Tl. C, AJIEKCAHHPOB JIEKUMM . MO AHAJIMTAYECKON TEOMETPHY, NONOJIHEHHbIE HEOBXOAUMbIMU CBEHEHUAMM M3 AJIPEBPbI ¢ MmpHaoxweniem coOpanua saza4, cHaOxkennbix pemelnaMi, coctasnennoro A, C. IlapxomeHKo Honyiseno Mu ere pemto eucueeo u cpedues cnequaadncer oOpasosanun CCCP 6 Kaxecmse van Goan 4 onyoen enmos yHusepcumenos Y3M1ATEJIbCTBO tHAYKA> IABHAA PEAQAKUMA r. OM3NKO-MATEMATHUECKOA JIMTEPATYPBI . MOCKBA 1968A 48 517.3 YOK 516, 0OPIABEHME Tipeanesoone wy. Taapa | Koopaunare wa mpaMolh 6. ee ee ee § 1 Orsomenne orpeskon one vee 2 Hanpanaewmse orpesku (sextop), Hx OTHoweHIe | le 3 Oce Aare6panueckce sHaveune (Koopaunata) BexTopa ua oct 4 Cnoxenne pextopos na mpaMoh wee ee ee - . 5 Cuctema koopauiat na npaMoit Pliiiici lis. oe 6 Meaewne ospeska B anHON OTHOWeHHH . 2. 1 et ee 7 Tiponopunonanpnocth map qacet «eee ee ee ee 8. Beckoweuuo yaasenuaa touxa npamol . . en §9 Tponopuwonaabnocre ABYX nocnesoBatenbuocrell, cocromutix wan uhicesr see eee eee we eee nee Taapa Il Bexropa. 2... eee cee ee ee ees § 1 Pazencrso wextopen CecGoauplit sextop ... - tae § 2 Jlunefinse onepaunn wax BeKTopamn (caoxeHHeE H yevonente na uneno) 4. . . . ae 1 Caoxcine vexropos (34) 2 Yanoxenve sextopa wa 4H tao (38) §3 Mpoexum . . . § 4 Koaanneapuue mu nownaavapuue cexrope, oopauasns Bexropa OTHOCHTeTbHO Aaltore Basnca soe § 5. Aluneiiuas saBvcumocth H HeSaBHCHMOCTS BeEKTOPOB wae § 6, Teomerprueckuit Cnica auneiinof saBHcHMocTH BeKTOpOB . . . § 7. Bexropunie wHoroo6na3Ks wae tee Taapa Ul Agdwunas cuctema KOOpaHHat Ha MaAOCKOCTH MB MpocTpancTBe § 1 Orpeserenve afprunol cucteme Koopaiiar 1 Adybunuas cueteua KoopaunaT Ha mnccKocr (55) 2 Ab unuasa cuctena KoopaniaT B mpoctpaxcTee (58) § 2 Qepeuoc nayana Koopaunar . oe see ne §3 Denenne otpeska w aaumom ommouenmt 6 Taana IV [pamoyronsuan cuctema Koopaunat. Toanpuste Koopannatn § 1 Tipamoyroasuas cnctesa Koopgumat ia MazCCKOCTH HH Mpoctpalt crpe Paccronnne mexay apyvia TouKAaMH Ypabucuna Okpy%Ko CTH Ht Chepbt : se oe . 1 Tpsviovroapnas cacreya Koopguiat a MocKocTH HB Mpectpali- cre (66) 2 Poprxyra aaa qawist wextopa (naa paccto- Aan meaay ABYMH TOMKANH) B MpHMOyTOALNO cHcTeVe 13 17 17 18 20 al 22 23 25 28 Ses 44 49 52. 61 66 06§ 3 OPAABAEHHE Koopantat (66). 3. Ypanveite oKpyxHocTH; SamcuanHe 06 ypaBHenNH ANHHY BoObMe (67). 4. Ypasnenne ccheput (68). 2. Ckaanpnoe uponasenenne beKTopoB; yrow MexKAY ALYMA BeKTOpamH 69 1. Yroa Meway asyma pextopama (69). 2. Hanpasamonine Ko- cuaycut (71). 3. Ckaaspioe mpoxanerenue aayx Bextopoo (72). 4. Burpaakenne ckaanpsoro mpowspenenHA Ht yraa mexay ABYMA BeEKTOpaMH Yepes KOOPAMHATL aTHX BeKTOpOS (73). 3. Yroa of oquoro sekropa ao Apyroro wa MaockoctH .. ~~... 75 4. Tloanpuas cuctema Koopannat Ha mnockoctH .. se. «77 1. Onpenenenue noxapumx xoopaniat (77). 2. Coss» mpamo- YPONbHLIX KOOPAKHAT C TostapHeimu (79). 3. Tpumepst (61). § 5. Noanpuas cnctewa xoopanHat w npoctpanctke .. 22... 8 Taasa V. Upamas anna... ee ee ee ee ee § 1. Hanpasantomna pextop 4 yraonok Koadxpuuuent npanoit (B mpo- H3B0ALMOM aduuHOw CHCTeMe Koopaniat). Yparnenne mpamoi . § 2. Pacnosoxenvie ABYX MpaMBX Ha MHOCKOCTH ee al § 3. Yactane cayian OGulero ypausienia npaMoi.... . lll 3 § 4. Bextopnan # mapamerprveckas dopa ypauilenia npamoi, Ypav- HeHHe RPAMOH, Apoxolawel sepes abe SaaaHHe TOUKXH » .. . 94 § 5. 3agana: Koraa mpawas Ax+By-+C=0 wa maockocta npoxoant depes TouKy mepeceveunn aByX gaganHEX wpaMEX Ayx-+ By + FCO WAG By +$Cp=O?P ee es § 6. Ave nonynaockocrn, onpesernenuie gannok pasos na maockocri 101 § 7. Tpsman wa naockocru 8 npamoyronpHok cucrene Koopamnar. Hopmanpice ypasienne MpAMolh Ha MnocKocTH. ~~... ee 105 § 8 Pacctosnme of TouKH fo MpaMoit (Ha NaocKocTa)... 2... . 107 § 9. Yrau, o6paayesble abyxn Mpa Ha MaockocrH. |)... 108 1. Yroa nexity aayma npamuinm (108). 2, Yros or nepsoii npa- Mol 20 BrOpoit ay § 10. Tipaman 6 npoctpanctoe, cHaGaenniom npamoyroabHion cucrenoi KOOpAMHAT oe ee ee ee ee ee ee UD Taasa Vi. Aapaéona. Snaunc. Punep6ona...,.....-..... 114 G1. MapaGona 2 ee eee ee 114 § 2. Onpenenenue u Kanonnueckoe ypanuenue amaunca ... 1... 119 § 3, Tlapametpiueckan satnce ypasueina azaunca; nocrpoenne saauu- ca no Toukam. Snawne Kak pesyeTaT CKATHA OKPYRNCCTH K OJ- HoMy Hs ee avaMerpos .. .. Sette eee ee 124 § 4. Sanunc kak Mpoexina oKpy2KNocTI H Kak ce¥eHwe Kpyraoro WH- MHHAPS ee be eee eran § 5. Onpesenenne runep6oms. Kaounseckoe ypasnenne runep6on § 6. OckoRHof npsMoyronunnk H acHNMTOTH rinepSo 2... § 7. Tupextpuest anzinea w runep6onm ..... eee a 137 § 8. Pokansnuit mapametp snaunca mo cunep6oan. Ypannenue npn Bepuune se Be ee ee ee TD 1. Moxanniwit napamerp (142). 2. Ypanuenite mp Bepurine. OGeschenue nassannii «napaGona», casaunecs, crumep6ozar (143). § 9. Ypapuenve aaaunca, runep6oau 4 TapaGoaLt 8 NOAPHIIX KOOp- ARHATAX See ee ee eee ee eee 147Vaasa § § ; § Tnapa § OF AARIERME VIL. Mevepmanantas 2 ee ee ee 1, Tlaouiay® opnestaponaiitoro napataeaorpaMna u TpeyroabnnKa 2, Herepmunatr ptoporo uopaaka. Matput . 2. ee ee 3, Uerepimantut Tpetero nopaaka .. se tit 4, Pasaomenne aetepmufaita 1peTbero MopaaKa No szeMenTaM Ka- Koit-ru60 cTpoxn. [puaoxeune K cuctene spex ypabyeHuit ¢ Tpeua wensuectHsimn (npaziito Kpaepa) 2... 2... . 5. Cucremst tpex ypabuernii ¢ tpestt LenanectinNn ¢ zerepMauaNt- TOM CHCTEMI, PABHBIN HYMO ee ee ee ee : 6, Apudwernyeckoe n-mepdoe BeKTOpHOe MHOTOOOpasHe (mpoctpaH- crpo). O6mee onpegenenne Matpuuel. Jlerepmuaattit aml060ro MOPHAKA ee ee ee tae 1. Apndneriueckoe m-Meprioe nextopaoe mpocrpancrso (167). 2. Odwee oupemeienne marpuue. Derepmnkantal aro nopsaka, Hesupoxnaiomnecn marpuum (168). 3. Ocnosrie cpolicraa AeTepyunantos (170). Pazaomenwe JetepMHNaHTa n-ro NOPAAKA MO sMemenTam anol cTpoKH (AanHoro cTotGUa). 2 ee ee Tipasuno Kpamepa quia peitedua cuctem m ypapuewuil cn ne WBBECTHBMM ee ee et es , OGuee onpegereune MANOpos MaTpmiul. Teopesra JIannaca . . Vunoweuve geTepMaawtO se ee ee Meee Uetepwanant n-ro nopAaka Kak AMHeliad HeVeTIAaN HOpMHpo- bauhan Qyakuna OTN weRTOpOB. ~~. 2-2. ee te reo 2 Nn 1 1 VIII, MpeoGpasoganue xoopauvat. Matpiust . 2... ee 1. Tlepexox or oanoii agxpunnoa cutest Koopaunar K apyroit . . 1, Tepexoa or onnoli adxpunuoit cucremti KoopaniatT K Apyroi ¢ Tem xe Ha4atom. Tlepexoa or onworo 6a3Hca K apyromy. Marpuua, oGpatuan kK jaHHnoH (188). 2. Tlepexoa ot onHon abpunnoilt cuctembl KOOpANHaT K Apyroti ¢ W3MeHeHHem Havana Koopasnat (191). 3. Ypasnenne runep6onu orHocuTeabno ee acumntor (191). § 2. Nepensoxerne narpim. Honoe onpesenenne o6painci watpius § 1. Tiponseetenue asyx Marpuu (193). 2, Hosoe onpeteneume 06- patnoil warps (195). 3. Tlepexca or oxoil npanoyronbuoil crcreme KoopaHnat x apyroit 1. Cayuaii npavoyroapuoro genepa #a umockocte (196). 2. Op- TorenalbHble MatpHon. Tpamoyronbubie (optorokaibHwe) pe- Hepsi » upoctpancre (199). § 4. Telietsus naz Metpruasi w oOmen coyyae 2 ee ee ee Taapa ckOCTH M mpoctpanct: 1X. Mpeo6pasosaune xoopmanar (nporomKenne): opHentanua nui0- yrab Jilrepa; o6nem opnentaposannoro MapaaMenenunesa; BeEKTOPHOe MpoHsBegcMe ABYX BCKTOPOB . . . . « § 1, Opnertauns npoctpanctna (naockocth) ee eee ee 2. Vea Diitepa. . . eae Se ee ee 3. OGvew opHenTHpoLanuoro napaiaeneunneas se ke 150 152 154 159 162 167 174 7 178 183 185 188 188 198 207 218 228oc OrAARAEHKE 1. Hesotopne wactauie cayuan onpezenenus opnerramaH mpoct- paxicrba (221), 2. OGnes oprerreponaiuoro napaaaenenunens (222). § 4. Beksopaoe mpoxaneneine mByx BeKTOPOR ©... ee ee es WS 1. Busextop (225), 2, Bextopnoe vpoutaserenne (226) Paasa X. Maockocts 4 npaman a mpoctpauerse 2... 1.62... 230 § 1. Ypanneaua maockocth . . Le ee as 290 1. Hapamerpnuecxoe oGmee ypavnensa naockocra (220). 2) Ypapuente asyMepuoro nekropioro mMoroobpasia (232). 3. Hepuan ocuoniaa teopewa o n-iockocts (234). 4. Veaoaue kosmaawapHocT# uexTopa anockoctn (236). 5. Yacrunie cay- uay ypaBHeuus mocKocrH (236). § 2. Muoxectso pemenuit cietempi apyx oanopogwix AMHeltbIx ypay- Hei C TpeMA HeHSBECTHMIMI se kk ee ee eee 238 § 3. Bsauwnoe pacnonomenne payx naccKkocreh ..-. . 2 ee. 240 § 4. Mpawan Kax nepecevenme anyx nacckocrei . 2... ee es DAL § 5. Myyox miocuocteh 2... eee tte eee vee 244 6. Baadunoe pacnonuxenne gnyx mpawax B mpocrpaucrse | |. 246 © asyx moaynpocrparctnax, onpexensensx aaurioli nagcKocrsio 247 8) Flaockocrs 8 npssoyroabiolk cHcreme Koopanitat; Hopsamhiioe YPaBHeHHe TCeKOCTH; paccronuMe OT TOUKH go NaocKocTH . . 249 § 9 Yros wexay npaMoliH maocKocriio; yron MexkAy abyMA t0- CKOCTANH 6 se ee ee ee ee ee ee 22 § 10. jive sanaun rn SDDDDDD IT o54 Vaasa XI. Aouxenns u adanune npeodpasopanma . 2... 1... 259 1. Onpexencune apwxennft a agpminsx npeoSpasonannt . . . . 250 § 2, [Tpeo6pasceanne wexTopos sipa addunwom npeo6pasoraunn nno- cKOCTR H npoctpancTea. Ocnopune cuolicrBa adHHHbx npecSpa- s0pannit § 3. Avasutuueccoe Bupareime abguneex npeotpasosannii |. | | 27t § 4. Coxpanenne omoulennii naomagel u oGpenon npn adpunex MpeoOpaasopannax oe § 5, Moayenne coGermeniax adxpuuiux npecGpasonanat nocpen- CRON aehopwamtn ToxmecTBeHHoro MpeoSpazonanna. Cuexctoun 276 § 6. fipnxemia Kak s0Merpuueckue peobpancnatria nn 2 § 7. DpecSpasonanus nogobun. s,s. 1, Onpexeaene nperSpazonanns nogoSka (280). 2. “Pannomepnoe pactaxeune (roMoterun) (280). 3. Tpenctasaenue npeoSpazo- Bawes MOLOGH B BHRe NpoHsbeAeHHA pacTRIKEHHA MH AAMKE- wns (282). § 8. Kaacengnxanus annakennil npanol w nacckocmt 2... - . + 283 L. As#xenna npanoit (283). 2. Hemxenun nacckocta (284). Paana XIJ. Bexropise npocrpauctra (mHorooGpasua) sore KoxesHoro umcna HaMepenmit, Cucremit anneliubix onMopomuNX ypasHenu . . . 288 § 4 Onpereneine nenropuore npoenpaserna . - . . «+ ce 288 § 2 Pasmepnocrs. Basue. Koopauuat. 