Taapa V AHAJHTUYECKHH METO B raase III mur Buyer, wackomBKo BamkHOil xapaKTepucTMKoit apudbMetieckux cBoiicTB TomA aureOpaltueckux awicel ABIAeTCH uucao h ero Kaaccos AuBH30poB. B cumy ororo jaa yucma h xote- doch On HaiiTH ABHOe BEIPAmeHMe Yepes KakMe-TO npocteiiimue Be- THYME, CBAZALLIIbIC C JAHHBIM TWOJIeM K, isa TIPOU3BONbHOLO Nowa amreOpam4eckux uNce dTa Bayada oO CNX Wop Ne pellella, HO ja pAja woxzeii, manGoree mHTepecHBIX C TOUKM 3penllA TeopmN acer (uanpiMep, jit KBaspaTu4pix Morel mu noMei jenenua Kpyra), Ta- kue opMyALI waiijenst. Uncno Kraccos [MBUZ0pOR ABIACTCA NeKOTOPOI! XapAkTepUCTUKOL copokynnoctu Bcex ;uBM30pop noma K. Lockoapky Bee AuBM30ppr BhIpamalorcA Yepes MPOCTHIe, a ICO Mpocrsx AWBNZOpOR GecKosted- HO, 10 B KOMeTHOM C4eTe YHNcHO hk oupegeasetca HekoTOpoOit SecKo- Heino KonctpyKuuell, B otoM, 10-BHAUMOMY, 1 KPoeTcA mpHania Toro, 4TO PH ollpeleweiin h TIPHXOWMTCA PaccMaTpUBaTh Geckoney- Hble Mponaseleuns, pAbI HW Apyrue akanuTMyeckNe HonaTuA. Anma- par MaTeMaTHY4eCKOrO AHAaIUu3a UPWMeNAeTCH AIA pelleHiA MHOFIX gajad Teopmn acer, B uactomueit rane Met paccmorpum oro Me- TOM Wa NpMMepe 3aail O Wicie KTaccOB AUBH3OPOB. $ 1. Anasurmueckaa dopmyaa Jaa wena KaaccoB ANBIZOpOB 1. Tsera-hynkgna Jlegexunga. Onpezesenne uncaa Kaaccon {I- Buzo0pos hk mona asreOpamyeckux uncen K ocnoppiBaetca ma pac- cMOTpeHuH TaK Ha3piBaeMoii Jsera-fynxyuu Jederunda Cx(s), ompe- Tensemoii paom (1) Tye @ mpoGeraer Boe uerbIe UBAZOpE Mona K, a N(a) odo3nauaer Hopmy jupw3opa a. Mar JoKaaem, 4To pay, crosumit B npaBoit qa- erm pasenctsa (1), cxoqutca npn 1| > er) ¢ \aec rye @ upoberaer Bce Wembe AMBUSOpH M3 Ranworo KAacca AMBM30- pos C, a BHeulHee CyYMMUpoBaHHe BeqeTcA mo Bcem hk Kaaccam C. aa joxasaterpersa cxo;uMmoctn paya (1) wam jlocratouno, oFeBny- HO, TOKa3aTb, ITO Kab 13 PALOB fo) = Dot (4) a=c 7 (ay cxonutca upn s> 1. Jlanee, ecan Mbt JoKaiKeM, 4YTO AA KaKQorO Raacca C cyuyectayet upezen lim (s—1) fc(s) u uTo tor Mpefen soto OM WH TOT 7e WA BCeX KNaccoB C, To, OOo3ua4aa ero Yepes x, MBI H monyaum dopmysy (2). Tipeo6pasyem pag (4) B pad, pacnpocrpanenutiii na neKoTopHe weabie uncxa tona K. BriGepem 8 o6patHom Kaacce xuBu30poB C~* neni qususop a’. Torta qua m060r0 a=C mponsneyenne aa’ Gy- “eT THaBHBIM J[MBA30poM: aa’ = (a), aek. f[cno, 410 oTo6paxxentte @—> (a), a=C, yctanapauBaet (mpm uK- cuponaniom @’) B3alIMi0 ofMOsHAYHOe COOTBETCTBMe MeAYLY WeTbIME HMBM3Z0paMn @ HB Kacca C MH raaBHBIMN puBM30pamn (a), Reaamu- Muca na a’, [[paaumaa Bo puumanne paseuctao N(a)N(a’) = |N(a)I, MBI Toly4aem, FTO s 1 3) = N(a" —, 5) fe=Ney 3B Tae ©) a=o(moae’) rye cyMMMponanue BeeTcA To BCeM TAABHLIM AUBMsOpam ona K,gi] AHAJIMTHYECKAA POPMYJIA YHCIA KIACCOB AHBH3OPOB 341 penmmumer va a’, Tax Kak apa riapuErx ~mBusopa (a) m (a) paB- BEI TOA H TOKO TOra, Kora YACHA &, HW O&, ACCOMMMpOBAHEI, TO MOAKHO CUUTATS, YTO B page (5) cyMMMpoBaHe BefeTcA NO DOMHOMY nadopy WolapHo He acconMMpoBaHAbix wearsix ancer #0 moma K, Rermnpixca na a’. Uro6er upugats pagy (5) eme Goxee yxoOnyio qua MccneqoBannA opMy, BOcToNb3yemcA reoMetpueckuM Hs0OparKeHMem dHCcen To- aa K rouxamm p n-Mepnom setlectBennom mpocrpancrne "= &*! mB xOrapudmuaeckom mpocrpancrse R°*' (anecs n= s+ 2t—cre- neub noma K, em. un. 1 uw 3 § 3 ra. IJ). Mot onpenermm ceituac n R” vtaxoit Konye X, ¥ro cpeym accoummpoBanuEtx Mery coOoit w- cea toma K cytectByeT o7HO UM TONDKO OLHO, reoMeTpHyecKuii