Seminar Report on

Lighting In Building Services

Submitted by:

Gala Preet Nilesh 20171311026

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033
Masrireuv Artwell 20171311045

Under the guidance of

Mr. K.V Patel

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University

A Seminar report submitted to

Ganpat University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The Degree of Diploma Engineering (6th Semester) in
Civil Engineering

May 2023

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

B.S. PATEL POLYTECHNIC / INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GANPAT UNIVERSITY,
KHERVA

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Seminar work embodied in this semester entitled “Lighting in Building
Services” was carried out by following students studying at B. S. Patel Polytechnic for partial
fulfillment of Diploma Engineering. This Seminar work has been carried out under my supervision
and is up to my satisfaction.

Gala Preet Nilesh 20171311026

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033
Masrireuv Artwell 20171311045

Date: _/_/2023
Place: Kherva

Signature of Guide

Mr. K.V Patel

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Ganpat University

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Seminar brings about dramatic changes in the traditional lookout of science & technology. It has
widened our vision, opened newer avenues and lightened the dark obscure facts of mysterious
universe. Behind every success there are lot many efforts, but efforts are fruitful due to hands
making the passage smoother. We express our deep sense of gratitude for hands, people extended
to us during our work.

We would like to thank to our Guide Mr. K.V Patel, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering
Department, Institute of Technology, for his moral support, constant unceasing encouragement,
critical evaluation, suggestion, constant untiring guidance and affection during the entire span of
our under-graduation study.

With reverence and gratitude, we would like to thank Mr. V. N. PATEL, Head of Department of
Civil Engineering, B. S. Patel Polytechnic & Institute of Technology, who has provided us the
necessary knowledge and guidance for enabling our Seminar work successfully at regular
interval.

We would like to express our special thanks to all friends who were always stood by us and
provided all the necessary help to complete our work. We are very much thankful to almighty for
giving us chance to have such brilliant and co-operative friends.

At the occasion of Seminar submission, we would like to thank from the bottom of my heart to
our parents and Department of Civil Engineering for their endless love, support and
encouragement. Last but not least we pay our reverence to this institute, B. S. Patel Polytechnic /
Institute of Technology. We are proud to be associated with this college.

Place: Kherva.

Gala Preet Nilesh 20171311026

Jadeja Krushanrajsinh 20171311033

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 Masrireuv Artwell 20171311045

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE OF PAGE Page No.

CERTIFICATE 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

1. What is lighting in building services 6

2. Main uses of building services 7

3. Types of building services 8
4. Components of building services 9
5. Advantages and disadvantages of solar power plant 10
6. Annual cost for building services lighting in india 11
7. Brief content of literature 12
8. Some definitions 13
9. Factors required for light scheme 15
10. Depreciation factor 16
11. Types of artificial lighting 17
12. Color rendering index 18
13. Color temperature (k°) 19
14. Conclusion 20

TABLE OF FINGERS
Tittle Page No.
Components of building services 9
Luminous Flux 14
Factors required for light scheme 15
Straight line deprecation 16
Color Rendering Index 18
Color Temperature 19

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 ABSTRACT

Building services lighting refers to the lighting systems and fixtures used in buildings to provide
functional and aesthetic lighting for various purposes, such as illuminating workspaces,
highlighting architectural features, or creating ambiance. The design and implementation of
lighting systems in buildings require careful consideration of factors such as energy efficiency,
visual comfort, and flexibility.
In recent years, the use of advanced lighting technologies and control systems has increased
significantly, allowing building owners and occupants to achieve greater energy savings and
customization of their lighting environments. These technologies include LED lighting. daylight
harvesting, occupancy sensors, and advanced control systems that can adjust lighting levels
based on the time of day. occupancy patterns, and other factors.
Furthermore, lighting design plays an important role in creating a comfortable and visually
pleasing environment. Designers must consider factors such as color temperature, color
rendering, glare, and uniformity to create a lighting scheme that is both functional and
aesthetically pleasing. Overall, building services lighting is an essential component of modern
building design and construction, and the integration of advanced lighting technologies and
design principles can lead to significant improvements in energy efficiency. occupant comfort,
and overall building performance.

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1. What is lighting in building services

 Building services lighting refers to the lighting systems and fixtures that are installed in
buildings to provide illumination for various purposes, such as functional, aesthetic, or
safety lighting. The design and implementation of building services lighting systems
require consideration of various factors, including energy efficiency, visual comfort,
flexibility, and safety.