2. le ee 2 2 292 . Basve (292). 2. Mepexoa or ognoro Gagnca K apyromy (294), §3. Teopena 06 WoMophisme Mexry IOGLMH ABYMA BeKTOpHUMH TpoctpavictBamM OgHoil K Tol Ke KONeUHOH pasMepkocTA n . . 295$4. §5. $6. 7. 8. OP-AABAEHHE, Nloanpocrpauerva nexropuoro npocrpanerea. anvtichume teope: MbIO GHNEHHOM BAGNCHMOCTH BeKTOPOB HK O Gaatice BeKTOpHOrO WpOcrpancTBa . ee 1, Onpegesienne toanpocrpakctna rah ore mPoctpsneraa (297) 2. Teopema [lreiixima «o samence (298) AareSpanueckan (8 yactuoct#, mpasiaa) cysa soxnpocrpaners Tinuelsne oroSpaxennn vextopsux mpoctpatere ... 1... 1. Onpeaestente 1 upocrefimme ceolicrsa anneiinix mpeoGpase- paumni (304). 2. Matpuma anefnoro npeopasopanna. Yauo- skeHhe MpeoSpazonawHit H yMHOenKe MaTpRU (306). Teopema o paure atpHuul 6... ee Cucrem aunefinuix oguopoanux ypanuemwi 2 ll lt! Taana XIII. dJindetmue, Gnanueiiine 4 xbaapaTmnne gynKuuM Ha BeK- TOP! §1. gE g4 §5 IX MPOCTPANCTBAX oe ee ee Jivwefinwe pyuknun ee Branneiiuete¢ynxuen 1 Gunanetiine gopmur > | Matpaua Onaunedinoii w xuanpatisioi dopa 4 ee mpecbparo- BaHlue {pH Mepexoae K HoBOMy Ga3Mcy (npH npeoGpasonasun ne- peweniubixy - 2. ee : tee aur Guanuerwol w Kkeatparuunol dopa (Gaansenuod # kuag- parranoh @ynkuan) . et ee ee Cymectonanne Katounueckoro Gzanea gan nCnKoK KbaRpaTHuHolt uw sexxoi Guaunelinoi dywkuKH («NpHHeRenKe KBadpaTeYnDr opm K KavoundecKoMy BIAYs) oe ee Paana XIV, Toseuio-nexropuoe adipaitioe m-mepitoe npoctpancrso R” . § 1. §2. §3. §4. §5. $6 Onpeaeneune n-mepworo appunsoro upocrpaucTBa . . . . . Cuetews xoopaznat. ApriwerHyeckoe npocrpeneTa R™. Hoop: GuoM veex A-Mepubx Tpocrpaners Nexa~y codoIO . . ke FepeMe NOCKOETH hNepHCrO agiisiloro Mpoctpancrsa; r-xep vue Mapatmenenineash se. ee Sees 1. TipaMas 8B -MepHom mpoctpaucrse (348). 2. COmee onpene- aienve r-MepHol naockocth f-Mepnioro adypuunoro mpoctpax- cra R® (349), Teomerpuueek wesauncuMie cetews Tovex. Bapaneurpiueckue KoopaNHaTeL. CUMMTCKC ee Cuctemm awneisuix ypasuenmh st Atpunnuie “npeodpanonawia roveptoro agipenioro’ npocrpas- ema RY ee Papa XV. Aaredpanseckue anwnn a nosepxnocta. Kosmexciaa nao- CKOCTh H KOMMekcHOe NPOCTPaHCTBO . 2... ee $l. §2. §3. 4. $5 § 6. $7. Onpenesenue aareSpanyeckux audi n nomepxuocreh .. . . TipeoGpasusanne sncrounena stopoll crenena tip npeoOpascsatint KOOpAMIAT oe cee AGprunat skniBasewinocte AMI H noBepxHoctel | 1. lt Konnaexcnas waockoety se ee Tipawas anHAs Ha KoxINaeKcHOl MaocKocT | |. . Samcvanne © ACHCTBUTeIbHBIX HO MHHMIIX BHOMHX Le . Kownaekcnoe MpoctpactBO 6 we ee ee ee 207 310 313 321 oat 323 . 327 330 332 343 343 345 348 352 357 363, 361 364 368 371 373, 377 382§8. §9. OTAABAEHHE. Pacnagawoutnecd AHHH # noBepxnoctn. LlaznugpHyeckHe m KO- nwyeckue ToBepxHoctH. TlosepxuoctH ppamenu . . . . ss 1, Pacnagaiomueca anHEN H noBepxnocTu (384). 2. Laatinapa yeckie nopepxuocrH (385), 3. Koinueckne nosepxuocta (386). 4. Donepxnoctn spamensa (390). Heckoabko sakmounTenbHUx saveyanHii O THHHAX HM TORepxtO- Taana XVI. Pasanusite sua KpABMX nToporo NopanKa. ... +++. §i. 2 8 ‘ 6 O avuusx, onpenensenvix ypasneH amu Bropol Crerelin Cc ABYMA HENSBECTHEIMH ee ee 1. Tpusegenne Ksazpariunofi @opwe or aByx nepewensnx kK Ka- DOHMHeCKOMY BAY ape TOMOMN npec6pazonaruA npaMmoyronL- ux KOopannat (399), 2. Tepuuk ockovuoll caywai: i #0, dy #0 (400). 3. Bropoii cenonoit cayuaii: Ayhy=0 (402). Vinsapaauter sorownena otopol crenen 6... 6 Uewrpaaonoit cnyuali oe TlapaGonnueckwit enyualt: 8=0. 0. Aqipnuian KaaccnprKania Kpuwsix Broporo nopaska Heckonsko saxsuouwterbHnx aanevanail . 2... Taana XVil. O6mas teopua Kpunux sroporo nopanka ss. 1 ee ee § i. §2. am wun pw moran 2X § 9. § 10. §il. §12, Tlepecevenne anreSpanuecko Kpunoit ¢ Tpamof. AcunmtoTH4e- exw Hanpapaenus & ackMmToTE aareGpanteckoll KpHROR . . Teopema eaunctsennocra jaa KpRBbIx BToporo NopAgKa. Tlywox KPHBBIX BTOPOTO MOPAAKA «ee ee 1, Teepema efwuctnennoctn (429). 2. Myo kprenx stoporo nopanka (452). Acusntoraueckiie slanpapneuna KpHuKIx Bropero MopmaKa . . Tepeceuenne Kpiiso% Broporo nopaaKa ¢ NpsMol neacusnroTH¥e- cxore uanpeaaeuns, Kacateasuue 2. Tlepeceneune kpueoi proporo nopaaka c npamoli acusmrornue- ekoro Haupassenua. Teonerpuyeckan xapaxtepuctuka acuMnto- THUCCKUX MW HeacUMMTOTHMECKHX HanpaBnenait. ss... Ueutp kpweoit vroporo mopaawa sss ee Dwaerps xpreoi proporo wopazka ss... ee . Baautio conpaxkenane Rextopm (Kanpanacuvia). Inaerpsl @ KACATEARUE et ee 1. Bsanniro conpracensste newroper, Qco6oe nanpassene (450). 2, Tmawerps w Kacatensimie (457). Bua ypavnenua xpnnoii, ecan oct Kooparnat HMeIoT conpAIKer- Moe WanpaaneMnn ee ee ee Bropoe nokasareanerno teopenti eanverennoctH. ©” nosnore cuicrenbi optoronaabHx wNDApHANION vv ee 1. Bropoe goxasarensc720 seopenti egiiternenuocrut (462).2. 0 noa- wore cieTemst oproroHambitiix HHBApHanton (465). Ocu cHMMeTpHH H rape HanpaBaeHis KpwBoH BTOporo No- UKE eHOBHAA Teopewa o6 adiprsHEIX TpeoSpasoBalinsx 2... 6s 393 398 399 403 408 413 416 420 425 425, 429 434 442 445 448 450 458 462 466 473Paana por gi § 2. § 3. §4 § 5. § 6. Tana OPAABAFBHE XVIIT. Kparkoe onucanne pasiauunix suzon nosepxtoctel nro- OWOPAKA 2 ee ee . Pacnajaiommecn mopepxHOcTH 2 ee ee ee ee . Unannzpitueckne mosepxuocta . ; Komyest stoporo nopaake . . . Baswncouabl 4 THnepGotoHaLt . TlapaGoncwtd we ee . Tiprwonixedime oGpesyiouie . 1, HIpavoanueiusie oGpasyiomiue ogsonusocrucro ramepSoneuga (497), 2. Tipantonuiteline —o6paaytoune —ranepGomnueckoro napadononaa (501). XIX. Oman seopua novepxttoctell Broporo nopaaKa. 1 (nepece uenwe € TOCKOcTLIO MC NPAMOM; ACHMNTOTHYecKMe WaNpaBAeLHs; Ka- car §1 2. & ga. §5. Taana CNbHaA MMOCKOCTH; WEHTP) 6 ee ee ee ee Paur y aectepnaant mezoit mn Gonbuiok staTpHut sHorounena Bropoli Clenew ee te ee ee Tlepecenetine nonepxnoesi nroporo nopanka ¢ nuocKocTEIO | |. Tlepeceueliue WobepxHoctH DToporo nopaaKa c npaMol. Ack xnro- rnueckHe Hatipabsenka, Kacaienbable Npamele W KacaTenbuaT naocKcers. OcoBsle TOuKH NowepXNCCTK BTOporo RopAIKa . . . AcHMMTOTHUCCKHE RANpaRAEIUA, KOBYC ACHMUTOTHMECKIX Nanpae- cenuil, NpaMoauneiubie oOpasyiomue woBepxuocrelt Broporo m0 MIKO ee ee ee ee ficiinp cosepxtccnt Sropore topanta LITT IIIT ID! XX. Odman teopia nosepxwoctet proporo nopanKa, HI (aname- TPaabube MIOCKOETH; OCOGHe 4 TAaBHBIe HanpaBienua; adbdunnan AACCHPHKALHH) oe ee § 1. uaverpanmine naocxocm. Ocobwe wanpanaenun 2 2... § 2. om to emumen FP No Be 1, Taockocte, conpaxkentiaa aaHHoMy teacHsinToTHYecKoMy a- upanaennio (528). 2. Taockocte, conprxennan acunnzot4e- exomy Hanpabreimo; obttee onperetenite guaMerpaaBuoll n0- cxocin (529), 3. Tpoctefimme cuvlictna axaverpalsHux m10- cxocrelt (530). 4. Ocobsie nanpanaenns (531). . Lnanerpactnsie nacckocth novepxuocteli pasaeurtex BAAOB . . 1, Ileutpaapnete noBepxnocty (MonepxHocT ¢ eRHicTHeHHEM uentpox) (536). 2. Topepxnocrn c npamoit weurpor nc mo exocThfo uentpoa (536). 3. Hosepxnoctn 6e3 uextpos (837). Conpaxennme nanpannewin 2 YpaBilentte novepxioeth nroporo nopaaKa oTKocaTenbte KOOP” auatHol cnetenie ¢ conpsaKeNHuNK Wanpasmenaayn oceit . . Teopena eniucTsentocrH 6 ek ee . Paavuue wanpapnenma - ee - Tipnnegenve K Kanoenueckomy BMay ypaBHenua noRcpxiocTH ntopero mopanka ..... . rn an . Abdinuan Kaaccepakanus nosepxuocreit sroporonopaaka . . . 476 476 478 479 482 492 504 506 509 513 522 528 528 536 539 542 543 546 553 56410 OrnABABHHE Taaepa XXI. Mpoektuanan navckocth ee eee ee ee ee 2 5 § 1, Depenextisnoe coorpetctste sexay mrocKocraio Hw cBazKoH =. . 570 § 2. Onnopognbe Koopaknatus ToueK Ha WAOCKOCTH 4 AyYeH BCPAaKe 573 1, Onpenenenne oanopoanuix Koopauner (573). 2. Ypanneune TIpAMOi Ya MOCKOCTH B ONTOpOAubix KOOpIHHatax (577). § 3. Koopanaatu npavoii; apupmernseckan TpoekTHBIlaa nacckocTe; oGmlee onpegeienne NpoekTHBHOM MaOcKOCTH . 1 ee ee ee ee 5G 1. Koopammarsi npamoii (579). 2. Apndwetuseckan npoektan- ast naockocts (580). 3. Odmee onpexenenne 1poeKTHBxoi ntoc- oct (581), 4, Koxinaexcnan mpoextasnan naockocta (582). § 4. Mpatunn gsokersesmocry gan npoextistio& mnockocta . . . . 583 § 5. Mpoextuaiias cuerema koopawuaT 8 caa3Ke H Ha MpoeKTHBsO; WMOCKOCTH 2 we ee ee ee 5 § 6. Tipoextuanwe npeoGpasonauua 4 oroGpaxennn npockTHsHOa m10- CKOCTH oe ee ee ee te ee ee BD 1. Onpenenenne m anaanrnaeckaa 3anvch mpoeKTHBHLix mpeo6pa- + sonanbi (599). 2. OcHosHad TeOpema o npoexTHBIaXx npeod- pasobanuax mnocKocra (602). 3. Sagauwe mpoextnarex ipe- O6pasopailui npoekTasnod nNaoeKocTH abbutbimH npeodpa3zo- BanHAMH TpexMepnero npoctpanctea (604), 4. [loarpynna TpcexTHBHo-agMpraHHx npeoSpasopaunfi (605). 5. Mpoextun- ule oToGpaxkenns ouoii nneckocta Ha apyryt. Mepcnektap- ube croSpaxenis (610). § 7. Mpoesrnpmie Koopanuare: na npanok. Tpoextasnue oro6parxenia Mprsol yg litre esr se tls 8B noliwoe orwouenue | ll lee ee es 620 1. Onpegenenne jwoiuoro orHOWeHKA YeTMpexX TONeK Ha _NpAMol (620). 2. Fapmowaueckne vernepxn Touex (623). 3. ZLuofiuce OTHoWeHHeE = NpoeKTHBHue oTOOpaKeuna (624). 4. Ilsoitnoe ornomenve B ny4Ke Mpayetx (625). 5, Bupaxeline jpoiinoro OTHOWEHUA HETRIPEX TONCK Ma APRMOil, 3aMaKHBX CHOHMH KOOP- AnaTAMY OTHOCHTeABMO CHCTEMM MpoeKTHBABX KOOpAKHAT a tiaccKocrk (626). 6. JLooitve oTtomekne vereipex ToueK 1a nps- Mofi, 3anannofi napaseTpuueckunm ypanuediiany (628). Paava XX11. Kpwane sroporo nopayka na npoextustiof maockocra . . 630 § 1. Onpeaenenne. Teopena eauncrensocmt oe ee ee = 680 § 2 Mepeceuenne Kpxnoit wroporo uopxaka ¢ npanok. Kacarexbune; ACUMITOTH ee ee ee OE § 8. [yucx Kpuenix Broporo nopaaKa. Btopoe aoKkasasensctno Teo- PeMEt eatutcrnennoctH. Teopema Mackana. Teopema Lteiinepa 640 § £ Plosap w nomocu De ee 649) 5. Koppenatunioe, B 4acTdocTH mondpuoe, coorpercrsue. Tanren- Mnanenoe ypaunente Kpynolt. se e O55 § 6 Jltametpu kak noaApm HeccOctbenHEIx ToweK =. Se. . 