oOpas Koroporo UpuHaiekuT x (non, KOHYCOM 3/{eCb DOHHMaeTCA TeO s R", xoropoe smecte c TrouKoit 0 copepanr ma Bech aya Ez, 01 uncno m pasuo 2, noaToMy ycnosue 3° B 9TOM Cuy4ae O3HATaeT TOMpocTy, YTO x, >0. B caegyiomem nyHkte MbI YBUuM, ¥TO dbyHxameuTanpnan 00- nacts X asnserca Konycom BR". Tam xe Gyre WoKa3zana Teopema I. B randou naacce accoyuuposannere mexdy co6oit yearix uucea (#0) noaa K umeetca ovo u Toubko OdHO UUCAO, zeomerpureckoe us0paxenue KoTOpozo @ npocrpancree (R" codep- KUTCH 6 PynOamenTadbHod obaactu X. Bepnemea x pany (5). Ecru yepes 2 mer odosnaqum m-mepity10 pemterry p [R", cocrosmyio m3 na00panennit 2(«) eR" nernx uncer aE K, yenamuxca ua a’, To Bewiy pasenctrsa |N(a)| = = |N(c(a))| mot moakem pay (5) nepenncars B Bre fe=Na'y YS — en zeMnx \W I Tye CYMMMpoBanue BefeTcA M0 BceM Tem TOUKAM x= 2(q«) pemeTKH M, Koroppie coxepmatca p X. Bou. 4 uamu Oyner poxaszan ogun oOwit pesynbrat o prAtax, B KOTOPBIX CYMMHPOBaHMe BeseTCA To BceM TOUKAM peleTKH, se- *AaWIM B HeKOTOPOM Kouyce (Teopema 3), B upumenenun K Hawlemy cnyyalo sTOT pe3yabTaT MoKasbiBaeT, uto pag (8) cxomurca mpH s>in (8) lim@—1)) SY —1-=2 9) so1t0 segnnx !¥ @)I rae A—o6bem ocHoBHoro mapaamexenumexza pemetkn WM, a v— o6bem tena 7, cocroAtiero u3 Tex TOK xz pyHAamentambuoit VGma- emu X, qua noroprix |N(xz)| <4. Bpuy reopemer 2 § 4 ra. II m pasencrsa (3) § 6 ra. Il ana A umeem Qopmyzy A + N(@’) VIDIL (10) rye D— yucxpummuant noma K, Uro xacaetca o6ema v tena 7, To on 6yyer BEtuncten Hamu Bu. 3. Umenno, mp Haitem, ITO . v= 2'a'R/m, (11) rae R—perynatop tons K. Vs (9), (10) mo (11) aerko noxysaem vetlepb, ¥To i arttat lim (s — 4) fe (s) = ——== in, 6) fel) = ip a Tak Kak tx (s) = Diels) TO OTHM YCTaHOBNeH CepylontMii OCHORNOM pesyabTaT sTOrO mapa- rpada.$4) AHAJIMTHYECKAA MOPMYSIA YHCIIA KJIACCOB JMBH30POB 343 Teopema 2. Jaa noaa anze6pauuecnux uucea K crenenu n= =s+2t pad Ex (8) = lao a exodurca O1n ecex s>1 u umeeT ecto Gopuysa ; astttR ity &— DRO) = yoy 20e h —uucro raaccoe dueusopos, D ~ duckpununanr u R— peey- atop noaa K,a m—uucao codepxauyuxca ¢ K xopuet us 1. Tlepeiizem renepb K YoKasaTeuBCTBY TeX yTBepJeHuil, KoTOpEI- MII MbI NONL3OBATNCh MPH BHIBOE Teopembl 2. 2. Dyufamentaabnan odaacTs. Cuntaa — BemjecTRenHsIM mos0- murerbrbM, Beriicrum [Ec) = &' rye c= R", N(x) #0. B cnay pazeucrs (12) § 3 ra. II wer ameem: L(&x) =Ing +1,(x) up Ly (6c) =2InE+14j(2) mpm Orcioga cnenyet, ato U(Er)=In&-I*+U(x), a anaar, p pasmonve- uuu Berropos U(x) a U(§x) yepes Sasuc (6) Koahdunmenter apa U(e,), ..., Me,) gaa o60ux BexTopos omnaKossl, Tak Kak K TOMY me N(Ex) = §°N(2) #0 ot arg (Ex); =arg ay, To ATA BeAKO TOURN Z u3 (byugamentanpuolt oOaactu X pecs nyu Ex Take UpMNamexnuT X, 7. e. o6macts X apnaetca Konycom B R” (reno X ue nycro, tak Kak B HeM cofepaitca, Hanpumep, Touka x(1), ABIAFOMaAcA 1130- Opaaienuem uucna 1 = K), Jlemma 1. Kasdan rourayER", dan xoropot Ny) #0, 00- HOsHaUHO npedcrasaneTca 6 gude y= axle), (12) 20e x—TouKa ua PyxOamenTrasbuot o6aactru X, a e — edunuya noun K. TloxasaTenpetso, Pasnoaum serrop [{y) mo omementam Gasuca (6): Uy) = yl* + ylley) +... + y Le), H kawyoe BemectBenHoe y; (j= 41, ..., 7) Mpencrasum B Bie Wht, rie kj; yexoe patuonansnoe u O<§,< 4, Ilomaraa Y= eft ae en, paccmotpum TouKy z= yx(yn-*). Mar umeem Uz) = Uy) + nn) = Uy) — killer) —...