 Building services lighting is an essential component of modern building design and

construction, as it can significantly impact the energy efficiency and overall performance
of a building. With the advancements in lighting technologies, such as LED lighting and
advanced control systems, building owners and occupants can achieve greater energy
savings and customization of their lighting environments.

 Moreover, lighting design plays a crucial role in creating a comfortable and visually
pleasing environment. Lighting designers must consider various factors, including color
temperature, color rendering, glare, and uniformity, to create a lighting scheme that is
both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

 In summary, building services lighting includes lighting systems and fixtures that are
designed to provide functional and aesthetic lighting for various purposes in a building.
Its design and implementation must consider various factors to ensure energy efficiency,
visual comfort, flexibility, and safety while creating a comfortable and visually appealing
environment.

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2. Main uses of building services

Some of the main uses of building services are:

1. Comfort: Building services are designed to provide a comfortable indoor environment for
occupants. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems ensure that indoor temperature and
humidity levels are maintained within comfortable ranges, while lighting systems provide
illumination for various purposes such as functional, aesthetic, or safety lighting.

2. Safety: Building services play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of occupants. For example,
fire safety systems such as fire alarms, sprinklers, and smoke control systems are critical
components of building services that can help prevent and control fires.

3. Energy efficiency: Building services can significantly impact the energy consumption and
environmental footprint of a building. Energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
systems, lighting systems, and water supply systems can help reduce energy consumption and
lower operating costs.

4. Sustainability: Building services can also contribute to the sustainability of a building. Energy-
efficient and sustainable building services can help reduce the carbon footprint of a building,
conserve natural resources, and reduce waste.

5. Functionality: Building services are designed to provide the necessary functionality for
various building types and uses. For instance, water supply and drainage systems are critical
components of buildings such as hospitals, hotels, land commercial buildings.

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3. Types of building services

1. General Lighting: General lighting provides overall illumination for a space, and it is
usually the primary source of lighting. It provides uniform illumination for the entire
space and is usually mounted on the ceiling. Examples of general lighting include
recessed downlights, surface-mounted luminaires, and linear fixtures.

2. Task Lighting: Task lighting provides focused illumination for specific tasks, such as
reading, writing, or working on a computer. It is usually placed at a desk or work area to
provide adequate illumination for the task at hand. Examples of task lighting includes
table lamps, desk lamps, and under-cabinet lighting.

3. Accent Lighting: Accent lighting is used to highlight or accentuate specific architectural

features or decorative elements in a space. It is usually a directional light source and is
used to create visual interest and drama. Examples of accent lighting include wall
washers, picture lights, and track lighting.

4. Emergency Lighting: Emergency lighting is used to provide illumination during power

outages or other emergency situations. It is usually powered by a battery or generator and
is designed to provide adequate illumination for safe evacuation. Examples of emergency
lighting include exit signs, emergency lights, and backup lighting.

5. Daylighting: Daylighting is the use of natural light to provide illumination for as pace. It
is a sustainable lighting strategy that can help reduce energy consumption and create a
pleasant indoor environment. Examples of daylighting include skylights, clerestory
windows, and light shelves.

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4. Components of building services

The major components of the building services system are listed below.

1. Light source: The light source is the component that generates the light, such as a lamp or
LED. There are various types of light sources, including incandescent, fluorescent, LED,
and halogen.

2. Luminaire: The luminaire is the fixture that houses the light source and distributes the
light in the desired direction. Luminaires can take many forms, including recessed
downlights, surface-mounted fixtures, track lighting, and pendants.

3. Ballast or driver. The ballast or driver is a component that regulates the electrical current
to the light source. It is necessary for some types of light sources, such as fluorescent
lamps and LED fixtures.

4. Controls: Lighting controls are devices that allow users to adjust the brightness or color
of the light source, turn the lighting on or off, or program lighting scenes. Examples of
lighting controls include dimmer switches, occupancy sensors, and timers.

5. Wiring and cabling: The wiring and cabling provide the electrical connection between the
light source, the ballast or driver, and the controls. Wiring and cabling must be installed
according to electrical codes and regulations to ensure safety.

6. Power supply: The power supply is the component that delivers electricity to the lighting
system. It can be supplied by the building's electrical system or from an external source,
such as a generator or solar panel.