659 § 7. Anronoampusi tpeyrosbumk 6. 660 § 8. Apoextapnan xaaccubukauns KpYBbX BTOpOrO Mopyaka . . . . 662OPTARATEHHE 1 Taapa XXIU. Hamabmue cuezenns ws auaanrivecko® reowerpiit npo- eXTHBHOFO MpoctpaHcTBa . - ee ee ee ee OOS § 1. Hpoextuanoe npoctparictno; ero naockocrn # name... . 668 § 2. Mpcextimuste Koopamaara. Upoextanasie mpecopazopamua . . | 673 1. Pipoextupine Koopsuinaro (673). 2. Hpcextnuno-abpuanoe npocrpancteo (675). 3. Mpoextisiiie mpeoGpasonauus (677). § 3. Touatie 06 n-sepuom apoextiuuom mpocrpaneroe . . . . . . . 679 § 4. Hlosepxucetu Broporo iopaaka & UpoeKtKBtiOM mpocrpalicthe. Teopema eauHCTueHNOCTH Se ee ee ee 680 § 5. Mepeceuerne wosepxuocta wToporo mopaaka c MaocKocTHIO 1 c npamof. Kacaretsuue upsveie. Kacateanuan waockoers. Tpa- MouuHelimbe OGpasyiouze se ee GBF |. Tottoent a MoasIpHble WWOCKOCTH |. ls ll ll 2 690 * Upoestunuas Kaaccnpyxauns nopepxnocreli proporonopaaka 693 Pacnpesercnve no MpoeKTHBHMM Kaaccaém LOBCpxHocTell pasan4- UX agYpUHHLEX Kaaccon. MpcexTanio-atpunkan KaaceshuRanya nowepxnocrelt atoporo nopaaka . 2 ee ee ee + 700 cororin rene Paasa XXIV. Esxangoeo n-mepioe npocrpanctso ... +... + 710 § 1. Boeaenue. Oproronaasiwe Matpuer 2 ee 710 § 2. Foxoxureavno onperenenaue cimmerpauunte Gianneinne jynk- uu B BeKTOpHOM Mpoctpaueree . 2... we ee TAD § 9. Onpeseseme enxannossix upocrpanets u npocrelitinx oruoesinas- ca K uum noNaTHit . tee 16 § 4. Hepasenctao Kou —Bynaxosckoro wero caencroua. Yea... 719 § 5. Moanpocrpaucrsa eakaiaonax mpoctpancta. Oprorosaabioe j0- noaneune K Naliiomy Moanpoctpanctsy ... 1. ee ee ee 72d Taepa XXV. Jinvefive onepatopy, Oxnuneiinee uw keaApaTH4nole DyHK- HH B exxaMAoBsIx Mpoctpancteax. TlosepxnoctH Broporo nopayKe 724 § 1. Hisapuaurue noxnpocrpancrea 4 coGeTwenHbie ceKTopE auneit- loro onepatopa B wi000M BeKTOpHON UpocrpancTae .. . . . . 724 § 2. Oproronanvinie npechpasonatia n-vephoro enkanzona Hpoctpair= § 3. Daurxenuia tpexsepnoro enkagova npocrpauctpa . sl 1. ss § 4. Hpecdpaszonanua noac6ua. Flacreteliine mpobsemm 2... 6. 7 § 5. Camoconpskeusive onepatopr oe § 6. Teopema o erpyxtype mporssoabHoro anchor npecopasoiaina eakeiqona mpoctpasersa . oe . 749 § 7, Buanneinae a Keaapatuauue ops 8 enkangoBEx npocrpaue! ~ BAK ee ee ee ce ee ee THD § 8. (n—A)aieputie smoroo6pasis (novepxwocta) “wroporo’ nopanKa 2B A-Mepuion adhidHOM H eBK.vYjoBOM MpocTpaHcrBax . . . . . 754 HpuGapacnne, Mepecranoaxs, momectaa x ux oTodpaxenna; rpynms 767 § i. Mepectanozka 2 ee TF § 2. MuowectBa se ee TIT § 3. OrcOpaxenun nan pywkuuy ee ee 19 § 4. PasGnenne mioxecraa na noaveooectna. Ottomtenne sxnunaaent- HOCTH eee ee eee 788 1, MnookectBa mioxects (783). 2. Pasénenne ra Kaacen (784). 3. Ornoutente aksHBateittHocTH (785).12 OMIABIERHE, § 5. Onpeaenennve rpynou . § 6. Tpocreiiwue teopests o rpy 1. Axcuoma accounatasnocth (794). 2. Hefitpaaninsi ane- Ment (794). 3. O6parnnii snemertr (795). 4. Zamenaurin 06 axcnomax noaataa rpynnt (796). 5. MouatHe nogrpynnu (797). 6. Yeno- Bie, YTO6M NOgMnOxectko rpytine GLO nomrpynnoi (797). § 7. OkansaveutiecTs noAiowects LaHHOTO MBOKECTBA NO OTHOLIE- HMw K Raloli rpynne ero upeoSpasopamfh ... - - ee Banauh oe eee eee eee : eee ae K raanan 1, I, M1 00). K raaze IV. (803). K raave V_ (807). K raave V1 (817). K raave VIIT (823). K raane IX (826). K sanae X (890) K coane XY (908), KE ramue X11 (AN). K rsa. we XIII (844). K raape XIV (850). K raape XV (857). K raa- pam XVI ‘e XVI (oa), K cave XVII (870), K riana XIX. RX (878). K raave XXI (882). K raane XXII (886). K raave XXV (888). Tpeameruumi yKasateab. . . ee ee ee ee ee OL 77 » 800Tlocestyaemca Aaexceto Cepanuonosuuy TTAPXOMEHKC @ sKax OAazodapHocmu, yeancenun, Opyncbot NPEXUCAOBHE Ora Kaura mpeactaganer co6oH yuecOunk anaanTHecKoH reomeTpan B ee TPaaMUMOUNOM NonmAMaHAH, Hanncannmil ta OCHOBAaHHN AeKUHH, KoTopbe 9 B TeHeNHe MUOrNx eT 4HTAA B MockoRcKOM yHHRepcuTeTe H KOTOPHE nonoaNCHH, KaK 9TO HW CKagaHO RB Barviannn, HEOGXOANMEIMH Csenennaun H3 aureOpm, Kunry sty, upeattasnaycanylo das yunpepcu- TCTCKHX CTYJENTOR-NCPROKYPCHHKOB, | CTapaica NucaTh Tak, YTOGH ona Opa Aoctynia Kaxdomy CTYAenTY—npH eMHHCTSCHHOM yCTOBIH, 4TO OH BOOGUIE CKNONeH K MaTeMaTKKe HH 2KewaeT Cepbe3HO 3alln- MaThCa ClO, Hs Bemeh, ve Bxogsmyx B nporpanny cpenuux Kaccon OOmeodpa- SOBATCALNOH UTKOABI, STH «lexunny» UPeMNONaralOT AMINb 3nawke KOMN- ACKCHNIX YHCEH, TAK YTO KHHTa MOKeT CHYKUTH KH WeAAM CaMoo6pa3o- Ranma; | AyMalo, YTO ona OcTyNHa Bcem TeM yYaNIHMeH Crapimnx kKnaccoB cpeaneli Wo, KOTOPbie NWGAT MaTeMaTHKY, MUTCPecyOTCA €10 H FOTORM ilar 38 wWaroM GC H3YYaTh, He CTpemACh BO YTO 6H TO HH CTa10 Hi Wath STO W3yYCHHE C NOCTIDKENHA Tak ta3bIBacMIx «no- CAEAHAX CA0B LayKH». Ha pycckoM a3nKe HanicaHo NeMaqo XOpOWNMX yyeOuHKO® anaaHTH- wecKoh reometpwn, Mic GaarogapHocTho noMHuM KaaccHyecKhe Kypcbl K. A, Avapeesa un B, K, Maonacesckoro, oTHocampecsn K HaNaay TeKy- wero croneTus. [penocxoaupii aud caocro spemenn Kype C. C. Brow- reuca upummxaer k Kypcy B, K, Maoaseesckoro, octapanch B TOM xe Kpyry Hach 4 B HEKOLOpOM pose pa3sBuBan ux. Hosiim cxovom B yseGuoll anTepatype no ataauTHuccKol reomerpun apwanch kypesw H, WM. Mycxeaswanam wu 6. H. Desowe (uocacannti B coagtopcrse c JI. A, Pafikosnim). Bec mepene rogi! cRocro npenoza- BAU anazATKYecKoH reomeTpHy B MOcKOBCKOM yuHREpCHTeETe 1 B OCHOB- HOM OnHpancs Hucino wa Kype H. V. Mycxeanmenau, 4 Banaue ero Ha MOH yue6unk, HeCOMHeHHO, 3Ha4HTCAbHO. MoxHO TOAbKO pasoBaTDcs npeactoamiemy BuxXORyY B CBeT HOBOrO, YeTBepTorO U3gaHHA sTOH, ye Crasief xnaccuyeckoH kunrn. Uro xacaetca B. H. Jleaoue, to4 TPEANGAOBHE GoratcTBo ero reomerpHyeckHx Hef we-laeT ero KHUry (coBMeCTHyIO C JA. A. Pafikontim) oGpasuom reonerpimeckoro MUULICHHA HW W3AOKeHHS, KOTOpHit coxpanmeT H Ha MHOrHe FON COxpaHlT cBoe 3HayVeHHe, YnomauyTne MHOW KAMrH HeOXOKM Apyr Ha apyra. MI mymaw, 470 M OKHHTa, NpeAaaraemas celiyac BHHMaHHIO YMTaTeAA, He OYeH NOxOxKa Ha CBOHX TIPEAMIECTREHHHL, (HA3BaHIIIX Bbc), XOTA H HeCeT Ha ce6e UcddTb BaKAKMH KaKLOH ua Wx. B TO x%Ke Bpemt 1 He CTpeMHACH K OpHrHnaabiocT#, a ocTanaaca—Oonec Han Medee—B TPaaHuHonNNX npeaenax, HakaKoro «Hokoro casa» 8 MOux «JleKiWHax» YHTaTeMb He nafner, Oawako ecay aa pasubix YenoneKa mnulyT 06 O4NOM H TOM %Ke, TO OONYNO NoAysalTesH pasnne BeuM, H aTO AaBIIO HsBeECTHO. MoxHo He NCpedcaATb, HEM HMeHHO OTAMYacTCA MOH yueOuAK OT NpeaMCcTByHO- ulnx ey: Koraa Meno KacaeTCH Takoro 91eMCHTapHOrO UPCAMETA, KaK anaavTHuecKad TeOMeTpHA, TO BCAKHA, KOMy RO 9TOrO eCTh AEMO, CaM BaMCTHT, CCAM CCTb YTO-HHOYAb HOROe B H3AoxKeHHIt, Brpouem, caeralo Bee Ke OANO saMesanne, SaewerTapHne CheAeH HO NPOeKTHBHOA rco- MCTPHH 1aioTCA sib B TaaBpax XXI-XXI}, rak ute Beco OOwyADH MaTepHaa anaanTHuecKoh reomerpnn waaaraeTca ¢ achbunnol u weTpA- uecKol ToveK apeHHa, Oxnako mue npeacTabaneTcA HaHGoaee MuTepec- HM paccmMaTpaBaTb, Hanpumcp, adduainie cschcina HeBMpOxAaOMAXCT KpHBux BTOPOrO NOpAAKa Kak OTHOCMHECA K TeoMeTpKA MpoeKTHBHOH HAOCKOCTH C BNACICHHOA Ha Heit WecoOcTBCKHOA upAMOoH—AAH Toro xoTa Gi, 4TOGM y Bcex STHX KPHEMX GH WEXTP H YTOGK! AHaMeTpH Oh.IM MpOCTO NpAMIMH, MpoxoasiimMA yepes stor uentp, C Apyroh Cropoun, Hoydas KpHBBIe Ha BemecTReHHOA NAOCKOCTH, # NpPeANOYHTAIO ee paccMaTpHBaTD Kak BeMLeCTBENHYIO MocKoCTh, NorpyxciiKy! B KOM- NACKCHYIO MMOCKOCTL (CO BCEMH CC NETHPEMA CBeHLECTREHIINMH> Hame- peunamu). Ipyramn cxoBawn, 9 CyHTaI0 B4KONUNM WH HUTepecHtiM cpeaH BCex NpcoOparowankf KOOpANHaT (Ha KOMNAeKCHOH NAOCKOCTH) BbLLEANTS ocoSo npeo6pazokanna ¢ BeULECTBeHHAMH KOSppHIHeITaMH, TAK UTO BCH KOMIEKCHAS TIOCKOCTh MBICHTCH MHOK (Kak BO Bpemeta Tlonceae!) B BAe KeIeCTRERHOM WAOCKOCTH, «HONOANeHHOM MHMMMIMH (T. e. He BeWIeECTBCHAHIMH) TOUKAMHY. OTO Aaa Toro, WTOOn y KaKAOM BeLLECcTBeH- HOH BCBHpOwKZaloMeiicn KPHBOH BTOPOrO NOpsHaAka Onin Be acAMNTOTLI— BEMECTBCHUbIC (GLITD MOKET, COBNAATION Me) HH MHHMBe (4 CoNnpwxeH- Hoe) —H UTOGH! STH ACUMNITOTIN Gu KacaTetpHnMH K aanbof KpxBoi B ce GeckonesHO ynarcuMMx TOUKaX (BeMCCTBENMAX HAI MituMbIX); RB ocoGeHHOCTH 2xKe AH Toro, YTOGIM—Noc1e Toro Kak BBeAeHa MeT- PHKA--RC€ Okpy’KHOCTH NepeceKaaHCh B OMNNX W TeX %KC URYX MHMMBIX “KPYTOBHX» ToUkax HecobcTReENHOK upAMoA. Teopema o TOM, TO sepes BCAKHe TP TOYKH NAOCKOCTH, HE AKANE Ha OHO HPSIMOH, MorKHO MPORCCTH OANY-CAUNCTBEHHY10 OKPYKHOCTh, CTAHOBHTCH, TAKHM OOpazom, CACHCTBREM TOPO, ¥TO 4CPe3 MATH TONEK MOXKHO, BOOSULE ToBOpH, po- BecTH AMWb Onny KpHBy!O BTOporO NopaaKa, a ABE TOKH—nMcHHODPERMCAOBHE 1S Be CKPYTOBHey —MpHnamaeKaT BCEM Ges MCKAIONeHHA OKPyKHOCTAM: 5—253. Stor dak, xorga § BuepsHe y3Han ero, NopasHa meus cBocH ue- NOcpeACTBEHNOH MaTeMaTHYeCKOH KpacoTOH—sNCYaTAeNHe, Coxpanua- wicech y MHA a4 BCIO KH3H_, Xopomo, ¥7O6m WayHAatOUHe MaTeMATHRH Kak MOKHO patbue Noy4YasH Taxne eneuaTicHHx OT cBoel KayKu! Ora Kuwra wvkoraa ve Gblaa Git wauncana, ecu Ow A. C. Napxo- MeHKO He NoSy:kAaa NHS CaMBIM HaCTOMUHBLIM OOpazoM K ce HaMHcaHitO KH ecaw OM Of He OKAsaA MHC B OCYULECTBACHHH STO CBO MNMLNAaTHEH coBepuienno HCKOUNTeAbHOA nomoits, MHorAa—ocoGenuo 8 raasax XVUL nu XIX—sra uomouth nepexonwaa 8 HacTommee coaBropeTso. Depso- NavatbHak gaphanT reap XVUL ocnositeaacd wa Onpe;lereHRH 9AaHM- cCOHAOR (KH APyrHx NoBcpxHOcTeH RTOporo MOpHaAKa) HX ypaBHeHHAMe KaHOnNVeCKOrO BHA, HO NO OTHOMCHHIO K TOK HAH MOH (NpOHsBoAb- Noi) a@@uxnod cncrene KoopaunaT. HegoctaTku Taxoro cnocoGa H310- =2KCHAA IMaTHTEABHO UPEBOCKXOAHAN EO BOIMOKHLE BOCTOMHCTRA, B EN mens 4 yOeana A, C, Mapxomenxo. B pesyabtate ero coaeficraua raa- apt XVIII 4 XIX nogseprance KopeaHow uepepaboTKe