— keller) = = yl* + Eley) +... + Eller).344 AHAJINTUYECKH METOL wiv Tlycrs remep arg z,= @. [pa nexotopom genom k Qak _ on 0<9-4 ) waet Ham Tenepp, ¥ro x= 2'x(f,), a snAunT, 240, (&)- Tlo yenonmo 3° yaa rouex x u x’ bynfameutansuoit oGnacta crpa- BeWIHBEL HepaBeHCTBa OC (cm, um. 1 § 3 ra. I) paar rompecrsennsiit usomopiusm. Ecan e — ocHos- nan egununa noua K, To —e, 1/e, —1/e 6yayT Takaie ocnoBHEIME eUIHNTaMH, WosTOMy MO*HO UpesMonomUTH, wo e>1. Ecan a= (x4, 2,) ER, N(x) =2,2,#0, to Ux) = (nl2,|, In|a,|), Pas- soskenne (7) B anHom cay¥ae UMeeT BE Uae) = §(4, 1) + (ne, —Ine). @Mynfamentatpuan o6mactb X ompeserserca ayech, ovweBuHo, ye- OBHAMM m>0, t2*0, 0e-*. @yngjamentatpnad odaacth X coctout, Takum oOpasom, u3 TOTeR, BaliTPMXOBaHAbIx Ha plc. 7 (cToponst yruos, OansKaiimme Kx mo0u0- *NTeABHOMY Ay4y oc x1, K X ne upwancamores). Ilycts teuepp K — munmoe KBaqpaTuunoe mone. Tak Kak 37eCb s=0, t=1, 190 r=st+t—1=0. Myngamentanpnaa o6aacth X co- CTOHT, CHeqOBATeNbUO, U3 TeX TOUeK «= y+ iz, WA KOTOpBIX N(a) =y°+ 2 #0, O xe(e) npocrpancréa R” o6vemv rea we Me- naloren, Jleiicrauresbuo, upu a060m Hneocodennom anueiinom mpeodpaso- BavUM eBKNIoBa MpoctpanctBa oOpem Tena yMHOMKaeTcA ma adco- muoTHy!o Benny onpezermremn MATPHINBI amore muueitoro mpeo6- zh pasopanna (cm. dopmyay (2) § 4 ra. IL), Coraacno yoKa3anuomy B m. 1 § 3 ra. IL ompexennrens upe- oOpasonaima =x > rele) pane N(x(e)), 7. e. pasen Mle) = OGosnauiM Tenepb, Kak m pa- Hee, vepes $ ToT Kopenb creneHn m us 1, qua KoTOporo OG, (£) cos = + isin 22, PacemoTpum MmuoskecT- spa T, (k=0, 1, ..., m—1), mo- ayyaionmeca u3 7 nuneiinnim mpe- oSpasonaunem 2 — rx(O*) (To =T). Puc. 8, Tlo memme 2 umeex v(7,) =v(T7) (ceca TOABKO XOTh ONMH 3 9TUx OObeMoB cymecTByer). Tak Rar IN (x2(2")) | =|N @ Ne) = 1) 1 (xx (£")) = U(x) + U8") =1@), arg («rx (t*))) = arg 2, + 2k, to (cM. ompeenenne yHfamenranbuoit o6aacta X, u. 1) reno Ty cocrour m3 Tex Torek c= R", yaa KoTOpsIX: 1) O0,..., 2 >0 e (2) § 3 ra. ID). Badnempyen upons- BOMBHO s 3nakos 6), ..., 6, (6;==1). Yauosxeune tower n3 R” wa toury (8,,...,851,...,1) 22 =R" — apanetca anmeiinue npeodpasozannen =R", we meumiomum o6bema Tex (Tak Kak HOpMa otoii TouKM panna -+1), Togpepran mmomectso 7 Beem Takum J- Heifnnim mpeobpasonannaM, mpl MotyuuM 2* nonapHo He mepeceKaio- m1 IMUXCA MHO#ecTB, OODeRMMeNMe KoToOpsIx copmayaer ¢ UY Ty. Ecam =0 MBI loKaakem, aro 7 umeer oTNM4EHIT OT HyAA OODeM 7, TO OTCIOMA, oveBNHO, OyeT creAoBAaTH cyuyecTBOBaHHe OObemMa u gua 7, upu- 4em OyyeT HMeTR MecTO dopmyaa 2 = (14) mm (lua Bemectsennoro KHalpatninoro Toss T sapanetca yactow TJ, pactionoxennott B nepsoit ueTReprTi, a Aus MHMMOrO KBaApaTHINOTO nioan F copnayaer c eyummmunstm Kpyrom 6e3 yenTpa, cm. puc. 728.) Bextopuoe paseuctso (13) papHocuibyo cuezylomel cucteme papencTB: istt, rae e=41, ecan 10, ...,2.>0), TO B HOBLIX MepeMeHHEIX Py, .--, Dstt, Pry e+e Dt tezo T oupefensetca yenoRuAMn: stt 4) Pr >0, see Pour >0, TT 0? <1; - 2) » papeucTBax 1 pag (18) cxoanres. Tak kak bynxuna 1/x* upu nospacranun x > 0 y6nipaer, To dx 1 dr 5 ps f PT Up aTOM NeBwoe HepaBenctBo UMeeT Mecto up n>1, a mpaBoe — up n>2, Jl1a natypaasnoro N>1 mer momyuaem, caeqoparenb- 0, 4TO dt Tak Kak up s>1 unterpan |—— cxoqutca, To mpaBoe HepaBen- 2 1 cTBO H jOKasBIBaeT cxonuMocts pata (18). Jlanee, qna s>1 Mer uMeemM feccm 4. Tlepeiigem tenepb K QoKa3zaTembcTBy o1noii o6mei ananuTHKo- reoMeTpH4ecKOl TeopeMBl oO pAJax, Upunayiewamei [[upuxae. Tlycts B mpocrpanctse