7. Emergency lighting system: The emergency lighting system is a separate lighting system
that provides illumination during power outages or other emergency situations. It is
typically powered by a battery or generator and is designed to provide adequate
illumination for safe evacuation.

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5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Power Plant

Advantages

1. Improved visibility: Building services lighting provides adequate illumination for

activities in a space, improving visibility and reducing eye strain.

2. Energy efficiency: Many modern lighting systems are designed to be energy-efficient,

reducing energy consumption and saving money on electricity bills.

3. Increased safety: Adequate lighting can help prevent accidents and injuries in a space,
especially in high-traffic areas and during emergency situations.

4. Improved productivity: Proper lighting can improve mood and increase productivity,
which is especially important in workspaces.

5. Aesthetic appeal: Building services lighting can be used to highlight architectural features
or create visual interest, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of a space.

Disadvantages:

1. Maintenance: Building services lighting systems require regular maintenance to ensure

proper operation, which can be time-consuming and costly.

2. Heat generation: Some types of lighting systems, such as incandescent lamps generate a
significant amount of heat, which can increase cooling costs.

3. Glare: Improperly designed or installed lighting systems can create glare, which can be
uncomfortable and reduce visibility.

4. Light pollution: Poorly designed or improperly installed lighting systems can contribute
to light pollution, which can negatively impact the environment and disrupt wildlife.

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 1. 15. Cost Building services lighting systems can be expensive to install, especially for
large commercial spaces.

6. Annual cost for building services lighting in India

It is difficult to provide a specific annual cost for building services lighting in India, as the cost
can vary widely depending on factors such as the size of the building, the type of lighting
system, and the quality of the components used. However, here are some general guidelines
regarding the cost of building services lighting in India:

1. Initial installation cost: The initial installation cost of a building services lighting system
in India can range from IN 100-200 per square foot for a basic system to IN 500-1000 per
square foot for a more advanced system with high-end components.

2. Maintenance cost: Building services lighting systems require regular maintenance to

ensure proper operation and safety. The annual maintenance cost can range from INR 10-
20 per square foot for a basic system to IN 50-100 per square foot for a more complex
system.

3. Energy cost. The energy cost of building services lighting can be a signific expense for
commercial buildings in India. The annual energy cost can range from INR 20-50 per
square foot for a basic system to IN 100-200 per square foot for a more energy-efficient
system.

4. Replacement cost: Over time, building services lighting components may need to be
replaced due to wear and tear. The replacement cost can range from IN 10-20 per square
foot for a basic system to INR 50-100 per square foot for a more advanced system with
high-end components.

It is important to note that these are rough estimates and the actual cost of building services
lighting in India can vary widely depending on the specific factors involved. Additionally, it is
important to consider the long-term savings that can be achieved through energy-efficient
lighting systems and regular maintenance, as these factors can help reduce overall costs over
time.

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7. Brief content of literature

Article-1-Buildings Energy Savings - Lighting Systems Performance

Name of author- Abbas M. Al-Ghaili

Date published - 21 April 2020

Abstract
It provides a review on several lighting systems designs applied to several types of buildings
implemented in many countries different conditions have been considered. These factors have
been one of the main reasons to produce varied energy savings rate(s). These have been
discussed in and reviewed. Main types of lightings systems which have been reviewed are:
daylight, occupancy-based, lighting retrofit, and time scheduling lighting systems. In the
following sub-sections, they are in detail reviewed.

Lighting systems are one of the highest energy consumptions specifically in buildings. Thus, by
designing energy efficient systems, it would contribute much to buildings energy savings.
Therefore, this paper motivation is to review a number of lighting systems designs applied to
many types of buildings. It is then so important to discover what methods and systems which
have been proposed to save energy in buildings in term of lighting. By finding out what
proposed systems are for different types of buildings, designers and respective researchers e.g.,
buildings engineers would find possibility and applicability of such lighting systems for certain
types of buildings to achieve higher energy savings than some other systems when applied to
the same types of buildings. Such a relation between reviewed lighting systems with types of
buildings would be helpful for many researchers from different fields. There exist numerous
factors that play an important role in achieving higher energy savings rate on which efficient
energy lighting systems rely. This paper aims to review several types of lighting systems
designs applied to different types of buildings. Additionally, performance(s) of lighting systems
might vary depending on the design of the lighting system to achieve higher buildings' energy

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savings. In this review paper, several past studies that utilized Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) from the perspective of energy Informatics for a smart lighting system that
efficiently achieves energy savings have been considered. This paper has considered different
types of lighting systems and types of buildings. Cited papers in this review paper are derived
from six digital libraries which are: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ScienceDirect, MDPI,
Emerald Insight, ACM DL, and Taylor & Francis Online.

