Brief History Of Technology

According to Schultz (2016), There are four stages of technology:

1. Proto-Technology
2. Classical Technology
3. Modern Technology
4. Post-Modern Technology

Information Age
- Typically described by the change from traditional industry to an economy based
Computerization.

History Of Information Age

1. Pre-Gutenberg World
2. Gutenberg Revolution
3. Post-Gutenberg World
4. Rise Of Digital Age

Johannes Gutenberg - A German publisher who introduced “ movable type of printing”.

Internet Revolution
- The Internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the United States
government's Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized network.

- This project was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network),
created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency established in 1969 to
provide a secure and survivable communications network for organizations engaged in
defense-related research.

- The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP allowed users to link various branches of
other complex networks directly to the ARPANET, which soon came to be called the
Internet.

Berners-Lee invents the Web

- In 1989, English scientist Tim Berners-Lee (1955–) began work on a system he would
eventually call the World Wide Web. His goal was to make the Internet accessible to
everyone. Berners-Lee designed a standard set of protocols, Rules that create an exact
format, or pattern of arrangement, for communication between systems. Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) became the standard communications language on the
Web.

HTTP - (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.

Hypertext is any text that can link to documents in other locations. Photos and other
images, sounds, and video with links are called hypermedia.
1993 - 1995, the World Wide Web (www, or the Web), a user-friendly
information-sharing network system, quietly came into being and began to spread.

The Internet age began in the 1960s, when computer specialists in Europe began to
exchange information from a main computer to a remote terminal by breaking down
data into small packets of information that could be reassembled at the receiving end.
The system was called packet-switching.

In 1993, Mosaic, a browser that adapted the graphics, familiar icons (picture symbols),
and point-and-click methods, became available.
- A year later, one of Mosaic's creators devised Netscape Navigator, a highly
successful Web browser that gave users more comfortable Web access.

In 1995, Microsoft entered the competition with its Internet Explorer.

- Internet service providers such as CompuServe, America Online (AOL), Netcom, and
Prodigy arose rapidly to meet the enormous demand for servers to link people to the
Internet.

Yahoo! Inc. was nothing more than a Web search index. By 1999, so many advertisers
and investors had jumped on the Yahoo! bandwagon, it had become a major media
company worth tens of billions of dollars. The stock of online auction house eBay, one
of a growing number of e-commerce companies, increased 2,000 percent in value in
less than a year when it went public in 1998.

Amazon.com, 1995, a seller of books and other merchandise online, was valued in the
multibillions long before it made its first annual profit in 2004.

The dot-com bubble bursts

- Many dot-com companies were founded by young, innovative people who became
suddenly rich when their companies’ stock prices rose. Their employees were typically
recent college graduates, lured by high salaries, fun work environments, and the
promise of owning shares in ever-soaring company stocks.

WEB 1.0
- The first iteration of the web represents the web 1.0, which, according to Berners-Lee,
is the “read-only web.”
- The early web allowed us to search for information and read it. There was very little in
the way of user interaction or content generation.

The overall goal

- to present products to potential customers — much as a catalog or a brochure does —
to anyone in the world. The web provides the exposure.
Web 2.0 and its Environment
- Web 2.0 is the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web
that is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online via
social media, blogging and Web-based communities.

After the dot-com bubble burst, a second wave of Web industries arose, which came to
be known as Web 2.0. The leader among them was a successful search engine
called Google.

Search engines are software programs that help users locate Web sites. They use
programs, called “spiders” or “robots,” that go out and collect information, which is then
stored and indexed in the search engine's Web site databases.)

Blogs had emerged. A blog (derived from “Web log”) is an online commentary written
by a nonprofessional writer in journal style that allows readers to respond.

Among many other popular Web 2.0 environments are:

MySpace, a social networking Web site with an estimated 154 million members.
YouTube, a Web site on which users can display videos.
Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia written and edited by its readers, grew into a
several-million-article project.

Internet - a global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.

Yahoo – 1994, is an Internet portal that incorporates a search engine and a directory of
World Wide Web sites; chat groups, instant messaging, and e-mail.

Google - 1998 (Larry Page and Sergey Brin), search for information about (someone or
something) on the Internet using the search engine.

Wikipedia – 2001, is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers

around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Skype – 2003, a voice over Internet Protocol software application used for voice, video
and instant messaging communications.

Youtube - 2004 (Chad Harley and Steve Chen), is a video sharing service that allows
users to watch videos posted by other users and upload videos of their own.
Facebook - 2004 is an online social networking website where people can create
profiles, share information such as photos and quotes about themselves, and respond
or link to the information posted by others. Created by Mark Zuckerberg.

Twitter - created by Norah Glass, Jack Dorsey, Bizstone and Evan Williams in 2006 a
netwoking website where people post and inter act.

Messenger - developed as facebook chat in 2008 but changed its messaging service in
2010.

Instagram - Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger in 2010.

Mobile Phone
- is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link
while the user is moving within a telephone service area.

Laptop
- a portable microcomputer having its main components (such as processor, keyboard,
and display screen) integrated into a single unit capable of battery-powered operation

Mobile Phones support a variety of other services, such as:

- text messaging, SMS (SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES)
- MMS, (MULTIMEDIA MESSAGING SERVICES)
- email,
- Internet access,
- short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth),
- business applications,
- video games, and
- digital photography.

Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile
phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as
smartphones.