K" saqan xonyc X, na KoTopom ompexe- neva BemecTReEHHaA WonowuTedbnad dynKuua F(x), c= X. (Mer cuntaem, aro touxa (0, ..., 0) ne mpunaaqennutT Konycy X.) Ha dhyuxgmo F yu na Kouyc X naktayprpaiwtca caepxyloulne ycuoBHAa: 1) aaa m060i% Tourn «=X mn xmo6oro sBemectBeunoro §>0 cupaseauupo panencrgo F(gx) = §*F (x); 2) teno 7’, cocroamee u3 Tex toek =X, qua Koroprix F(x) < <1, orpauwieno um uMeer ormmanptii or nyaa n-mepuiii oOnew v=v(7). : Touwkm Konyca, B KoTopsix F(xz)=1, oSpasyior moBepxuocth, mepecekalulylo RAE BTE aya KOHyCa TOAbKO B omnoit TouKke H OTCe- Kalollyl0 OT KOHYca oOrpaHyeHHoe Teo © OTAMHSIM OT HYAA oODe- MoM. cno, 4To 3ayanme takoil MoBepxuocTi p X paBuocursio ompeyenenmo dynxunun F(z). TIpennonomum, yto BR” 3agqana n-Mepnaa pemerka Mc o6ve- MOM OcHoBHOro Napasxetennnera A. Pacemorpum pay 3 1 Fo— Nz sot (20) sem nx’ pacnpocrpauennnit na Bee TouKM z pemeTkn M, coxepmamueca B konyce X. 9toT pay s3aBucuT, TakuM O6pasom, oT Konyca X, PyHK- uon F 4 pemerru 2. Teopema 3. [pu co6awdenuu Toabko uTO cdenaHnnelx o603Ha- uenuli wu npednosomenuit pad (20) exodurca npu ecer s>1u lim (s — 1) £(s) =v/A. (24) so1t0 TloxasatTenxberTsBo, (lad KaskJoro Bemectnennoro r>(0 4e- pes M, o6oanaumm pemetKy, norysaiomyioca u3 Mt cxaTwem Br pas. O6bem ocHoBHoro Mapanuenenumeya peuerku M, paBex, OvBU;HO, A = Econ M(r) ects ancao rovek pewletka M,, coepmamuxca B tene 7, To 10 onpexexenmo oObemMa UMeeM : A v=v(T) = lim N() = T30 r Paccmotpum Teno r7’, nonyyaiomeeca us J pacmupennem Br pas. fico, aro N(r) pasno taxate yucay ToueK pemerkn M, comepata- muxca B rT, a aT B cBOD OFepesb paBHo ucny ToveK TEMNX, Alim®, (22) race 1352 ABATHTHYECKHA METOT, (mL. Vv aan Koropsrx F(c)O0 rouKa «, He upmnagnesut tety (7,—e)T, cnegonatensuo, N(r,—e) co, 7. e., Up r,—> ©, i MpuHUMad Bo BHUMaHue (22), noayaM, orKyna -Tlepexoga anech upe- a ke Here) 3 ” Cpapuum pag €(s) = > a c¢ pagom (18). Tak xax jim SB tar P () Fey =(v/A)’ 40, to BMecte c¢ payom (18) pag (20) rawKe cxogurca (ecam, Konewno, s> 1). Ilyers © —cKom yroyHo Manoe BelllectBeH- Hoe DouOKuTenbHOe dco, B cuny (23) mmeem (-) ko, orkyna eS = a » 5 4 7 4 v 5 1 $- Do<¥ A (sey Fs (x ) Si, > F (x,)° 4 Sh, h=hg up scex s> 4, Ymuoxtum oto nepasencTso ua s—1 m ycTpeMuM $s Ro-l K efunumge cupasa. Tak Kak lim (s— 4) a7 — = 0, to B cumy (19) RL lim (s — 4) > t- 1. Yaursiwaa, ¢ Apyroii croponst, 37T0 S140 Kho hg-1 lim (s — 1) xy 0, MbI I1pHxoquUM K HepaBeHcTRaM. mF ay F—e1+0— npeqempyHomy mepexogy r— ce. Bepuemca K @yuqamentaubnoi oOnacta X noaa aaredpaieckax uucex K. Tax Kak @ynxqua F(x) =|N(x)| yqosaetsopser yeaosu- am 1) m 2), To K pany (8) MoxtHO UpMMeHNTh teopemy 3, a 3HauuT, STOT PAR cxognTca upn s>1 nm yaa Hero cHpaBexANBO cooTHO- menne (9). Oru MBI 3AKOHUNIM WOKasateibcTBO BCeX TeX yrsepayennit, KOTOPHIMH MON_sOBaTCh BM. 1, H TeM CaMBIM 3aBepoIna 7oKasa- TexBCTBO Teopempr 2. 5. Toayectso Diisepa. Urobrt hopuyay (2) moano Sprmo ucmoaB- B0BaTb IA BEIITCIeNNA YNCHa KNaccon AuBIs0poB hk, uayo uMeTB BosMOKHOCTE BETUNCALTE upenen lim (s— 1)€x(s) aApyrum cnoco- so1to 6om. B nexoropnix cayyaax 9TO yaeTcA chenath, ecan BOCHOAb- B0BaTbcA MpeycTaprennem Cx(s) B Bue HekoTOporo SeckonedHOTO UponspeenuA, U3BeCTHBIM Io, HasBAaHHeM ToRKAecTBa Jiinepa. Teopema 4. Hpu s>1 gynxyun xls) mower 6vire npedcrae- Mena 6 eude crodawezocn GeckoKexnoz20 npouseedenun &x (s) 2e ¥ npobezaer ece npocrvie Oueusoper noaa