8. Some definitions

Luminous Flux
This expresses the total quantity of light radiated per I second by a light source. The unit of
luminous flux is the lumen (1m)

Examples:

• 75W incandescent lamp: 1900 Im

• 39W fluorescent lamp: 3.500 Im

* 250W high pressure sodium lamp: 130.000 Im

Luminous intensity [I]

This is defined as the flux of light emitted in a certain direction.

The unit of luminous intensity is the candela (ed)

Examples (centre of beam):

 5W bicycle lamp without reflector: 2,5 cd

 5W bicycle lamp with reflector: 250 cd
 20M incandescent reflector lamp 10.000 cd

ILLUMINATION
The illumination E of a surface A is defined as the luminous flux per unit area (F/A) in lumens
per square meter which is renamed a lux (1x)

An illumination of one lux occurs when a flux of one lumen falls on an area of one square meter.

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Illuminance
This is the quantity of light falling unit of illuminance is lumen/m? or lux

 Examples: Summer, at noon: 100.000 lux

 under a clear sky (equator): 5.000 lux

Type of work recommended illumination level

BUILDING TYPE RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION

LEVEL

Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square

Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square

Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square

Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square

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 Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square

Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square

9. FACTORS REQUIRED FOR LIGHT SCHEME

The following factors are required to be considered while designing the lighting scheme:

1. Illumination level

2.Quality of light

3.Co efficient of utilization

4.Depreciation factor

5.Space height ratio

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10. DEPRECIATION FACTOR

 The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting may be reduced due to deposition of
dust upon the surfaces. Similarly, quantity of light reflected from the ceiling and walls
also decreases with the passage of time. This is called as depreciation factor.

 Usually, it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.

SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

•A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of brightness or flux density versus frequency or
wavelength of light.

•It is used in many branches of astronomy to characterize astronomical sources.

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•A tool to know the process of star formation is provided by the spectral energy distribution
(SED) mainly in the near- and mid-infrared light.

11. Types of Artificial Lighting

•There are four basic types of lighting:

1. Incandescent,

2. Fluorescent,

3. High-intensity discharge, and

4. Low-pressure sodium

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Incandescent bulbs
Light is produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire that glows when it is heated by an electrical
current.

 -shortest lives
 -Inefficient

Advantages
1. Inexpensive
2. Available in many configurations and c
3. No warm-up required
4. Not temperature sensitive
5. Easily controlled

Disadvantages
1. Inefficient (10 - 25 lumens/watt)
2. Short lamp life
3. Vibration sensitive
4. Over-voltage sensitive

12. Color Rendering Index

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source match actual
colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the reference source.

 85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition

 75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition
 65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition
 55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition
 0 - 55 CRI = Poor color rendition

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13. Color Temperature (K°)

A measure of the "warmth" or "coolness" of a light source

 ≤ 3200K = "warm" or red side of spectrum

 ≥ 4000K = "cool' or blue side of spectrum
 3500K = "neutral"
 5000K = "Daylight"

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14. Conclusion

 In conclusion, building services lighting plays a critical role in creating functional, safe,
and comfortable environments within buildings. It involves the installation and design of
lighting systems for different types of spaces such as offices, commercial buildings,
hospitals, and schools.

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 Effective building services lighting requires careful consideration of factors such as the
type of space, the function of the area, the users' needs, energy efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness.

 The selection of appropriate lighting fixtures, bulbs, and controls is essential to achieve
the desired lighting levels, visual comfort, and energy savings.

 The use of advanced technologies such as LED lighting, lighting controls, and sensors
can help optimize building services lighting, reduce energy consumption and costs, and
improve the overall building performance.

 In summary, building services lighting is a crucial aspect of building design and

operation, and it should be approached with a holistic perspective to achieve optimal
lighting quality. energy efficiency, and user comfort.

REFFRENCES

 All the information was taken from Google and few topics are covered from the book
of Construction Project Management
 The photos were taken from the book as well and the few photos are taken from
Google
 http://www.ersbm.com/our-services/lighting-services/

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