c Goabmum yyacTueAt A. C. Tapxomenko, Ho 910 ToAbKO O“NH UpuMep cOTPyanNuccTBa H nomoulH, OKa3aninax Mac A. C, [apxomenxo. Hommmo nomouyy pd nanH- cauMv OTJeAbUIX Naparpad@os (uanpywep, § & raass XXI 4 Bo MHOrHK Apyrux mectax), A. C. [lapxomenko BunmaTesbneftmium O6pagom upomt Tal HW OTPCAaKTHpoRAN BCIO KHHTy C nepRO ce cTpo4yKH JO nocacaHeil, Cena OFpomnoe KORMYECTRO OTACADHWIX, YACTO cyIECTBeNHHIx 3aMcda- nwa, COACHCTBORABIUMX SHAYHTeAbHONY yaytinenMO KHHTH. HakoHetl, Ye M3 SarnaRud KHHTH MOKKO y3HaTb, uTO A. C. [lapxomexko cocTasha Bee 3alaun, a 3d284H STH ARAMIOTCH HEOGXOAHMOH H CyIWECTBCHHOM YacTOIO kaurn. A. C. [apxomenko cHa6aua cocTapaecnime HM Sadaun pewe- HHAMH—RO BCCX cCny4asx, KOfAa Aad 3TOTO HMeCTCH XOTb maneHnit novog. Oro o6crosTeapcrRo—npH TOM We, KOTOpyIo npecaeayloT 3TH cJleKWHH»,— NPCACTABARETCA MIE OYE BAKKLIM: BCHKOMY NOKATHO, UTO- KCAb3@ ONNANCTh TakUM NpeAMeToM, Kak aHaaUTHYECKa FeOMCTPHA, he Pcutaa OTHOCHUMECH K HeMy OCHUBHbIe 3aga4un. Ho pewenuio 3ada4 KAGO xayduro, % B coOpaind 3aaay, Koropyim A. C. TapxomenKo Tak yaasto Aono are Glekuuny, OW Ne TOAbKO MpeAMaracT 3aqa4u, HO W YINT HX pemaTo. Tloawoas HTOr TONbKO “TO CKasanHOMy, MOY AKU 2OGaBKT, 4TO MHe ONC TpyAKO HaHTH CNOBa, aneKBaTHO RiXpaxaionic TO ACKPCHHEYe 4yBeTsO rayOOKoh GaarogapHocTH, KOTOpPOe A KCNBITHRAIO HO OTHOMCAHIO k A. C. Tlapxomenko 3a pce ero mHoroo6paanoc y4acTHe H 3a BCIO ere HC3aMeNAMyIO NOMOULb ApH HanucaHHH aTOH KHHrH. Mprnomy wekpenoi GaarogapHocTh peven3cHTam 3To «ATH — npodeccopy JI, A. Kyapagnesy # axazennxy AH [py3CCP I. C. Yoro- WBHin, a Tanke WicHaM BO3TMaBAgeMo akanennkom T, C. Yoroursnan16 TPEMHCIORHE Kagenphl T6umuccKoro rocyQapcreenHoro yHuBepeteTa 3a ueHHHe 3aMe4aHHA, KOTOPUMM 1 NOCTApadca BOCNOABSOBATbCA H KOTOPHIE, HECOM- HeHHO, NOcAY KHAN yAyumennio HsAOKeHHT. A cepnesxo Gnaronapen B, A. Jlorsnnosod, KoTopaa corpyannuasa c A. C, Tapxomenxo go sceit ero pa6ove waa STO Know. B yact- soctu, B. A. Jlorguiosa nuinonwMaa ce YepTekH, 3a HCKTIOUeHHEM ueprexe 140 nu 235, 3a KoToppie a Gaarogapen A. B. CocuncKomy, A Gaaromapes Tawxe MOHM yuentxaa—oKTOpy (pu3HKo-maTeMaTH- yecknx wayk B. HM. Morxomapesy x ctyaeury 5-ro xypca LD. Safmeay 3a coseficTBHe H NOMoOI{b, 8 pasnHtnWX OpMaX OKa3aHHHe MHe WM npH moei paGoTe. Bucokan KBaanuKanna Ho THaTCAbHOCTh, Mponpanesne AnaTosuem uannnosuyem Janko w Ka¥ecTBe peaakTopa MaTeMaTHY@CKUX COdHHe- ani, xOpomo M3BeCTHI O”elb MMOTHM MaTeMATHKAM HamieH CTpaHh (s yactnoctTH, Bcem untarenam «Ycnexon MaTeMaTMUecKHX HayK»). A. &, Jlanxo ue oTka3zaaca Guth peavaxTOpom 4 STO KHHTH, BbINOANHA g3mThe Ha ceGn O6A3aNKOCTH 1a OGbINHOM Aa Hero BbICOKOM ypoBre, SI emy oven mpuanatenen 3a 9TO. A uckpektne Onaroxapen coTpyannne Kaheapa pucwel ccomerpyn # TOnonorun MocxoscKoro yuugepcntera Tannie Beenonoacate Hapx snd-Hoako 34 orpomiylo paGoTy, mposesennyio 10 10 OkONNaTeAbHOMy ofhopmaennio OGmnpHOH NH coOKHOH pyKonucH aTHX «JleKuniy. Hakowen, 9 spnnomty ray6oxylo GrarogapHocTh matemaTuyecKont pemannwn u3aaTeapcTsa «HayKa» B aAune H. A, Yraposoft 3a snumanue, HOOPOKELATCALHOCT, CHHCXOTNTENbMOCTH H TCPICHHC, NPORBTEHHHE e10 KO MH€, Kak K ABTOPy 9TOFO COYMREHMA, NO pasHbiM MowOTaM A B pas- no «popme. fl. Aaexcaxdpoe Bommeno, Kosaponxa, 28 sueapa 1967 r.THAABAL KOOPAMHATHI HA MPSMOK § 1. Ornomenne oTpeskoB Ecan gamu 8a npaMomuetinux otpeska AB n EF, to onpenescro BeulecTReHOe YHCAO A (palMonarbHoe HAH HpparlMoHaipioe), NOKasbl- Baloulee, CKONDKO pas oTpesoK EF yxnaaunaetca B orpeaxe AB: nmextio, Ll = ecam cymectnyeT Takoe HaTYPAaAbUO’ YNCHO 7, HTO 7-51 HACTH OTpesKa EF yknagupaetca 6e3 octatka, NOj0KNM, m paa, B oTpesKe AB, Toh ecTe n PaunoianbRoe WC720 a ecin we TakClO HaTypaibHOrO YcHa # NET, TO A ecTh ppanwoHaMbAoe YHCAO, K KOTOPOMy ¢ moGoil ToYHOCTHIO MOKHO NPROAMBATECA PalHOHAAbHDIMA YHCAaMH: B38R Kak yrogHo Goab- moe HATYPanbHOe UNCAO A, MM HalineM TakoOe HATyPaAbHOe YACHO Ni, puro as uacTb oTpeska EF yaoxutes m pas Ha oTpeske AB c ueKo- TOpHM ocTaTKOM, 2 m+-1 pas yxe ne yaowuTca. Baas ” AocTaTOUNO “GoabUUNN, MOU AOCTHTUYTS Toro, 4TO palHonaabAe 4HCTO * co cKO’ yroano Manof omnGKo npnOamxKacT HcKOMOe UppaunoKaabnoe A. Uncno A HasBaeTCH OTHOWeNUeM OTpesKa AB x otpeaky EF, Ecan ono pasno 1 (H TOADKO B 3TOM Cayyae), TO OTPesKH pasHe (KOHepyoNTHeL) MOKTY co6oi0, Ecam orpesox EF npwusr 3a canumuy Manepenma gan, TO uncao 4 ecth @auxa oTpesxa AB, u3Mepennan nocpeacteom sTol eau- HMUBE HaMCpeHHs, Bce 8To conepaNTcH B Kypce Cpeefl LIKOABI; OMHAKO MOGosIaTeEAb- unlll H KpHTMYeCKH HacTpoeHuia MTaTeAb MOKET HCUHTATS GecnoKolt- cTsO MPH NOAbSORANNH TAaKHMHK CaORaMH, KaK «YKAAaMMBAHNe» OHOFO OTpe3Ka RB Apyrom, «C OCTaTKOM» HAH «Ges OCTaTKay wT. 1. Mousitis, BMpaKaeMbM STHMH CHOBAMH, He AaeTCH TONNOrO oNpenercuin. BTo Gecnoxolicrao yeTpanseTca akcnomaTHueck¥m nocTpoeHHem reoveTpHy. Tipanaa, mph 3TOM TOKE NpHXOATCH NOALSORATHCA NONATHAMI, KOTOPETE WHKAaK He OMpenenaloTcs (HanpaMcp, NONATHEN coBMEULCHHA AByx OTpes- KOB HAH Hx KOUrpySHTHOCTH), a Take yTBepaTeHHaMH (aKCHOMaMN),18 KOOPARHATH HA apsaMOM {ra 1 KOTOpble NHKaK He BOKasiieaioTcs. Ho mpl akcHOMaTHUCCKOM NocTpoCcHAH ‘reomeTpul uo _KpaHued wepe gacrcH TOWN 4% Non nepeyerib Bex «fe pBortay Hx» (7, @, HE NOWICKAANX ONpPeACAeHMO) HONITHA HW BCEX Ne MOATeKAUHX WoKasaTCAncTay yTsepKACHAH (akcHom). Tocse TOroO Kak STOT Nepeicns CAclaH, RCE OCTHIbHOe MOKAZIMBacTCH yxKE NOCPEACTROM CTPOFNX AOPHYCCKHX paccyr%LeNMA, KpoMe TOrO, ROKA3It Ypaercs, YTO NPHHATAN HCXOAHAN CHCTEMA MpentOKCHUH (a CHeMORaTeABHO, YM Bee, ¥TO H3 Hee BMBOAHTCH HOCPEACTBON MaTbHeHIUNX PaccyAMcHuii) yue COMCPAKUT NPOTHBOPeYHA, HE MOKET DPUBECTH HH k KaKoMy teneMOMy BLIBOAY. Sry eth crporo akcioMaTHuecKOro NoOcTpochuA reoMeTpHH Ha AeKuMH cede we CraBaT, Takoe socTpocune reoMeTpHH cocTaBAKeT CO- Repaanne OTACAbHOM reomerpryccKoll jABCHENATHIB, HasbBaeMofl «OCHO- Bawnami rcomeTpHky. Ma Ke Gyaem ynoTpeGaaTb gaemcuTapnnie reome- TPHNECKHC NONATHA B TOM HARBHOM CMA, B_KAKOM ONH yHOTpeOamoTCH B WKOILHOM Kypce TCoMeTPHH, Ha, TO MOA HHX MOKHO TOABECTH Gesynperwoe akcHomatTayecKoe OcHORANHe. Msi we Gyzem Take oNnpeneisTh BewmecTBecHHe (celicTBHTeABHHIC) ynena, XOTA GyZem HMw NOCTORMHO MosH30RaThCA: MOApOGuaA TeOpUsi BCMICCTBEMHIX WceA H3naracTCH B Mepeuix rapax AwGoro CoRpeMeHTOTO Kypca aHaqnad, M YNTATeAb AOMKEH ee XOpomO siaTH. § 2, Hanpasaennpre oTpesku (BexTOpsl); AX OTHOMeHKe Mosse ave ToukH A un B npoctpanctea, axuble & OMpemeneHHoOM mopaaKe Tax, 47O, HanprMep, A aBaneTca neprof, a B—sTopot Tow KOH, ONpeneawiOT OTPesOK RMECTe C MallHHM Ha Hem HallpanienHeM {a umenmo nanpasnenuen ot A k 8), HAW Kanpaesennetii orpesoK c wayanom A wu Konuom B. Hanpasaciinut oTpcook wastimaioT Kopowe eexropom. Bekrop c xa¢aaom A uv koxyost B oGo3nauaerca yepe3 AB, rouxa A YaCTO Ha3biBaeTCH TOUKO npuaomenua 6extopa AB. BekTop, Ha4¥an0 H Kone KOTOpCro coBlaaaioT, NAIWRAETCR Ayse- ebm GeKTOpoM ¥ O6O3NaNaeTCA Yepes 0=AA (TouKka A HpH 9TOM j106aa). Hanpasseaue ayaegoro nexTopa neonpeaeieHHo. B aT0# raave Mp Gyaem paccuaTpHaaTD smh BexXTOpH, ACHKANWE Ha ORO H TO He, pag HaBCerad aanNofl MpaMol. Ha tpamofi BosOxHo ABmkenHe («CKOAbKEHHeD) TOWeK H BCKTOPOB: touxa X ua NpAMoh MOKET CKOAL3HTH HO 3TOM TpAMOH OT KAKOFO-HU6yb HavaabHoro noAOKeHHA Xj BR OAHOM H3 ABYX BIAHNNO NPOTHRONOAOKUX = nanpasaetni, Toro tax xe Wo ReKTOp XX’ MoweT CKOADIMTh NO Nps MoM (TaWKE B ORHOM H3 TBYX BO3MOwKMIX Ha NpAMoM Hanpasaennfi). Mpa TOM OTPC30K, ONpeRenmouwh anti BeKTOp, OCTaeTCH Rce BpeNA§ 2] HATPABARHRME OTPESKH 19 pasunM (B CMbICMe SeMeHTapHO TeoMeTPHH) HCXOMHOMY OTpesKy, Tak YTO CAMO STO ABMMKeHHE Hao CeGe HpeACTABHTb Kak CKOAmKEeUHE TO NpsA- MoH TREPROrO CTepwHA, BCEMH CBOHMH TO4KAMH RCe BpeMH ACKAMerO ua sToH npamo#. Jisa BekTOpa Ha MpHMOH Ha3biBAOTCA paeHoMu, ech NOCPEACTBOM TAKOFO CKObIKEHINA OAH H3 HHX MOXKET GhITp copmemen ¢ aApyrum. Canras nousTve HanpanaAeHHa® Ha LDPNMOH NepBOHauacbHbIM 4 HC NOMMeKAUM OrIpeTerenhiO, MOKHO CKa3aTb H TAK: ABA ReKTOpa AB 4 cD Ha npamof | PARK, ECAH OHH HMCIOT OHO 1 TO KE HanpaBseHHEe 4 ecam orpeskn AB w CD parent ( (kourpysntin) mexy coGow. Aaa ao6ux aryx BcKTopoR AB un CD na Npimol onpeaeneno ux oTHO- menue, & MM@HHO YHCAO 2, MOAY-b KOTOPOTO paBetr OTHOWEHHIO OTpe3- xog AB u CD (x cupicae a4ementapuoli reomerpun) +), a 3HaK NOsOKUTCAEH, CH BCKTOPH HMCIOT OAHO HanpasacHue, H OTpHNaTeAen, eciH HX HanpaBae- HHA NpoTHsONOAOKHL. {lea paaiix KeKTOpa uMcioT oTHOMCHHe 1. [ba wexTopa AB uw CD ka3aniBalOTCH G3QuMHO NPOTUBONOAOMKHLLMU, ECAH UX oTHomenHe pasHo —1, T, @, ECAH HX HaNpaBeHHy UPOTHBONONOKHH H OTPesKH AB» CD Papin Mexay co6o1. Ecaw oaMH 43 ARyYX B3aHMHO MPOTHBONOAOKNDIX BCKTOPUR OGO3HAYEH, HampuNep, sepes u, TO Apyrok oGosHa4aeTcA Yepes —w; O¥eBHAHO, —(—Uu) =u. Ornomenne kyazesoro BCKTOPd K MOGOMY HeHy-leROMY paBHO HYAIO; OTHOINeHHEe KakOro 6H TO HH G10 BeKTOpa K HyAesoMy He ONPexeacHo. Ecan ornomenxe scxTopa CD « sexropy AB pagHo yncay A, TO nuulyT cD — — = win CD=KAB. AB Tlostomy- naxokaeune BexTopa cb, oTHowenHe KOTOpOrO K AaHHomy BeKTOpy AB PaBio Danwomy uwwcay A, HasMRAeTCA YsHOmKeRUEM BeK- Topa AB Ha 3T0 uucao h. Ilpa 24> 0 Bextop RAB uveer to xe Ha- ipaBsenne, YTO HW BeKTOP ‘AB, pH & nexuT mexay A uC, TO [(AB)}-F|(BC) |=] (AC) | ou Puc. 1. ee Bextopu. AB, BC u AC wMe- JOT OLNO 4 TO Ke HapaRsenne, UX aarecOpawyeckHe s3HaveHHA HMeOT OMMH H TOT Ke BAK, 3HAYHT, UKCIO (AC) paso cynMe (AB)-+- (BC), 7. @. pasenctso (2) cnpaseanuso, Ilycte tenepp C aexut Mexay A wu B, Torgza 110 ToAbkKO 470 3ame- weHHONy (AC) + (CB) = (AB), T. @.