K.354 AHAUBTUMECKER METOT Im. v Tloxasatrenxberso, Jlxa Kamporo Upoctoro AmBuB0pa ) UMceM t 4 4 ——_— = 1 ue * For txt: eeu N(v)* Tlycrs N—nponsnompnoe narypanbuoe qWHCIO HY, --., Yr —BCe UpocTbe AHBU30PsI, HOPMa KOTOPBIX He upexocxoqutT N. Tepemno- waa adcomorHo cxozamuecs pager (24) toa p=, ..., Yr, MOTyIUM ie Np)ex Noy Tae @ B cymMe yY mpoderaer sce Te neabie AuBN30pH Homa K, pas- NoweHNe KOTOPHIX B Upowspeyenwe cTeneneit upocTsIX aBUs0poBR COAePANT AWW UpPOCTbe AUBMZ0pLI c HOpMoii, He upewocxorzamet NV. Tlockoapky B pase > Cpasuum pay ¢ pajom fx (s)= Y— (a) BCTPeTATCH BCe Te HeTbe ANBA30pH, HOpMa a <1, to TL (-sa) "tei < Mysv Vy vier’ (a) Tax Kak upa s>1 pag (1) cxoguren, to 1 N@>N Na) => 0 upn Vo, a To H AOKasbIBaeT Teopemy. 3nauenne Teopembl 4 CocTomT B TOM, ¥TO OHa B COeANHeHUN C Teopemoit 2 ycrauaBANBaeT CBA3b M@KY wWenom kh w Wpocteima I0- Busopamu nota K. Kak ye ormetanoch Bu. 1, ecam Boe mpoctsie Aupuszops noma K nam masecTHst, 10, WOAb3yAch TeopeMoit 4, MeBy10 aacTbh cooTHomenta (2) MoaHo OyqeT BETUMCRUTL ApyruM cnocoGom, a 9TO act Ham sakoH¥eHHyI dopMyny wa h. C aApyroit cropoust, tor axt, yo %h*0, WOsBoNAeT CleMaTb BaxKHbIe BEIBOAEI 0 Tpo- cTEIX [uBus0pax noma K. Hanpumep, p3aAn p KayectBe K Kpyrosoe nove, ME mpage B § 3 Hacrosmeii rnaper x Teopeme J[upuxne 0 PacnpefereHUN MpOcTHIX palMoHaIEHBIX WWcen B apmdMeTMuecKNx mporpeccnax. Sanqaun 4. Venoaaya exoaumocrs pana >) 4 (s>4), roxaaars, vro mpm s > 1 n aed pan >a rae p mpoGeraer nce mpocrsie qunnaops noma K, raxae Ny) cxoqutca.$2] YHCHO KIACCOB AUBHZOPOB KPYTOBOTO Nowa 355 2. Tlombayxach pesysbtaToM 3agaum 1, foKasaTb cXO{UMOCTS NpomaBeqcnAt 1 Il 7? s>4. Betwectm orcioza cxonnmocts para > = ;" P4— @ Noy ® ; 3. Tycrb ax w by (k 1) —BemectBennse noaomNTeTbHEIe YHeNa, UpHTeM o . h lim 7 =e. [oxasats, s10 ecam pax >) al, cxonutea mpu s > 1 ooo Th ea lim (s—1) Sas = A, sito 2 e TO pay, > by Takae cxoquTea (upu s > 1) H R=1 a lim (61) Sop acd. sito & h 4, Dyers C —nponanoasustii Kaace ”MBa30pos uons aareOpanicerux TH cea &, O6canamam sepes Z(E, C) ancao MewIx jUBMB0pOB @ m3 Kaacca C, AuA Roropux V(a) < §. Hoxasate, 470 li Z(5,C) asttate im = a foo mV{P\ 5. Tycrb (a) cGoanamacr aco MoanX ANBHZOPOR WOAIA accreGpauTecKUx sucea K'¢ nopMoit a. Jonasats, 170 THe y= ye an(3) (u(a) —hynnuma Ményea). aln § 2. Unecxo xaaccon AUBUsopoR KpyroBoro noAR Ilycrh m—uatypanbnoe uncno nm € —nepBoodpasunii Kopenb ctentenn m u3 1, Tak Kak pce Kopnu m-i crenenn u3 1 ns00pania- WICA Ha KOMUMEKCHOH BOCKOCTH TOUKAMU, KOTOPble etAT eAMHINI- HY10 OKpy*KHOCT Ha mM PaBHBIX yacreil, To wore Q(C) upnuato Ha- 3bIBaTh ToleM feTeHuA OKpy*AHOcTH Ha m acreit mim, KOpote, m-Kpyeosvim nose. B atom Maparpade, moabsyxAch TeopeMama 2 m 48 1, mur naiigem opmyay qua dena h Knaccop AMBUZ0poB Mpo- H3BOIBHEIX Kpyropstx none. [lua otoit nemm MBI fomKuE Sytem UpexBapntenbHo BEIACHMTL, KAaKMM OOpasoM B OTHX MOMAX MpocTEre PawonaIbEBe IeNa packNapsIBAwWTCH B MpoMsBeeHMe MpocTBIX Ausnsopos. Mr naqHeM ¢ onpefetenna crenenn nora Q (f). 