (floor tiles and wall tiles) was done. Tile work was done
effectively as per the drawing.
 Ceramic tile used in wall tiles.
 Vitrified tile used in floor tiles.

Fig 17 (Washroom tile finish)

Construction machinery used in the site:

 Mixer:-It is a mechanical material used for mixing the concrete ingredients

(water, cement and aggregate). There are different types of mixers, on our site
they used small drum mixer.

 Vibrator:- Having secured the necessary supply, the concrete needs to be placed and
compacted. These two activities are carried out simultaneously. Placing and
compaction of concrete should be done without causing any segregation of its
ingredients. For of compaction the concrete, on our sites they use a poker vibrator.
This is a steel tube, housing a rotating eccentric mass driven by compressed air or
an engine.

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 The vibrator is immersed into the concrete at regular intervals of half a meter a part.
When the concrete is vibrated, the internal friction between the aggregate particles is
reduced and the concrete becomes more fluid. As a result, it then settles better into the
forms and releases some of the air voids dispersed in the mix. When water wells up to
the surface it is slowly taken out. Vibration should not be longer than 10 seconds in
one place and the vibrator should be kept away from the formwork and reinforcement
bars. Excessive vibration causes the aggregate to segregate.

 Bar cutter: used to cut the reinforcement bar to accelerate the work.

 Meters: is used to take distance measurement.

 Truck: is used to transport materials to different sizes.

 Masons square: used to get right angle, also called squadra in site.

 Plumb bob: is used to check that a surface is level vertically.

 Sprit level: used with straight edge, for getting a horizontal surface. The leveling
tube is filled with alcohol and bubble of air.

 Pan: used to carry mortar, concrete etc. to other place in the construction.

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Problem and solution:

Use of AAC (Auto clave aerated concrete) blocks causes cracks on

the wall. The reason for this could be poor workmanship, shrinkage in block, temperature at
time of application of plaster and higher thickness of plaster. Concretes have a property of
expansion and contraction. It expands in heat and contract on cooling. The gap between RCC
Structures and walls joint is filled with fixing Chicken Mesh before plastering. It fixes on the
connection surface of columns, beams and walls.
Chicken mesh is used in interiors because of pipelines for electrical
conduits and water lines comes in interior walls. It prevents the cracks occurring because of
electrical conduits laying inside wall by grove cutting. The miss handling of switchboards
cause electrical conduit damages resulting in formation of cracks on walls

Fig 18 (Cracks developed and chicken mesh)

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Conclusion:

During our internship program we have gained a lot of knowledge in terms of improving our
practical skill. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that we have
been undertaking during this past four months on the site, enhanced our knowledge in
building construction. We are very glad to see that what we have learnt in the university can
be a repeated in the working world. We were able to apply our theoretical knowledge of
designing and construction works in the real life situation.

This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can
be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in
building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with
problems that arise in a building construction.

During these past four months, we have been able to see the different theoretical aspects,
methodologies. We have been fulfilling our curiosity in learning practically building
construction well in this internship program.

Generally, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical
period of the history. We will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate it
in other disciplines as well.