%) . (AC) =(AB)—(CB). Ho 8 cmay (1) —(CB) = (BC) — panenctso (2) copa cnpanentanro: (AC) =(AB)-+- (BC). B Anasornuno goKa3BaeTcR uM TpeTHH cay4all, Koraa A AeKHT Mexay HC, § 4. Caomenne sexropos na mpamot Nycth Ha mpaof naubt Aga BeKTOpa; mpeancAaxKlM cHayana, ¥TO HayaaO BTOPOrO BeKTOpa ConnaaaeT C KOHUOM NepRorY, Tak uTO NepBuit BeKTOP ECT BeKTOD AB, 4 BTOpO Be. 3} Bor aro yreepseuve H MOKeT cayKHTh N'PHMepoM o@toil W3 aKcHOM, RpunMMaemBIx Oe3 NOKASATCALCTBA Np aKcMOMATHHECKOM NOCTPoeHUM reoMeTpHH. ®) He sa6upaiire, uto (AB), (CB), (AC)—4nenat22 KOOPAHHATH HA TIPaMOH [rat Toraa—npk awGom B3anMHOM pacuoaoxKenaH ToeK A, B, C— BexTop AC na3nsaetcn cyaistod sexropos AB u BC: AB + BC=AC. Tp arom ana canraem ce6a Bipase 3amcnnTh sextop AC a06niM paBHM eMy weKTOpoM, Tak STO BeaKH BeKTop PQ, paBunit BeK- ropy AC, pasen cyume AB-+ BC. llycth tenepp AB » MN— apa nponssoabnx BeKTopa Wa NpsMoi. Bo3snuem nextop BC, panmiiit sextupy MN, wo uucioummit cBoum iaya- a — som Touxy B (nextop MAN MoxkHo upcodpazonatt. 8 weKtop BC nocpea- CTBOM CKOALHCHHA BAOb MpaMoli). Torta sextop AC n Beak paBHHi emy ReKTOp MM cuHTaeM cyMMoH ReKTopon AB u MN. H3 onpeaenenwa cioxenMA BeKTOpOR Ha Npamoli H Ha seMMnl Maas unTaTeab 6¢3 Tpyha BuBeAeT cAeAyfoMLee Mperioxenne. 6. Koopdunata (Ha Gaxnow ocu) cynme Seyx cexTopos pacna cyune KOOpOUHAT aTUX BexTOPOS. Orciosa (uued 8 BHAY Hperaomenue 1) HAH H3 CamOoro ONperereluA cyMMBL ReKTOpOR ArKO BEIROAITCH: ae oe se — 7. Ecau AB=A'B' u MN=M'N', to AB+-MN=A'B' + MN. V3 npersowennit 4 4 6 BiTcKaer, nace, oe AB-MN AB. MN PO PG PS 8. S § 5. Cucrema Koopannat a mpamoit Tyctb Tenepb Ha Haweli NpaMo He TOAbKO AaH CAMHHYHE BeK- Top, 10 H BbIGpaua oupeacwenian TorKa O—«nanaabuad» wan «tyae- pay ToaKa, Torga mil roRopum, uTO Ha mpiMoH BEGpaHa cucTena Koopouxar, Oupeazeaenne, Koopduxarod rouu M nasitnactca aareGpan- weckoe 3HaycHHe (KOopannata) sextopa OM, Tenepb He TOAbKO KaxK/UK BeKTOp, WO HW KwkAaM TOUKA HMeeT BMOAHe ONpeacacnnyl0 KOOpaMHaTy. Crapa 8 coorsetcTRHe Kaataol TOUKe NMpAMO e@ KOOpAMHATY, sit MOAYYACM BIGHMHO OAHOZHATHOe COOTBeTCTsHe MeKAY BCCMH TONKAMH TipmMoll 1 BCCMH BEWeCTRCHHHIMY wicamH, TlosToMy NpiMas, Ha KOTO. poit ycTanopsena HeKkoTOpax cHeTema KOOpAHHaT, HasbIBAeTCH eucaogod npasot, Hataibvas Touka O 4 ToabkO ona uMecT KOOpANHATY Hyab; Ua OANON 13 JLBYX MOAYUPAMLX, Ha KoTOpLie HayaAbHad TOUKAa pas6uBacT§ 6) AEEHHE OTPE3KA 23 TIpAMyW, KOOPIHHATH BCeX TOeK MOAOKHTeAbMA, HA Rpyrod —orpuia- TBH: Mbt COROPHM O NOsOKUTeADIOH H OTpHaTeabHOH Noaynpamoli 4HC.10B0H IpaMol. Caeayiomee npoctoe 3axesanue BaxkHO: 9, Koopéuxara eextopa w=AB pascna Kxoopdunare eeo Konya B MUNYC KoopduNaTa eeo Nauaaa A. Bocamom neue, uyCTb KOOpANHaTa KeEKTOPa WU eCTh X, KOOpAMHaTa Touxu A ecth x,, a KOOpaHHata TOUKH B ectb xX. Mu gro sanncui- BaCM Tak? AB={x}, A=(x), B=(x). Torna %,=(0A), %,=(OB), *%=(AB). Tlo aemme Laas umeen (OB) = (OA) +- (AB), T. @, Xg=%y+ xX, OTKyMAa X= ¥y—X,, ITO H TpeOoparoch mOKAaBsaTB. § 6. Deneune otpeska B narHoM oTHOWeHHH Nlycrb nan wanpasnennpit otpesox AB npamoll; rosopsr, sto To“Ka M sroli npasto# meant orpesox AB w ornomenan, pason A, rae A— MPOH3BOAbNCe BELIECTBEHHOE YNCAO, eCAW (ly Korga touka M aexut mexay Touxamn A a B (7. e. BUYTPH oTpesKa Al), To sextops' AM w MB wanpapienst B onny cropory (puc. 2) H & Puc. 2. oTHomeHHe (1) NovOKUTeRPHO. Korna TouKa M se@xHT BRE oTpesKa —— — AB, to sextopst AM a MB HallpaBAeHH B IPOTHBOTOAOKINe CTOPOHL (puc, 8) w otuomenne (1) orpunareabno,24 KOOPAHHATH HA ripaMot [ra. Tlocmorpum, «aK u3MeHHeTcA OTHOIIeHHe (1), Korma TouKa M Tpo- Geraer scio npamyw, Korma touxa M cognanaeT c TouKo A, TO OTHO- menue (1) paBHo HY10; Cc. 3aTes TOUKa M upoGeraet orpesoK AB B Ha- npapzennu or AK B, To ornowle- H une (1) HenpepiBHo Bospacraet, a Reaanch npd mpHOsmwDKennH TOU- ku M x B cxoab yronno 6omb- A a) wae. Kornza M=B, 1o apo6n (1) repaet cMbica, Tak KaK ec 3HaMeHaTenL oGpaliaerca & Hy- jepol BexTop, [pH aanbneiiuien asmKkennu TouKn M no npamoit 8 B ToM we HallpapaenHH (ta 8) puc. 3,a@ wanpaso ot B) ar- A Homenve (1) craHoBurcH oTpH- M WaTeibHwM, mpuyes ecm M Puc. 3. WaxoAHTca MocTaToNa G6An3KO or B, ro sTo orHomenne HMeeT CKOAb yrodnO Gonbwylo aGcontorHyt0 BeAnunity. Tax Kak AM = AB BM, To (8 cHay npennoxcuna 8 § 4) uMceM AM _ 4B, BM _ 4B , Sa ee (I). a’) MB MBO OMB OMB Korgza rouxa M, opuraach ace BpeM# B TOM Ke HaNpasAeHHH (Ha Ha- mem puc, 3, a cacBa nanpazo), yxonuT 110 1paMoH B GeckoncyHocTD, TO ApoOL AB AB CTpeMuTcH K fyAlO (TaK Kak Ce 4YHCAHTeAD MB MB OCTaeTCA MOCTOMHIIM, a SHAMCHATeAD HeOrpabuyYeHHO KO3pacTaeT), cneqoRaTenbHo, OTHOMCHHE eTpemutca K —I, MB Tlycts tenepp M nepexoauT ua «ery» 43 aByX MOaynpsMBIX, Na KoTOpbic TOUKAa A pasOuBaeT mpamylo (T. ¢. Ha TY NOayUpaMyl0, KOTO- pas uc conmepxnt oTpeska AA). Ecnw npx atom Touxa M waxogutcs aBocTaTOUKO AaAeKO oT TOUKH A, TO cHOBa CKOAb YroaHo Mado MB 4, 3HauHT, 10 dopmysze (1°) oruometme ——- cKoan yroano Mano oT- MB auuaetca ot —1, [[pn upwOamkenmn Touxn Mf caesa K TOUKe A (puc. 3, 6) orHomeane (1), ocTapagch OTpHilaTeabHbIM, HelpepbiBHO YewbulaeTc# nO ModymO HM HaKONCH ACaaeTCA paBHUM Hys0, Kora Touxa M posupaljaetcd B TouKy A,§ 7) MPOMOPUMOHAABHOCTh TAP YHCE 25 SameruM, 4TO WH TPH KaKOM noaOxeHHH TouKH M Ha npaMOH OTHO- usenHe A we pasio —1. B camom aene, oTHowenne orpHyaTerbtio, MB anulb Koraa TOUKa M a@x#T Bile oTpe3sKa AB, Ho 8 stom cayyae [aT aE aM, otpeskn AM wu MB unxoraa ue GpealoT paBHl, T. e. aie 7 Tlycrb Tenepb Ha npsmok ycranopaena cHcTemMa KOOpAHHaT H O—navaio 93ToA cucrembt. OGosnayHM KoopanHaty TouKH A Yeped %y, Town B—uepes x, a nepemcunot roux M—sepes x. Torga (AMax—x, (MB)=x,—x H aa Ae =o. . MB T. @ a (2) no (3) Orn hopayay nossoim0T Ada KaxKLo TouKH M=(x) nalira oTHonre- NHe, B KOTOpOM OHa AeamT oTpesoK AA, H OGpaTilo, nO 3agalHOMy OT- Nowenmo A Halita TY eaHacTReHUyIO TOuKy M==(x), KoTOpay xeauT otpesoxk AB p stom oTHOMeHHH. YcrallopacHHoe TaKHM O6pasoM cooT- nercTaue wexay ToHkamR M name npaMoi H YNcnama A, BEpaxalo- — IMUM OTHOULeHHe, B KOTOPOM TouKa M near atpesok AB, Geo GH B3aHMHO O/IOSHAYHDIM, EC.IH Obl OHO He Hapyliatoch B ABYX cAY%aAx: so-Mepsiix, Toure Mf==B we coorsetcTaycT HHKaKOe A, BO-BTOpHIX, wHelo A=—1 ne cooTaetcTayer Hukako rouke M. Ho matenatuka (8 OTAWNHe OT rpauMaTHKH) He AIOGHT ucKrOGeHHAl Tlostomy nocrapaemca W B Hallem caysae HX yeTpaHnuTh, § 7. Mponopuxonanbuocth nap saucer PaccMoTpum BceRoamoxKuNe nap a, @ RCMIeCTReEHHHX YHCeq, pH vem napy, COcTOMMy!O H3 Apyx Kyazch: a=0, a’ =0, 6ynem cantTaTS «aanpeitenHotin; Ce paccMaTpHeaTh He 6yneM. Fee nap a, a’ vB, B’ Hasonem nponopydoxaronoimu, ecan cyule- creyeT Taxoe sncao R540, uto B=ha, Bp’ =a’; wucao k wasupaerca Kosppuyuentom nponopyuonaavxocru,26 KOOPLHATH HA UPAMOH [rat Mponopunotaapnocts nap a, a’ w f, B’ sanueneaetca B BAMe chopmyar a:a’=B: (ly HasiiBacmoH nponopyued}). Ormeram caenyioue cBoficTaa nmponopunoHaabHocTH: 1 (Peg@aexcusnocte). Kaxdan napa a, a’ Aponopyuonasexa camo ce6e (7. e. Ua’ =a:0', KosdhpuyuexT nponopyuonaaonoctu k ect 1), 2 (Cummertpia). Ecau a: To f:P’ =a:a’. B camom aecic, uponopuaa o:a’=f:f’ oanayaet cyurecrsonanne taxoro k=0, 10 p=ka, B= ka’; no torga a=tp 4 a =i, tT. e. B:P’ are’. 38 (Tpak3urupxocth). Ecau a: Y= 6:8’ o B:p’ yy’, 10 B camom acae, uvecn fp = ka, B’ = ko’; y==AB, yp’ =f’; no trorna yohka, y =hka', ato m tpeGosasoch AOKa3zaTD. Hanbnefumumn ceoficteaMH MponOplmMOHanbHOCTH ABAMOTCH 4. Ecau ara’ =6:B’, ro w a’:a =f’ sp. VM ta apyrad mponopyun oguauaior cymecrsopanue Taxoro k= 0, uo B=ha, p’ =k’. 5. Ecau 6 odxoi uz deyx nponopyuoxaarvnolx nap 4uucea a, a’ u B, BP’ odun uz deyx szenentos pacer Hytio, TO uw 6 Opyeod nape cooreercreyinuitii BACMEKT paseH HYD. Hanpumep, ecan a’=0, To u B’ =ka’ =0. 6. Beaxue dee napot cuda a, Ou B, O (pasno Kak u Ase nape euca 0, a u 0, B) nponopyuonassnal. B camom aeae, Tak KaK Nap Hesanpeutenne, Ta a0, PO. 6 Nlonaraa -— a a: A, umeem B= ka, O=k-O—yreepxaenne aokazano. 1. Ase napu a, a’ u B, B’ nponopyuonassnet trozda u TossKo Toeda, Koeda ap’ =0'B. 2) B camom aeae, 43 mponopunn (1) cneayet, uto B= ka, p’=ka’ w, 3naunt, aB’ =aka’=a’B, tT. e. meer mecro pasenctBo (2). Nyctb, naoGopot, (2) BbTouwweno, H HYcTh, Hampumep, a’ =40. Ms (2) caenyer B ap" wr, 1) B crapax auraniicenx KHitrax mponopuna (1) sanvcupaetca B Biae ofa! ::B: 8’, T. €. Ger yuorpeOuetna sHaKa paBenciua, J1uM Kex Olt TogvepKA- Baetes, 470 dopmyna (1) bipaxaer uMeHHO dbakT RponopmKOnanbRocTA nap a, a a B, fi H Bogce He OGa3a1a GHTh UNCAOBEIM paBeHCTBON, B KOTOpOM ABOETOUME CTE BHAK MeTERUT; eC @’, fi’ cyTh uyax, TO Mponopuux (i) H HE ABARETCH YHCIOBLIM pABEHCTBOM (TaK Kak neNEHe Na [yb HEBO3NOxKHO).§ 7] TPOMOPUNOHAABHOCTh WAP YHCEA 27 Ecan mp srom a==0, To B=0 x nan naps 0, a’ a 0, B’ nponop MnonanbHbs. Ecan xe @540, TO nonOKIIM B k. Torna B=ka w B’ = ka’ —napw a, a’ n B, B’ cHona nponopunonacbin. 