1. Henpusogumocts Kpyrosoro Muoroaena. Cremenb ona Q (f) Papua, Kak M3BeCTHO, CTelenM MHAMMatbHoro MHorodneHa uncna F Hay Totem panwonaNbHbx IWHCe Q. B stom MyHKTe MBI JOKaKeM,356 AHAUMTHYECKOA METO (OL Vv 4TO MHHUMANBHLIM MHOTOWIeHOM Weta C ABIHeTCH MHOTOweH Om = On) = TT (t-2) (pomapenenne pacnpocrpaneHo Ha UpmBeenuylo cHcTeMy BEIMeTOB 10 MOjlysi0 m), KOpHAMM KOTOPOrO ABAAWOTCH Bce MepBooSpasnnte KopHu m-ii crenenu m3 1, Tax Kak creneuh @,, paBHa 3HaveHHio yn Ddsepa g(m), To oTcioxa GyfeT caeqoBaTb pasencTBO (Q() = Q) = @(m). Muorowen ©,,(¢) nasbipaetca MHoroweHnomM Jelena OKpy7HO- CTH na m 4acteit uAM m-KpyzoedIM MHOZOUMEHOM. Tlokawem mperxye cero, 110 @, umeeT yerble palltonarpuBe Koa punnenrs. [an m= 41 oro ovesnguo (DP, =zt— 1). Joxasatens- cTBO B OOHIeM Cayyae MpoBezeM MugyKuMel Ho m, Tak Kak KasKybrit Kopenb m-ii crenenu u3 1 sBanerca neppoodpa3sHbIM KopHem HeKO- Topol crenenn d|m, to m4 II 4, rye d npoderaet Bce Aeanteun uiera m. To nHAyKTUBHOMy mpestio- oKeHHIO MHOTOWIeH F Dy TMeeT Tewble pamMwowatbube Roag- dem uynenth, 1 K ToMy «Ke ero cTapuInii Koappuquent pasen 1. B cn- ay ororo ®,, = (¢"—1)/F rtakake mMeet yenbie pannonaipabie Ko- odbnnmentsr. OdosnauM, KaK Beerga, yepes Z Kombo yerbIX pantonabyBIX ance, uepes Fp— moze BbtueTOR lo MpocroMy Morymo p u Waa Kamwtoro aeZ uepes &—coorsercrsywmuli Kaacc BEITeTOR m3 Fp. Ecam p wnoroutene f(t) ¢ meabimn pannonarpsHEMin Roodpunu- eHTaMM MBI 3aMeHUM Bce KOOPPRNMeUTHI UX KAaccaMM BbIGeTOR TO Mo‘va10 p, TO Tonya Muorowren F(t) ¢ Koadhunventasn 13 10- aa Ouennano, 470 oro6pazkeume ff apanerca romomoppus- mom Korpna Z[é] Ha Komno Fp[]. Tax nar (fF +g)? =fe + ge a no Maaoit Teopeme Mepma a? =a(a@Z), 10 B Kobe Fp[t] cmpa- BejlanBa dopuyza (F(t)? = Fe). 60) Tlonoaum h=t"— 1, Ecau mpoctoe wero p He BXOqMT Bm, To muorowien hk u3 Fp[t] saamsuo mpocr co cBoeii uponanosznoit, H, CileyoBaTeibHO, OH He UMecT RpaTaEx MuoKH Tene, Bameqan Te- neps, 470 MD, ABAMeTCA AeAUTeNeM h, MEY UPUXOTIM K CileLyiomjemy yTBepakenmo. Jlemma 1. Ecau npocroe payuonatsnoe uucao p ¢3auMito npo- cro ¢ m, TO uHOeorLeH D,, us KOMbYa Fy[t] ne wmeer Kparnelz amHoocure.teit. Ecan f(t) ects mmunmanpuntit muorownen yicaa t, To OD, =/G, tae G, Tak me KaK u f, Upunagsexnr xonpyy Z(t]. [aa amo6oro upocroro "cya p, B8aNMHO MpocToro ¢ m, creneHs ¢? TaKAte ABIA-$2] 4MCHO KNACCOB AUBH3OPOB KPyTOBOrO Mou 357 eTcd WepBoobpasHbim KopHem m-it crenenu us 41, 7. e. Dn(t?) =0. Jloxasem, uto 6? — opens f. Eomm oro ue trax, to G(t?)=0. Pac- CMOTpEM Tora mHoromen H(t) = G(é?), Tockompry H(t) = G(e?) = =0, ro H penntca na f, 7. e. H=fQ, rae QEZIt]. MMepeitzem s papenctse H=/Q x Domo BuyeToB Fp. Mm nomyam H =fQ. Ho B cuay cpoiiersa (1) A(t) = G(t?) = (G(¢))?, noatomy G? =F@ Tlycrs t)— Kaxoii-nn6yib HeNpHBO_UMEI MHOMUTeID MuHOrodiena f (s Kompue_ Fp[d]). Ha nocnequero pasenctpa BbiteKaet, YI0 G Ae- autca Ha tp. Ho rorga m3 pasenctBa D,, = fG GyzeT caefoBath, 470 ©®,, qenutca na p’, 470, ofHaKo, UporHBopewmT Aemme 1. Taxnm o6- pasom, 6” ue Mosier OrITb Kopuem G(t), a 3HaquT, ou ABIAeTCA KOp- uem f(t). Ecan teneps ¢’ — npoussoapusiit Kopenh O,, to =", raze k B3anMHO Upocto ¢ m. Iyctb k= pip2...p. lo rombKo 4o oKa- oP. 3aHHOMY C7 ecrp Kopenp f(t). Anayormano, Baas BMecto $ Kopenb cP, saxmouaem, ut0 C"*— xopens f(t). Paccyninan Tak faree, MET ToAyYHM B KOHNe KouNoB, yr0 u f* aABAeTcA Kopuem f(t). Takum oOpasom, sce Kopun ®,, ABIMIOTCA Take KOPAAM MHO- routena f, a nostomy ®,,=f. Tlomysennpiit pesyabTaT MbI MomeM cbopMyAupoBaTs B Bue CilefyIolleli TeopemEr. Teopema 4, pu «w6om narypaavnom m Kpye2o6oii MHOcONLeH ®,, nenpusodus Had nosem payuonaarnee wuced. Cuenersue. Crenens m-Kpy2oco20 noaa Q(f), t™= 1, paena ¢(m) (2de lm) — fyunyua Diisepa). Bameuauue. Ione Q(f) mexenna xpyra ua m yacteli nop- mambHo wag Q, u ero rpynua Tasya ecrecrsennbiu o6pa3om 1130- Mopua rpyune mpupexenupIX KAaccoB BIYeTOB TO MOfYI0 m. Vmenno, ecum (a, m)=1, to coorsercrane € - * onpeyemnet apro- MopusM 6. pacumpenua Q(0)/Q 1 oro6pamenne a> oa UN]ynH- pyerT wsomoppusm rpyms KknaccoB MpmReseHHIX BbIYeTOR 110 Molyni0 m (nopayka g(m)) ua rpynny Tanya pacmmpenun Q(O/Q. Takum o6pasom, KpyroBse noma sBaaiorca aGereBEIME paciimpeHuAMH Ulora paywonatpnbrx uncer Q. Cormacno teopum Tanya seaxoe mpomemyrounoe note F, QO FCQ(L), ranne ade- sezo vax Q. Bee mpomesyrounbie noma F pais Beex m-KpyroRBIx Uoneit — oT0, OKasHIBaeTCA, BOOOMe Bce aGeneBEI pacuIMpenua Hay Q: cornacuo sHamenntoit Teopeme Kponexepa — BeGepa Kaxktoe 10- ae F, nopmanpuoe nag Q ua ¢ aGeaenoii rpyunoit Tanya, aBanetca UoqMo1emM neKoroporo Kpyroxoro worm. (JlonasatembcrRo TeopeMEL Kponexepa — BeGepa, ochonannoe na upuBieienum moneii p-aqnue- ckux dcen, upmpeyeno Bp [53], cm. Taxae [38].) Teopema Kponerepa— BeSepa mosnoaset yaTs oOospuMoe onn- Caume Bcex aGenentix pacumpenmii nag Q. J[na vroro Hajo UpH- Brew rpynuy £ Bcex UpMMHMTHBHBIX IMCHOBBIX XapakTepoB, YRasan-358 AHANHTHYECKIMA METOR (ra. v Hy B sagaye 15 § 5 Jlononnenna. Ilycrs X — Koneunaa noprpyn- ma rpynust £. BuSepem waTypaibHoe m, femAmeeca Ha Beqyuwe MORyIH Bcex xapakTepos us X, M PaccMOTpHM m-KpyroBoe Woe K=Q,(f), ¢"=4, rpynmy Tanya koroporo oGosnaymm yepes G. Tpynny X mono oroxKpecrsuts c rpynnoit xapakrepos rpyumsr G, nonaraa ¥(o.) = x(a), (a, m)=1. O6osnaumm yepes H moprpynny n G, cocroamyio us tex o€G, xan KoTopsix y(o)=1 mpm Bcex y%=X, a vepes F—nognone H-unsapnanrustx omementos us K, dJlerko pugetb, 170 moze / oupeereno rpynuoit X oquosnayo, 7. e, 4TO ORO He 3aBMcHT OT BEIOOpa m. Moxno moKa3atTb, Aasee, TO oro6paxenne X > F spasetca B3anMHO OfHO3SHadHbIM COOTBETCTBUeM Mey BCEMH KOHCYNEIMA Dosrpynnamu rpynne £ mw Bcemu KoHeu- FEIMH adeneBbima pacuiupennamu orn Q. [one / mpu atom Gy.zer BeMeCTBEHIIbIM TOrMa H TOMbKO Tora, Kora BCe XapaKTephl 3 Xx WeTHBle. 2, 3aKon pasnoxKenua B Kpyropom noae. Tak Kak cTemenb m-xpyronoro uora Q() panna @(m), ro uucaa 4, by vey EMME (2) o6pasyior baane Q(f) nag Q. Moaino noKasatb, Yo acna (2) obpasylor pyufamentanbubtit Gasnc nora Q(f). [[pyruam caosamu, KouByo yeaBIx dcer NomA Q(o) (maxcumansusiit nopayor) cosnayjaer ¢ Kotnnom ZC]. tpu mpoctom m= aror dak Gyper foKasan Bu. 4 § 5 aroit rmaper. dilemma 2. Eeau npocroe uucao p ne exodur 6 m, TO OHO He 6xo0ur rakae w 6 GucKpumunanr D= DA, €,..., 6°") 6aauca (2). TlokasaTeaberTBo. JlucKpumnnant D pasen, KaK MsBecTHO, muckpumuuauty D(@,.) Kpyrosoro muorounena @,,. Kuaecc BstueToR Dn) EFp ae#a D(®,,) mo Mogymo0_p copnagaet, ovesnqno, ¢ ancxpumunantom D(®,,) muoroqiena Dm EFp[t]. Ho @,,(t) ne HmeeT KpatTmbix Koppel (emma 1), mootomy D(®,,) #0, a saan, D=D(Q,,) ne jeamrea na p. clemma 3. Ecau 6 nose aaze6pauneckuc uucea K codepaurca nepéoo6pasnvi Kopen crenenu m us 1, To daa s106020 npocrozo Oususopa » noan K, esausano npocroeo c m, N(p) = 1 (mod m). 7loxkaszsatrensbersBo. Ilycrs O— Koryo yeusx uncer noma K, P — upocroe payuouatbuoe aucno, Rerauieeca ua p, m — mepRoo6- pasnelit Kopenb crenenu m u3 1 (C=O). Bu. 1 mer Buyemu, To B pore Bbryeros O/P, ABNAlOWIeMcH pacuitpentem toma Fp, Mmuoro- unen ¢"—4 ne uMeer Kpatusrx KopHeii (rak Kak p { m). CaeqoBa- TeIbHO, Kxaccet BBrieToR 1, , ..., €"-! uz O/p nonapno pasnwanEt. Heno, Yro arn Kaaccyt oOpasyloT rpyuny no yMuomenu mopaqKa m—noxrpynny B MYJbTUNIMKAaTHBHO rpynme noma BErdetoB 0/9. Tlopayor nocnegnei rpynnir panenx N(y)— 41. Ho nopagor Koneqnoit TPyNs! euUTCA Ha NOpAAOK 60H ee nogrpynus, tostomy N(p) — 4 AewurTcH Ha Mm, a 3TO H TpeGoBanoch AOKasaTD.