8. Mponopyua ara’ =B:p’ qd) okeusarentHa (npu a' = 0, B’=& 0) nponopyuu a:B=a':B’. a) B camom zeae, Kanan 43 nponopuni (1), (1’) skpupaneutHa pa- BencTay (2). Bameuanne. HWunorga, no sucto @:opMaapHhin cooOpaxKeHnsM, A0- nyckawT sameny opmyau (1) opmyaot (1') u B cayyae of =f’ =0, T. @. nwmyT . a:B =0:0 BMeCTO Ho np 3Tom nago nomHuT, 4TO dopmyaa (19) sBaserca aah apyron Banuchio dopuyanl (19) H He MMeeT HHKaKOrO OTAMUIOrO OT HEE CUsLEp- dana. Ecan napni a, a’ # B, B’ mponopunonaabin, To Mi rOBOpHM TaK«Ke, 4TO OHH HMEIOT OAIO H TO %*Ke OTHOWeXUE. ECAH pH 3TOM Oe U 4, anaunt, B40, ro aneaa = 4 & PHM, 4TO OTHOuienue a:a°=B:B’ paso wucay A= Pani NExAY COGOID, H sts —rONO- @ £. Ecau «xe a’=0, ro nw B’=0, 1 am rosopus, To OTHOWIenKe a:a’ =f: Gec- Koxeuxo, a:a’= 6:6’ = oo, Tenepb mit MOwKeM CKa3aTb, 4TO qop- myna (1) nelicrsureabiio ecTh paBeHCTBO, a MMEHHO TO Ona BHIpPAKacT PaBeHcTBO OTHOWeHHA ABYX stponoplMOtatbHhix aap. Mpu stom oe 4acTH 9TOrO papeHCTRa HK paBH OAHOMY HM TOMy xe YHcay A, Hid OHH OGe pani oo, Mu yxe ormeTHaK, UTO Bce HeBaNpeMACHANe napa BHa a, O npo- MOPUHOKALIbiibl MexAy COGOIO H, CAeAOBATCALNO, HNEIOT OAHO H TO %KE (Geckonesnoe) oTnowenne: npH 060M a5 0 MOxkHO, HaNpHMep, HanucaTb =1:0=0, B 4acTHOCTH, 1:0=—1:0, T. @. cymecteyeT TOAbKO odHO Geckoxexnoe oTNOWeHLe (HHKaKHX 4-00 MH —oo 219 OTHOUIeHHH He cyiuectayet!),28 KOOPLUIATRI HA NPAMOA (ra. 8 Aa Bepnemcu renepb K oTuomeltio A=——~, B KoTOpoM rouKa M ae- MB ANT Zan oTrpesok AB npawol. Ham Gyact yxoOHo gaaasaTp cro ile OAHHM YHCAOM A, @ mpoHsBOuDHOH napol uncer GQ), Gy, eHGpanntix npH yonosnn =e, T. e@, mHCaTb =—b (2 a3 Ecan Ha mpaMow gana cucTeMa KoopannaT, B KoTOpo A= (x4), B=(x,), M-==(x), TO u3 (hopmyan (2) § 6 noayyace Aaa onpemeienua Koopaue wate x TouxH M ypasneune STA pk Gy Sek bok y : acta ) Sta @opmyaa onpeseaser oOgHosHauHO KOOpAunaTy x Touxu M, mears- uch oTpesoK AB «8 3aaannom oTnowlennn Gyidg, AAA AUOOKX Gy, Oy, ga HCKTONeHMeM Cay¥as, Koraa a, 4+-d,=0, 7. @. Gy:a,=—1. B yact- HocrH, ups O,=0, a,540 noayuacm «=x, T. e. M=A; npn a, 0, O,=O0 nonysaem x= x5, T. ec. M=B. tax, touxa B neawT oTpesok AB 8 orwowennn, partion oo. § 8. Beckonequo yaawenHaa Towa Npamoit Ocraerca yerpanath Bropoe 4 uCKMOvelHe: oTCyTCTEHe ia MpAMoai TouKH M, 1m Koropoll otiiomenue AM:MB pasusinocs 6a —1, Maa aocrumenus atoft HeIK Mi NONOTAeM NpAMyio Coll, Kak TovopaAT, AecoGcmeentHo nan Gecko- newno yOasenHod mouxod Ma. Up stom MB CuliTaeM, 4TO, npoGeraa TouKH npaMofi B onpegeneHoM Hanpasnerun (Hanpusep, B Nanpapnen4n Bextopa AB» T. &. «cnepa Halipapom), Mu, NIpHLT & GecKOHeNHO yAaneuHYyI souKy, MoKeM jaseule NPOLOAKaTe Wall NYT’ B COM Ke HanpaBsleHnK, T. e. npoCeraTe (ace BpeMA Cylesa HANPABO) BClo AcBy!O HloAyNpsMytO, OTCeYeHHYIO ToOUKO A, H Bep- HYTbCA TAKHM OGpa30M B Touxy A CaeBa. Apyrusi caonavm, nocae wonoauennt npavod Geckonemno yaaaenno® TOUKOH NOPALOK pacnoroKentit ToNeK Na NANO! cTat TAKNM Xe, KAK Ha OKPYK- Moctu,—UpaMaa craza samKuyrol saunuell! Tenepp ase Toaxn Au B npavoit panGuBaior ee Ua WBA KycKa, Ha ABA eoTPesKar C OWN M TEN we KOMLNASIH re # B. Onns v3 wRXx ecth otpesok AB B obstivom cuBicae cr0Ba; Ol, B_yact- HocTH, ComepamKsT CBoI Cepennny, T. €. TOUKY M, gaa xotopoit AM=MB a, cneqoBaTesbtio, sl; sropof otpesox cogepant GeckonesHo yusqenttyio AM MB§ 9] NPONOPHHONAIDHOCTh ABYX MOCALAOBATEABNOCTEM 29 iM Touxy Mo. Mu onpedensem ata nee ofHowenHe AM » Goxarad 3To oTHowe- MB nue pannons 1. Teneps coomercrane mexay scesm Tomxawa M wateli apsvoll n acest — ornowenisan Adi:MB craao paatisiio onwoskaunti: TouKe B cootsetcreyct Mp sTOM OTHOMCHHE o, a CTrnotleHHe —] cooTReIcTByeT Geckonedio yaaneHHow TouKe Npanoit, ; B raanax [—XX atoll KUMTu nowATHe GeckonedHo yaarentol TouKK Ha Gpavoi we Hafiger NpHMenenuii un, cneqoBaTenbuO, Kak OLA NoBncueT B BO3ZAyxC. Mme 6 raanax XXI—XXIEL mpH nepexoge K Tak NaseiBaeMoil npoexmusnod naockocmu (H NpoeKmuanomy npocmpoxcmey) NouATHe HecoGcTReKHON WAH Gec- KOHEYHO ylaneHHOA TOUKH NpsAMol HalifeT cRoe HaAIeKaltee Mecto, CM., BNPO- new, § 5 Taaast mato. § 9. Mponopynonanpuocr. apyx mocaenopatenbuoctel, cocTommux 13 # ducer Tak Ke, Kak Mit ONpexcaMAM NponopltOKaabuocTh ARYX nmap uncer a, a’ 0 8, B’, mat Mowem OnpeneaNTb nponopumonadbiocTh aRyX Tpoek, AByx NeTBepOK 4HCeN HT. A BooSure, MA ckaKeM, YTO NOCeLOBaTeAbNOCTh, COCTORMIaA HS A yucea (cpeaH KoTOpsIx uMeloTcH oraMuHAe OT Hyd!) My, Og, e+ 0, Fay qv) ApOnopyuonaAbna NOcNeKOBATeMbUOCTH Bis Bar ++) Bar (2) ecan cywtectayetT Takoe yncao k=*+0 (Kospuyuenr nponopyuonase~ HocTu), 4TO Br==Re, Bplay, 0, By = hte B stom cay4ae Mbl mumem GyiGgt ... 20, = B,2By: ... 2B, @) H sty copmyay TacKe waanpaem nponopyued, Ouesuano, uto cen mpa atom Kakoe-HiGy tb @, serctayiouece B-= 0. Sameuanne. Mponopuny (3) yacto sanuciiBacTca B BAC ,:8, =a,:8,=...=a,:f, (4) 7=0, TO HR CcooT- ) Hlocsegoparensiocth, cocromman Ha ojunx myseit, cuntacten eganpe 2) Th romuas y c 7 well»,30 KOOPAHHATH HA Npsmoll inne Had Dake B BILE my ep , QE aSe (4 Bi Be ) Hanpumep, suecto 2:0:3:0 3 O:1=4:0:6:0:0:2 newly I 5 oot (5) TCU? MpH4em HaqO TREPIO MOMHHTb, 4TO @opmyavt (4) u (4) AeanOTCA Aue Opyzod sanucsio qopmyati (3) H we HMeIOT HUKAaKOTO OTANYHOFO OT HEE cmnicaa?), 3anice 9Ta OcHOBAHa Ha TOM, 170 Te H3 oTHOMeNHi a;:f; B copmyze (3), KoTOpie HMeIOT cMBICA (T. @. B KOTOpHx xOTH 6pt O”fIH 43 4neHOB @,, By OTAWYeN OT HYAH), MeAcTaHTeaDHO BCE PaBHDl mewLYy co6o10; YTO #e KacacTCA paBzencTB Baa . Ot Bs = Gy Pps B KOTOpHX a,=6,=0, To npH a;0, fi; 0 onm (cornacHo panee CLelaHHOMy BaMevaiHIO) MBIAOTCH sMWh Apyrof sanncbiO BepHoro yTeepanenna #20, Torma Kak papeuctBa anna a,;:O=0:0 nat 0:0=0:0 soo6ye ne codepxarT HuUKAaKOZO YTeepKOeNUA (KPOMe TOTO, YTO Ha TaKHX-TO MeC- Tax B HOCrcAORaTeADHOCTHX (1) H (2) CToaT Hy.in). Kaxkraa naitian Hezarpemeniat mocnedozaTeAbHocTb Gy, Oy) ee Op qy oupeseiseT Kaacc, CocTOMMMMA Ha BCCx HOceAORATeADUOCTeH, Nponop- LHOKAM HX atom. Takum OGpasom, cOBOKYMNOCTE Bcex HesalIpermen- HX NOCieLOBaTeAbHUCTeH BHM (1), COCTOHUAIX H3 OANOrO H Tora %Ke “cla M 9neMeHTOR, pactasaeTcd Ha KAaccol NPONOPUHOHAAbHbX MeKAY co6oIo HocaeRoBATeAbHOCTeM ?): A1OG6He ARE MOCAeCAORATeAbNOCTH, APH- 2) B uactuoctn, bopwy.ta (8) osnauaer aumuib, v0 nocaegoBareasnocts 2,0, 3,0, 0,1 6) Mponopuuowaayka nocaeqowateabnocTH 4,0, 6, 0, 0, 2, 6") T. @. MOCTELNAT Ronyuacrcs 13 Heppoit MoweHHLIM yaowKenneM Ma oat Ht TOT ke MHOmuTeIa k =O (a Mawes cayyae Ha k=2). 2) Cy, TpaGapaenie 3 xonue Kanrst, § 4. Unrateas mocrymiT npasnao, cea yoke cailvae yCaoHT conepxane sToro Tipuasnenia. B paxpieliwem ato Gyner npeanoaarateca Gea nenKix orocopox.§ 9) MPOMOPILHOHAMBHOCTL ABYX MOCMELOBATENBHOCTER 31 Halaekamne O1KOMY MH TOMY %K@ Kaaccy, MponopunonaneaLt mexay COG0IO; ECAH NOCAEAOBATC-IBHOCTh MPHHAAEKHT HAaNHOMy Kelaccy, TO H BCAKAN Mponopunonasbnaa ef NOCHeAOBATEAbHOCTS MpHNAAACKHT TOMY %*KE KAACCY, TAK YTO ABE MOCTeAOBATEALHOCTH, NPHHAASKAMHE PasHL!N KaaccaM, He MponopunonatDAL Meaay coGo1w. Msorga Kaacc, kK KOTO- poMy NpuHagaexnT aanHam MOCTeAOBAaTeAbHOCTL (1), Ha3hIBaeTCH OTHO~ wenuest (YA@HOB STON MOCAeAOBATCAbHOCTH) HAH OTRKOUIeHUeM, ONpede- Anembia Oaxnod noc.edocareastxocrew. Tpu stom caonoynotpe6aennn Mponopuna (3), Kak M MpH m=2, wpespamlaerca B paBencTBO aByX orsowenni.» TAABA Il BEKTOPBI § 1. Pasenctso sextopos. Crodogueti Bexrop Tiga eextopa AA’ nu BB’, pacnonowenmwe rae yroaHo B MpocTpan- CTBC, HASMBAOTCH PAGHOLHL MOKLY COGOIO, CCAM OAHH H3 NHX, HauIpH= mep AA’, MowkHO copmecTHTb ¢ apyrum, BB’, nocpeactsom napaasaeae~ Hoed nepenoca («cmguray), T. €. RWKCIMA, ave. RAY cocToauiero B&B TOM, ITO BeKTOp AA’ cKOAb= BHT Napaaieibno camomy ce6e Tak, ¥TO TOWKA A ckoap3nt no otpeaky AB, a touka A’ no orpeaxyA’B’ (puc. 4). — ~>, Ecan pexropnt AA’ un BB’ aexat na Oa- 3 HOH MpaMol, TO NO sTOH we NpaMOH mponc- XOAHT H cKONLKENHE, CoRMeMatomece AA’ c BB’, uM nonyyaem yxe aanHoe 2 nepsoh rage Onpesenenne paBHnx BeKTOpoB (ua mpamoa). Ecan xe panne sextopy 4A’ 1 BB’ ne A@KAT Na OAR UpIMOH, TO pH coBMeULCHHH = a ReKTopa 4 AA’ ¢ sextopom BB’ nocpeactaom enorpasy AA’B'B, Puce. 4 frapa..1c.1bHore nepenoca BexTop AN gaueptuT Mapaa: B KOTOPOM BeKTOpH AX 1 Bb SYAYT UPOTHBONOADKENMH CTOPOKAMH, Nostomy onpederenue pasenctea BeKTOPOR MOET GuTh copmy: pogano HK TaK: —, dea eextopa AA’ w BB', aexauue xa odxoi u rod xe npxnod, pasHbl, @CAL UX OTHOWeHUe paso |. AA’ u BR! * Alea eextopa AA’ u BB’, ne aemawue xa odnod npanot, pacnet, ecAll, COCOLHAX NPAMOAUKEUHOLMY OTPeIKaMU UX KHataAbKKe TouKu A uB§ 1) PAREHCTBO BEKTOPOB 33 wu ux Koxyeeote TOuxu A’ u B’, me noayaum napaaasenoepamm AA’ B'B, 6 KOTOPOM 9TL BeKTOpm GyAYT DEYMA NPOTUBONOAOMAOLAL CTOpOHaME. Aga pashx eBeKTOpa MOryT OTANNaTbCA pyr oT apyra ToADKO CBOHMH TOUKAMY IIPHAOKeHHA, AB OOMDMIMHCTBe Tex CcayyaeR, C KOTOPEM aM MpHLeTCH HMeTb AeNO, STO OTAKNHe HecyuecTReHHO; MM Oyazew nosToMy cHnTaT®, 4To BeKTOp BB’, papanit a nexTopy AA’,—aro Tor xe ReKTop AA’, HO TOALKO NepeneccnH B apyroe mecTo, a HMeHHO npHAoKenHut K TorKe B, Oraae- kadCb, TAKHM OOpa3OM, OT TOUKH NPHOKEHHT BEKTOPA, MBI NPHXOAUM K TOMy, YTOOHM Bech Kalace paBHAIx MexKay coGol0 BCKTOpOB MM’ = AA‘, npwaoxennux KO BceBo3Mox- uhm TouKam M mpoctpaucrsa, pacenaTpH- BaTb Kak HOB MaTCMaTHYeCKHA OObeKT, w STOT OGheKT Mil tasiiRaeM ceoGoOxeLt 4 BCKTOPOM, ONPCACLEWMLIM KAK AWM H3 pak- 4 HbIX Mexy cOGOIO BeKTOpOB, COCTaBAKIO- uuux gannpil Kaace (pac. 5). Mp Gyiem YacTO uHcaTD w=AAa = fy) =Bb’ =... HW MOnmMaTS oa UW KaK AlO- Got us paBNX MeXKLy CcOGOIO BeEKTOpOR AA’, BB u T. 2., Tak HW Bech OGpaszosan- mb uM Kaacc, T. @, CBO6OAHHH BeKTOp }), HpcanooxKnm Tenepb, ITO KaxKRaN TONKA Pane. 5. M npocrpauctsa caminysach Rory pH mowentoro K He BexTopa MM’ =u (oanoro u Toro «Ke ana Bcex touek M} uw nepenecrunacy 8 Touxy M’. Mu noayyaen capur, wan Hapasreabib wepexoc, Becro tMpoctpancrra (B ceGe) Ha ReKTOp UL Taxus o6pa30M, BOSHHKaeT 63auUMHO OOHOSHALHOE CooTEETCTEUue Mendy cOsuzanu Npoctpancrea u ceo60dHbIMu GexTOPAaML, NOI60AAIOIYee OTOM- ecreurs stexcdy co6ow atu dea noxsTua. MuoxecTso Beex BexTOPOS, TOKANNX Ha Aamo npsstoh (HAM wa Aavtio naockocTR), ecrecTRENHO, ToKe pacnanaercH Wa Kaacch paBHUX M@KAY cO60I0 BEKTOPOB, MasnBaemnix ceo6odHelmu sekTOpamu JanHnod Apsmod Win MAOCKOCTU; OHH MOFYT ObITh OTORKACCTRACHH CO COBHTaMH STOH tpaMof (HAH MocKocTH) MO ceGe camof. Hyacsot pexTop onpeacaner nysecod (nM «TOKRECTAeHHMH») cOeu2, CocToamHi B TOM, YTO BCC TONKU NpocTpaneTBa OCTaIOTCA HCNOABMOKHNMH Ha CBOUX MeCTaX. eae 1) Ecan Dt—Kakoe-nniOyab Muorkecrso, a x—aneMent mHoxectaa TN, To Rowyt «EM; nostomy caesovano 6u nucats AA’ Eu, BB! Eu vt. a. 2 TC. Anexeanapos34 BEKTOPHL [ra. § 2. JImnehiusre onepaunn Han Bextopamu (caomenne M YMuOxKeNHe Ha IACI) 1, Caoxkenne pexTopos. Ilycth Aan cBobomie BeKTOpH 1 Uy H Up. Tipuaaraem BeKTop u, K KaKob- HuOy Ab Tome O, noayyaen uy = OA: ; Mpuaa- raen U, k TOUKe A; noayyaen u, = AB. No onpegerenmo BexTop OB=u, Ha3pipaeTca cy#Mod BeKTOpoB wy, WU, (puc. 6), T. Cc. — OB== OA+AB. (1) Dag Bextopos, AeKawinx Ha Npamod, 8TH OMpeRercHuA Nam yrKe H3BECTHIA (rt. I, § 4). Sameyan uel. Ennucrnenuiii s1ement A Mporsno.1a, corepskamuiien p 9TOM ompeneste- HHA, ecTb ByiGop TouKH O—ToUKH IIpHso- OKEMNA BeKTOpA uy. TIpyaaraa BeKTOp uy A uy 4, \ a Ta 8 Pue. 6. Pue, 7. X KaKofi-wn6yas apyrof towxe 0" (pie. 7), Monyyit™ vextop OA’ =0A= 0; nuctponm nextop A’B’ = ug; pextop O'B' = O'A'+ A'B", ovesnano, pane Bex- Topy 0B=0A+ AB: Of hoayyaetest 13 ‘OB capurom na BeKTOp. Oo. Ecau nau Bexrop u=OA, To na npsmoi d= OA, npoxoamme yepes roukn O u A, MowkNO UOCTPOHTb BeKTOP OA’ =— OA (puc, 8), a a Pue. 8. —, Beakutt seKTop, paBunii gexropy OA’, rakxe o6o3na4aem Yepes —u. Ouesuno, u-+(—#)=0 ana aw6oro Bexropa u. Ecau paccmarpusaTe caoGoauble BEKTOPH UW, H Wy KaK CABHTH pOcTpaHcTRa, TO HyneROa§ 2] OMEPADHH WA BEKTOPAMH 35 BekTop 0 ecTh TOKAeCTRENNOe Npeobpasonanne (HyAeBOA CaBHr) mpocT- paneTBa, 2 CBOOOAHMH BEKTOP Uy Uz CCTb CABHT, roayyaemnill B pe- ByAbTATE NOCACAOBATEALHOTO OCy- A BLeCTBACHNA CHaNada CABUra wy It HOTOM CABHTA Up. Csodoanbili BeKTOp —~ U pH 10- 4, Gom UW eCTh CABUT, NPOTHLOIOAOK= ubli cayry uw (Tak 9TO Ww -(—t) ecTh Hyacaow capir 0}. Bameuanue 2, Caegyionue qopmyas, OveRHAHO, Bepit Aan snoG6oro BeKTOp! Uh o+ +0=u, u+(—u)=(—u)fu= B3ameyauue 3, Kak scno ua & puc, 9, npn t,+40, ty —u, upe- Pac. 9 Alsylee Onpeneaenhe CyMMbI AByx BeKTOPOB Uy WH Wy MOXKHO cchopMyARpOBATh W TAK? TIPHGKHM 06a BeK- Topa UW, HU, K OHO H TOM xe TOUKe O, TaK ¥TO =A, u, = 08, Torma u=u,+, ecre eexrop OC —Quazoxans napaarencepamma, ROCTPOEKKOZO HA CTOPOKAX Wy U Uy. Tak Kak aTOT NapanenorpaMM 4 ero anaroraab OC He 3aBHcaT OT TOPO, B KAKOM MOPSAKE DAHL BCKTOPM Hy H Uy, TO CAomeKKE BeKTOPOS KOMMYTOTUBHO: My oh ty = hy Ft. Alokawem, sto caomemue scKropoe GccOquaTUGKO, T. @. 4TO ana MOGHX Tpex BeKTOPOB Uy, Uy, Us KNCeM {uy + u,) + ug = 1, + (Wy -| uy). B camom ene, ecam wy= Oy, uy=A,A,, uy =A,dy (pe. 10), 10 Uy +s = AYA + Aly == Asay, th, + (up +g) = OA, + 4,Ay = OA, My Fy = OA, + Avy = OA, (uy fy) + tty = Orly + Apty ~ Ode, Te @ nh UF ligt), HH (m,-+H)-Luy eetB wextop Ody, TAK »36 BEKTOPL fra. u HaswBacMbiit sasoiKcarouud eexrop nOcAekORATeAbHOCTH TPeX BCKTOPOS OA, = 0,,A\A, = Uy, AyAg = Uy. AccOuMaTHBIOCTD CAMKEHHA BEKTOPOB MOSBOARET TOBOPHTL O CyMMe Tpex BekTopos U,+U,-+ Uy, NOUMMad NOX STHM BeEKTOP veut (uy + Ug) = (U) + Uy) + Uy. Tlo wHayKUHH Moet GbiT ompeaeaena HW CyMMa mI0G0rO 4YACAa BeKTO- pos uy +a, 4--.. bu, Npiem 13 acconMaTHBHOCTH cHeAyeT, 410, HanpHMeD, B Crydae YeTHpeX BeKTOPOB HMeCAt Uy -bily uy bay = ty + (Uy + Ug + Oy) = = (Uy + tty) + (tg U4) = = (Hy Fy $1) 4 [Ipa strom 8 crazy KoMmy- TATHBUOCTH MO*KHO — MpOHs- BOABHO MCHATh MOpagoK c1a- TaeMbix, . Va ckazanuoro BiTcKaeT cneayloisee ynoduoc Ha mpak- THKE NpaBHao CAO KeHHH JO- Pue. 10, Soro ¥HCAa BeXTOpOB («npaeu- AO saMbiKatoue20 BeKTOpar). Tlaa Toro 4T06n CAOKHTD Wane M BeKTOPOB, HakO BanucaTe HX B m060M NOpsAKe: (uy rit,) + Ug tyr (gry ‘Uy, Ug, ---, Ua MpHoXKHTS Nepaui BeKTOP K KaKOH-1HOyab ToUKe O, a Kati Creay10- wu BeKTOp—K KOBY Npenpayuero, Tak YTO — — ——, W=O0A, Uy =AAy, ..., 1, ALA, (puc. 11). Torga cywaa uy+U,+-...+u, ect sampxatouma ecKTop OA,. PasHocTe Wy—U, ABYX BeKTOpOB Uy H Uy ONpenenneTcs cpopmyz0i W—uy= ty +(—u,) (pH, 12). (2) Tipu stom (u,—u,) + Up = u,—ywenbutaenoe UW, paso cymMe BLtMnTAC- MOTO Up H PasiOcTH Uy—uy. Sameyanne 4, Mu pameau, 3¥TO anaronatb oe (cm. pac, 9) napanaenorpamMa, MoOcTpoetHoro Ha BeKTOpaX u, = OA 4 u, = OB, papua CcyMMe OTRX BCKTOPOB.§ 2) ONEPAILMH BAD BEKTOPAME 37 Awanorwuno = (pc. 13) gquaroHaan = OC’ Tapannenenunena OACBO'A'C’B', noctpocuioro Ha Tpex ReKTOpaX u,=0A, Uy = OB, U3 = OO”, nphnomeniNx K ORHON TOUKe H Re AEXKAULHX B OAHOM NaOCKOCTH, My Puc. fl. Pug. 12. a we o at is - a A a C Puc. 13. CTH cyMMa STHX ReKTOPOR. B caMOM HeRe, OVEBAAHO, OC’ = 00' +06, oc = Oh + OB, OTKyaa 4 CacayeT yrBepxmenne (OHO cnenyeT H hid Toro, xT BexTop oe ecTh 3amurcaounnit BeKTOP K TPCM BeKTOpaM OA= =, AC=OB=u,, 6% =00' =u),38 BEKTOPbI {ra a 2. Ymuowenne Bextopa va gHcsO. YMHoxKenHe BeKTOpa U Ha YRCAD A cOCTONT B caemyIontem. B § 2 raasw 1 yxe Gao onpemexeno, 4TO ccaH u=AB, to Au €cth BCHKHA BeKTOp, panunlli BeKtopy AC, acxamemy na npanol AB, H onpeneaenuni ycnopnem, ¥TO ero OTHOWeHHe K BeKTOpy AB pasio + (pc. 14); ecm A=0, TO Au =O. Puc. 14, W3 gore ompeaeneuna cacuyeT, B “acTHocTR, ¥TO ana AKWGOrO BexTopa uw uMeeM Ou=0, 1-u » (-lj)u=—a. (3) Aaa s06ux asyx uncer Ay th, mM a10G0ro BeKTOpa UM HMeIOT MecTO opmyan: (Ay +Aq) w= Ayu Agu, (4) (Ayhp) w= hy (Agu). (5) Hakone, aan moOWX MByx BeKTOpOB u, H Uy H MOGoro YHcna A mMeeM 2. (i ++ ty) = Au, At, (6) Teomerpuucckoe fOKasaTembeTBO Becx STHX qopMya MoxkeT OnTH NperctawBseno UNTATEMO B Bue ynpaxHeHHH (GOTee KaHHTeAbHOTO — pasOop BCCX KOSMOKIDIX CYYaeR,—4eM TpyaHoro). Bupaxenne Iyty t Aguy +. AU {7) rae Uy, .--, U,—BeKTOpHI, a Ay, ..., 4y—KaKHe-HHGyA BEIeCTBeHHIIE WHCAa, HaSWBaeTCA auHedHOu KOMOuNayue GeKTOpOs Uy, Uy, ..., Uy ¢ Kos@dunnentamh dy, Ag, ».., Ay. Lp = 1 noxyyaem npocto Bexrop Bana Aywy.§ 3] TIPOEKINNH 39 § 3. Mpoexuna [lyctb Ha naockocty gana mpanas du upamay d’, He NapaaneabHas npsmof d. , Yepes npoussoabnylo TONKy AnaocKocTH npoBoAHM Mpauyto da, napaa- aeabny) upamot d’ (pac, 15); ova nepecckaeT npumyio dB touKe Ay, HagniBaemoll npoexyuel touxu A na npssyio d edozb (uaAM Hapan- Reabno) apasol d’. Ecan B mpocTpanctse mani npimat du maockocth 6’, ne TapaaieabHite =MexAy coGoI0, TO AMM Kako TOUKH A onpe- Reaennt: 1) npoexuua Ag xa npamyto d ed0A6 naockoctu § — sto TouKa mepeceyenus —ipsmoli dc naockocthio 64, mponeaci- HoH yepes Touxy A napan- Puc. 15. aenbHO utocKocta 6’ (pre. 16); 2) npoexyua Ag Ha naocKocre 8 sdoab npumod d—~3to0 TouKa nepecesenns naockoctu 6’ c npamof ds, nposcaennof vepe3 TouKy A napaaacabHo iprvott d (pac. 17). Puc. 16. Bamevanue. Ecau ad} d uaa 8 | d, to nonysaes: oprozoxase- noe (npAnoyzorsnete) npoekyut, UBBECTHMIE YHTATENIO H3 Kypca cpeaHclt JUKOUE. Ecau gan sextop AB, ro, Gepa npoexuan Ay Hh By ero Havana # Kota, HoayUHM BeKTop AyBy, HasuRacmLii npoexyued eexropa AB na40 BEKTOPLT (ra. 0 npamyio d(phoas npamofi d’ (prc. 18), cootsercrsenao Baonb naocKocTH 6” (pac. 19)). Puc. 18. Puc. 19. = — Anaaoruyno eextop As By ecth mpoexyua eexropa AB xa naockocre 6 (Ba01b npamoi d) (pac. 20). + NIpoexuua wexropa AB ua npamyio d (aa naocKoctD 6’) odo3nayaeTca aepes np,AB (npsAB), a wkorga {Korga HeBOsMoxTILE HeEAOpasyMenHA) —. % npocTo ucpes mp AB, qd Tlepeyuesmm npoctefume cBoti- a, 1B cTBa mpoeKunit, 1. Hpoekyua sexropa AB pas- Ha Kyo (7. €. ABAIETCA HYACRHIM BeKTOpomM) Toz@a u TOAbKO TOZda, xoeda Oaxnelit BeKTOp napaareren Tok npamol uau nAocKocTu, 60016 KoTopotl npoucxodur npoekTupo- sanue (puc. 21). B camom gee, B STOM H TOALKOB STOM Cay¥ae Hada7O Hu KOHELL BeK- TOpa NpoeKTHpyioTCH B OY TOMKY. 2. Mpoexyuu Gozo sextopa na Ace napaarrersnoie npamoe (naoc- ocr) paans! Mendy co6o10( puc.22). Ocsonnuim caxtom apasercs: Puc, 20. 3. Hpoexyuu Oeyx pasneix gexropos pacxet. Moxasateapctso. Orpannunsaemen caysaem npockui Ha npa- myio d Boab npsmot d’ (wa naocKocTH (pac. 23, @)) HAN BROAD Wr0c- xoctu 5’ (B mpoctpanctre (puc. 23, 6)).44 MPOEKUHH $3] BB CM§ 3} TIPOEKUMH 43, TlycTb aan BeKTops uy = OA, uw, = AA’ nx 3aMKaoUNMA BeKTOp n= 0A’ —u,-b uy. Tora np npoekTupopannH na npamyw d (Baoib Kakoil-im6yab npastol a’ waw maockoctn 8’) nan Ha mazocKocTh 8" (paoab npsmoa d) (pac, 24) —~. =, = pats =O¢Ag, Dae = AgAg, — MPgu = Ogg, Mp (Uy + We) = MP gly Mp gly. (4) Boobie npoekyun saMbiKalowezo GeKTOPA OAHHBLX f BCKTOPOG Uy, Us,..., U,, ecTb 3asbiKaoiul eCKTOP npoeKyut OanHelx GeKTOpos, WAK? Pae. 24, 4. Tpoexyun cymmn Qa: 6o. - aut ore ea yx (uau Gore) seKTOpOS eCTs cyMma NpoeK: Bea tpyaa dokasunaetcs dopmy.a np (Aw) =A np (5) (Hao paccmurpeth oraenbHo cayuan A> 0, A <0, %=0).44 BEKTOPH (ra. 1 His (4) u (5) abirexaer: mp Agi -b Ag W,) =A, np yt... A, MP Uys (6) Tlonytennue pesyantati KpaTkO oGbeannsioTcs B cuenyloulem mpez.o- OKCHHH: Jluxeinele onepayuu Nad sexTopamu (tT. C. cOwKeHHe BeEKTOPOB H HX YMHOXKeUNE Ma YHCTO) NepemecTuTereHe Cc onepayue npoeKTUpoGaHus. § 4. Konanueapupie KomnaHapHte BeKTophi; KOOPHUHATbI BEKTOPa OTHOCHTeNbHOrO AaHHOrO 6asuca Hecko.ibko wekTOpos NasBaIOTCH KOAAUHEApHDIMK (COOTBETCTBCHHO KoMnAaKapHeMu) MEXKAY coOoln, eH BCC OHH, GYAYaH NphazoKeHNIME K onHoH M TOM %Ke TOUKe, OKashaloTCH AexKaMMK Ha OAKOH npaMol d (pac. 25) (cootsercrrenno B OHO NaockocTH + (puc. 26)). B stom cayvae rOBOpxT TawKe, 4, TO paccMaTpHBaeMble HeK~ TOph KOAAMHeapHbi rps Mol d (Komnajanapun naoc- 2 KOCTH Jt), ty Caenyiomme yTRepKae- 4, + nts spamtorcs Henocpeact- ovo BCIIGIMH CHENCTRHSIMH 9TO- ro onpexesacnaa: u; 1. Hysesoti sexrop oo KOAAUHEAPCH BCAKOMY BCK- Topy. qe oe” 2. Ecau — neckoasKo ene + 8eKTOPOS KOAAUHCapHOE Pue. 25. Meacdy cobor, TO OAK u nodacno sMexcdy cobo10 KoMnaanapHel. 3. Kascdeul sextop KoAauneapen camomy cebe. 4. Beaxue Oca sexropa mescdy cobo1o Kounaanapxot}). Bektophi AB, A,B, wey A,B, KOAAMHCAapHbt (KOMNAaKAapH) Tora H TOADKO Tora, KOrAa ReCyUINe HX TIpAWe Mapameabunt (8 MINpoKOM cmncae *)) o_o H TO Ke NpAMow (onNOH M Toi %*Ke MOCKOCTH), 3) Ur06u yGeauTkeH B STOM, ROCTATOUHO MPHAOKUTH HX K OAH H TOL xKE TouKe 0. 2) Tbe npampie (abe nalockocTn) HasLIBAlOTCA NAPaadeAoNuimu wendy coso1w 6 WUPOKOM CHOICAL, CCAB OIM WAM NApadneabHe! B OOWOM CMBCAE, WH Conna- Rawr. [Ipamaa u naockocmh napaaseabnel 6 WiLpOKOM cMoIcae, CCAM OM HK Rapasacabiel 6 OGINHOM CMBICNE HAH eCHH AavKaH NPAMAA UWeTWKOM JeXHT B JaHHOH NazocKocTu.§ 4 KOAAHHEAPHIIE H KOMILTAHAPHBIE BEKTOPE! 45 Myctb uy H u,—apa KonnuneapHux weKxropa. [Tpuaarad Wx K OAHoli _ — kakoll-nn6yab TouKe O, noayyaem BeKTOpH UW, = OA, HU, = OA,, Aexa- ue #a OAHOH npaMoH. Ilycrb no Kpalinell Mepe OHH H3 MaHHNX BeKTO- poB, HaltpHMep Uy, OTHYeH or yas. Toraa, KaXx Mb 3Ha- eM M3 Nepsok raapbl, onpe- meneno BeMeCTseHHOe FHCAO A == Usi ty, NasBaeMve OTHO- WenuemM GEKTOPA Uy K BEKTO- py Uy; Mowyab sTOTO YHCcAAa paben OTHOMeNHIO OTpesKa OA, K oTpesky OA,: lAl= v4,’ a 3HaK GepeTca nomOKHTeTH = null, ecaH vekTops OA, 4 = OA, nanpapnetbl B ogy H Pue, 26. Ty we cTropoly, H OTpHUa- TOAbNBIA, ECTN OHM HaNpaBseHbE Rp ApOTHBOTIOMOXKUBE CTOpOUN; ecTH u,=0, to A=0. Ecan ugiuy=A, vO moO caMoMy onpexcarentio yMHOxenusa BeKTOS pa Wa 4uCAO HMeCM Uy =Auy. OGpatuo, 43 Toro %Ke oMpeaeneHMA CreAyeT, 4TO BCHKHK ReKTOD Buda ty = Any, roe A—Kakoe-nu6yab BeulecTBenNoe YHCHO, KOATHCApeH BekTopy Wy. Mi noKagaau cneaywulyio Teopemy: 5. Hycre u,— xaxod-nubydo xenyaccok eextop. Tozda ace sextopot suda Auy, 20e h—.u060e cemecteenHoe 4ucAo, U TOADKO BeKTOPL aTOZO Suda KoAAUNeapHeL GeKTOpY Uy. Voauepkuem oco6o: ornowenue Ugitl, Meacdy Oeysa eexTOpanu Onpe- Oeaeno 7020 u TOAeKO ToOea, KOeOa 3TH GeKTOP! KOAAUKEAPHEL u KOZda nO Kpaitxed mepe oduwn us nux oTausen ot nyaa. Ecau ornouenue Ug, PasKo uucay h, TO aTO SHauuT, 4¥TO U, = My. Tipexne sew naTH waapme, mokaxext caeayioulHe 2Be TeopeMbl: 6. Hycre na naocrocru Aanot Ace npamote d, u dy, nepecexaroryueca 8 HeKOTOpol Touxe O. Toeda abo bexTop u=0A ecTe CYMMa CBO“X npoekuudl Uy u Uy Ha STU npxable (apoexyuu Gepyrca na KascdyIo ua Ooyx npametx Bdors Opyzo% npamoi). Hokasatenperag, Yrsepanenve ofennano, ec BeKTOp W 7e- WUT Ha OAHOA HB HAIWHX NpAMHXx, HaupEMep Na dy; TOrka U= Uy, Uy = 0. Uycre Bexrop w He aexut un na OAHOH H3 ABYX Matix NpAMIxX. Nycrs OA, # OAy CyTb npoekwin nexTopa w= OA ua kaxaywo u3 waunx46 BEKTOPH [ra. ur NpamMuix Biorb mpyroh npamow (pac. 27); Toraa OA ectb amaronanb fapaaxeaorpamma, nocrpoeusoro Ha OA, =u, HOA, = Uy, H = Uy} Og. Sameuanne 1. Ecau sextop u=OA spanctca cymmoi apyx REKTOpOR Uy = OA, HM Uy=OAg, “1exKAUHX Ha NpAMVIX @, H dz, TO cua- TaCMMC U, H Uy HelpencnAd ABAAOTCA NPOCKUAAMH BEKTOPS U ha HPAMBEe d, ud, M, CaeNopaTetbHo, oNpemercnn! OaHOZHANNO, fy Pre. 27, Puc, 28. — ee B camom acae, ecan OA= OA, -+-OAj, To, no onpene.tennio came- — nus ektopos, OA ecTh AMaronamh vapaaacnorpamma, NocTpocnuoro Ha OA, 4 OA; uo Toraa OA, H OA; cyTh HpoekunH BexTopa OA’ Ha Kaxkaylo 3 mpambix d,, dy (BxOAb BTOpO! MpAMOH), UTO H TpeGoBamoch, CoscpHicHHo anaAornyno AOKasHRAeTCA NpeATOKeHHe 7. [ycte wepes touxy O npocTpanctea npoxodaT Tpu npamue, He aextayue 6 Odnot naocKoctu. To2da abot sextop w= OA ecTa cyxma CEOUX NpOCKKU Wy, Ug, Us NA STU NpAMble, Npuuem npoeKyuu OepyTcA Ha KaxOyIO npamyio 6O0Ab naocKocTu, Hecymel Bee Apyeue npAmale. Moxho orpannuntees cry4aem, Korma BexTOp U==3OA He AexKHT HH B ONNOH nS WOCKOCTCH, Hecym\HX ABe Kakue-wH6yab w3 HamIx Tpex npamux. Torna mpoexuna sextopa u= OA wa Kaxayio mpanyio (aonb naocKocTH, HecymeH Ope Apyrue npswuie) O6paayiot TpH pedpa OA, OA, OA, mapanmenemnena ¢ anarouamio OA (puc. 28) 4 OA == 0A; + Oy + Oy. Sameuaunne 2. fiycrh peKtop u=0A KaKHM-AHOYOb O6pa3om mpencragaen Kak cyMMa TpexX BekKTOpoB uj = OA, uj = OA;, uj = 04,§ 4) KONAHHEAPHBIE H KOMMIAHAPGHE BEKTOPEI 47 newawlux COOTBETCTBEHHO Ha upsMnx d,, dz, ds. Toraa wexTopn Uj, Wy, 1; HENPeMCHHO cyTh MpoeKuuH BeKTOpa U Ha NpaMe d,, de, dy. hte B canom gene, 3 pasencrsaa OA=OA,+ OA,-+ OA; cacayet, sto OA ecTb aHaronanb napanaesennnena, uocTpoennoro Ha BeKTopax OAj, OA;, OA; HO TorAa STH BEKTOPH CYTH MpoeKtlMH BCKTOPAOA Ha Mpsl- mute dy, dy, dg. Vis" noka3zankoro G6yAcT celiuac paRecena creayiouLan 8. OchoBnan tTCopema. Mycte 6 Naockocru Oaxe! Oea nNeKoA~ auHeapHelx GeKTOpa ey U ey. Toeda Kado sexrop u ecto auxed- Haan KOMOUNAYUA U= X40] + X_ey (1,) GeKTOPOG @, UW ey u KOrppuyuentol xX, u X_ onpederenot OdHO3NAU- HO, KAK QaeeOpauyeckue sHaYeHua npoexyu seKTopa u Ha ocu, HeCYU{Ue COOTGETCTBCHHO eGUHULHDIE GeKTOPLL ey U eg (npoeKyuA Ha Kaocdyo och Geperca 6002s Gpyeod ocu). Iycte @ npoctpancrae Oanbt Tpu HeKOMNAGKAPHOIX GeKTOPA ey, Cy, Cy. Toeda Kamo GekTOp U ecTe AUnellnaRn KoMOunQyuA WU x4e; + ¥2e2 + X9ey (Is) OCKTOPOE @y, y, Cg, 6 KOTOPOU KosppuyuenTo Xy, Xg, Xg_ onpedenentr OOHOSHAUNO, KaK aaze6paureckue sHaweHuA npoeKyull GexTOpa U Ha OCk, OnpedeaeHnee edunun- NbLM «= GEKTOPANU Ry, Ly, Cy (npoexyua Ha Karcdyto OC Geper- CH 6O0Ab naOcKOCTU, Onpedenen- Hoi Gsyma Opyeumu ocRrMu). HoxazateavcrBo covepwien- HO OAM aKkOBo BOGOUX CAy4aRnx— MOCKOCTH =H MIpocTpaucTga, Orpaunuypaemca cayyae™ tioc- koctn. = Tpriokum = BEKTOpn @, He, K Kakol-nn6yl» TOUKE O — (pac. 29); uoayaum OF, = ey Pue, 29. OE, =es. Torna nextop u= OA eCTh CYMMa CROHX Mpoekilw Uy = OAH Ug OA, Ha MpaMie, Hecy- ude BeKTOPh @, Wy, MpH¥eM BEKTOPH Wy H W_ OANOZHAIHO oNpe- ACen YCHOBHEM Ws W,-+ Uy IW TpeGoRaHHCM KoAAMHeapHOCTH BeKTOpOR U, HM Uy ReKTOpam e, H ep. Ma store nocaeanero tpeGoBauna BLITCKACT, 1TO Wy = 441, Wy = %zeq, FAC X) Ux, onmpemeren omHOsHayHo, KaX aareGpamyeckne sHayenaa BEKTOPOB Uj, Uy Ha COOTBETCTBYIONAX OCKX (NeCyILHX COOTBETCTBCHHO BeKTOpN €, 4 e2).48 BEKTOPH [ra. 0 Ytorom toapko yro cka3anHoro aBiseTca caenytoulee Ocuostioe onpenenenne. J06a1 napa xekosauneapHtix GeK- TOPOE €, &y HG NAOCKOCTU uw 06H Tpouxa HOKOMNAQGHAPHELX GEKTOPOS @1, &y, @3 8 Mpocrpancree, AanHeix 6 onpedearennom nopsdxe}), nasbl~ 6aeTca Gasucom mHogeCTaa (UA MHOZOObPAsuR) BCeX GeKTOpOs, Ae%Ka~ UiUX COOTBETCTBEHHO 6 NAOCKOCTH WAU B NPOCTPAHcTGe; caMuU GeKTOPEL @i, So, Cg HaSeIeQIOTCA GasUCHOLMU UAL eOUNKYKELAU BeKTOpasu, OOHO~ sna4Ho onpedeareHnole Kosppuyuerroi Xy, X_ (COOTEETCTBeHHO X,, Xy, X3) @ npedcrassaeHuax 2a, (12) u=xy,e,+ UH 4Cy FH _lg X gly (ts) HasvleaioTcA KOOpOUHKaTaMU GBeKTOPA UW OTHOCUTeAoHO OanHozo Sasuca (x,—nepeaa, x,—eTopax, X,—TpeTox Koopdunata). Kaxknaad KoopiuHata seKropa U ecTL aareGpanyecKoe 3HayeHHe MpoeK- MMH BeKTOPa U Ha OCb, HeCyUlylO COOTReTCTRYIOWIHI GasHcH BeKTOp. Papenctera (1) 4 (15) saitmcieatorcs yacto B Bue us {xy 3} Qa) UH (ey Xp X5) (yy Creaaem ABa BakubIX SaNeuaHHs. Sameuanne 3, Mu ayaem, uTO NpoeKUNH paBHbIX BeKTOpOR panun, OSTOMY paBHble BEKTOPH! HMCIOT (OTHOCHTCAbIO Mannoro Gasuca) cooT- BeTCTHEHHO paBHbe KOOpAHAaTH. OGpatno, ecaH Zaupl KOOpAMNAaTE x), Xq (COOTBETCTBEHHO £1, Xg, ¥y) BEKTOPA, TO Mal MH BEKTOP U == x ye,-} Fyey (coornetcTReno U=*1e,-[-X—@-+ X52) KaK cBoSomutt BexTop. JIpy- THMH caoBaMu, NpenctaBncina (1,), (1g) Kacaworca cpo6ommlux BCKTOpOB, Osan He 34BHCAT OT ToveK MpHaMKeNMA BeKTOpOR. Sameuatane 4, Mut anaeM, 'TO NpH yMHOXKeNHH BeKTOpa Ha KaKOc- mM6o YucAO A Ha STOKE A YMHOMACTCH W MpoeKUAA BeKTYPA (Ka M0610 Ocb); Mi 3HaeM TaiOKC, TO MpOeKIH CYMM AByX BEKTOpOB pasha cyMMe MpoeKHH STHX BeKTOpOB. Orcioza H 13 oOMpexeacnis KOopaMHaT BCKTOpa Caenyer: pu yauooenuu sekropa xa Oannoe aucao h Ha g7o ace aucao h yMHomaOTCH u KoopOuxaTe eexTopa, Kancdan KoopOuxata cymmot Oey GEKTOPOG ECTb CYsMA COOTEETCTEYINUUx KOOPOUNAT CAgeaeHAx GeKTOPOG. Eca w= X10, 4X yey, V= 411+ Yoey, TO Wav (4 +43) Ort (e+ Ye) Cay Au=(Ax,)er+(Ary)er. 1) Hanpumep, B TOM, B KaKOM OHM HanHcaHB, Tak “To @ €cTb Nepsniii, €g—Br0poh, &;—TpeTuh BexTop.§ 5) AMNEMHAW 3ABHCHMOCTb BEKTOPOR 49 § 5. Junelinaa gapucumocts 4 HegaBNCHMOCTL BeKTOPOB Oru aareGpanyeckHe NOHATHH NpHnaanAeKaT K BaxkHeHUHM B MaTe- MaTHKC; Mil HX W3M0%KHM cO BCeil THLATeABHOCTBIO. Jimena KomOunayus , Dats et, te tA yt, BEKTOPOB Uy, Uy, ..-, U,, HASHBAeTCH HeTPKEKaAoHOU)), ecan B Hell xora Om onnH 43 KOMp¢uuneHTOB Ay, ..., A, OTAHYCH OT HyAR. JInvelinan KoMOHWauAS BHA O-u,+O-u,+...40-u, HaBMBacTCA TpUsUaAsHON; OHA, OYeRHAHO, PaBHa HYACROMy uCKTOpy 2). Oupeacaenne, Cucrema cexropoe Wy, Uy, .--, U, Naseederca auxeiHo sasucumoi 4), ecau cyuecreyeT xoTA Oat OONa KETPUGUAABHAL KOMOUNGYUA 3TUX GEKTOPOS, pacHan HYAeGOAY GexTopy. B npoTuenon cayiae, T. &, CCAU TOABKO TPUEUAABHAR AUHedNAA KOMOUMAYUA AanHnx GeKTOPOS pacha HYAO, BeKTOPS! Ha3UIGGIOTCA AUHEdHO NesQGUCUMoLL. TloKaxkem HeECKOAbKO IHpOCTHIX, HO BAKANX IpeTToKeHHH O -IHHEHHOH SaBHCHMOCTH; ONH HMCioT YNCTO amrcGpaw4yecKHi XupakTep H MOcTOHINO pumeuniorca. 1, Ecau cpedu sexropoe wy, .--, U, ecTe x07 Get oGuH Hyaceot GexTOp, TO BCH CUCTeMa GeKTOPOS AuNelNO sasucuMa, B camom mene, ecav, manpunep, ujy=0, ro, moxoKMB Ay = 1, Ay ...=4,=0, moayunm neTpHBNaabuyio aMneiHylo KONGHHAaUIO Teuy-FO-uy-+.., + 0-u, =9, paBHylo nya. 2. Ecau cpedu eekropog Wy, ..., U, HeKoTopele Obpasyi0T aunediHo sasucumyio cucTeMYy, TOW GCR CuCTeMa Uy, ..., U, 7uHedHO 3a6ucuMa 4), B camo neae, Myctb BeKTOPH Wy, ... , PSA, aunetno 3abn- cuMi. SHauntT, CyulecTByeT HeTPHBHabiad “MHefnad § KOMOMNaLLHT Auly-+... Ayu, pasiax uyaesomy wextopy 0. Ho Torma, uoaaraa Apei=9, ..., A,==0, NoOayuuM TakKe HeTpUBHaTbNyIO ANNefiiyIO 1) Sto HenpupacKateabHve cj10B0, K Co2%KadleHMiO, YKOpEUMock B MaTeMaTHKe, W SaMenHTS ero APyTHM Uperctanameten GestiarexKuM. ®) Mul 6ynem kpaTkO robpopuTb; papita Hy.10, NOHHMad Mp4 sTOoM Nog «tysem> Hyaenolt Bextop. 3 Haw «pekTopst uy, ... ,U, HasbisaloTed AHUeiNO SaBHCHMBIMK». Chctema uy, ...) Uy MOXeT cocrotth w3 moGoro wncAa n=1, 2, 3, . BeKTOpoz; P yacTHOCTH, CHeTeMa, CocTOAIaT 43 OgHOTO BeKTOpa u, 3aBuCHMa Torga H ToaLKO Torga, KorAa 2TOT BeXTop u=0, nostoMy mpeqtowexne 1 ecth SactHuli cayuai npeasoxenua 2.