$2) MCHO KJIACCOB AMBMSOPOB KPYTOBOTO MOA 359 Teopema 2. Hycro daa npocrozo uucaa p, He exodnwyezo @ m, uepes f o6o3aHaxeno NaUMeHDWee HaTypaAvHOe YUCAO, OAR KOTOPOZO p'=1(modm), u nycro g=glm)/f. Tozda @ m-Kpyzo¢om nose Q(0) dan p umeer mecro passomenue PHP. Pay” (3) 20e npocrote Oususopet Ys, ..., Py nonapno pasauuner u N(y,) = TloxasateaberTso. Tax nak (p, m)=41, To m0 nemme 2 p He BXOAUT B AuUCKpuMMHaHT Gasuca (2), 1 MOaTOMy CoraacHo Teope- me 8 § 5 ra. III yan p 6ygem umertp pasnomennue Buna (3). Ham oc- TACTCA TOAbKO ONpeseMUTh CTeMeNb Kaxkjoro Wpocroro jWRUZOpA Py u AoKasaTb, YO HICAO BCex P; paBno p(m)/f. Tlycts p— nakolt-un6yqb us mpocrsix AuBUZ0poR Y; MU s— ero crenens, Tax yTo N(p) =p’. Ilo nemme 3 p*=1(modm), a snauut, sf. ]lna qoka3zareabcTsa obparHoro nepanencTRa paccMoTpuM Tore sprgeTos O/p B Konbue O yenbix uncer nora Q(f) no Mosymo yp. Cormacno cnxeycTsuio aemmpr n. 4 § 7 ra. II] B KaxkqoM Knacce BEI- ueTos u3 O/) uMeeTCA MpercTaBITeNb BUA (4) rae @;— wetbe palwonanbabe wera. Bosseqem (4) B creneun p’. Tax wax p/=1(modm), ro (/=f. Yaurewas, aanee, 470 (a + Bye’ ==aP! + Br/(mody) upu modsix @ u B us O, a TaKae, 470 a =a(mody) npu m0d0M nemoM parnonanpbHom a, wer 3 (4) m0- ayduMm cpapnenue ge! & (mod y). Takum o6pasoM, mponsBoNbRO RaATHIT KNacc BBIYeTOR §=O/p AB- aAeTcA KopHeM Muorowrena 1! — 4. Ho 160m nose wucno Kop- nei mnorowena me mpeBocxoqur ero ctenenM, moatomy p’ 1 (up atom ycewosum sce onepanmu wax GecKo- HeYHBIMM MpouskexenuAMU TeTKO MOTYT OBITH O6OCHOBAHEI). Samedanne. B chopmyxe (10) mnomurenn G(s) mMomet OnITh onymeH, ecim nox x 6yneM HOHUMAT UPUMMTHBHBIE XapaktepEt 10 BCeM MO[yIAM d, ABIAIONINMCA JernTenAMM m; CM. UO aTOMy TOBOAy sagqaun 13—16. Muomnrenp L(s, yo) 3 mpouspenenua (10), coorpetcrsyiomnit CXUNMIHOMY XapaKTepy Yo, TMU NPOCTEIM MHOKMTeNeM OTINVACTCA or C-pynxqan Pumana €(s). B camom jene, Tak Kak xo(p)=1 mpm (p, m) = 1 1 yo(p) =0 apa (p, m) > 4, 10 L(s, %) = —_ (s>14). a oi —Aip° = C xpyroi croponsi, upumenus teopemy 4 § 1 Kk momw pannonanbaDx uncer Q, mpr nosyyaem co= Ty Takum o6pasom, Pp —tlp Lis, mo) = (TL ali, €(s). Tlonerannan 9TO BHpakente B362 AHANMTHYECKMM METOT, ITs. Vv (40), uonyyaem caenyomyio oKonyaterbuyi0 dopmyny aan €x(s): be) = FE) TE Lis, >, (12, Tye HaMu Domomeno (cm. (6)) VWsywis noppobxee d@yxxgun L(s, x). Paccmarpusaa a6comorno cxozammiicn upn s>1 pay = in) H 3aMeHNB pasnomenne (24) * n n= § 4 panenctBom 1 ~ eas () MBI, HOUTH JOCTOBHO DOBTOpAA AOKasaTemEcTBO TeopemEt 4 § 1 (uc- HOMbSORAB AMM MYILTUNAMKATHBHOe cROiicTBO xapakTepa x), Terko nomyaM, 4TO L(yy= DM, sot. (43) n=” Pag, croammi » opanoit yacrm pasenctsa (13), nasbinaerca L-pa- dom urn prOom JJupurae uA uncnoBoro xapaktepa x. Hameit 6xn- maitmeit Wenbi0 ABIMeTCA AOKasaTemPeTBO TOTO, dTO WIA NeeqMHTI- Horo xapaktepa % L-paq cxopmrca ne Tompko up s> 1, no TaKKe u npn s>O0 (xoneqno, 8 npomeayrke O) Gp oepanuuenst, 7. @. k= 1A,1 1. Toeda pad <7 a, f= YF n=) f exodurca npu ecex eewecteenntix s>0. Jan aw6020 o>0 @ npo- mencyrne [o, ©) cxodumocrd 6yder pagnomepuoll, Tak 4uTO CcYmMMa f(s) seaserca nenpeprienoti Gynxyuet or s (6 o6aacru cxodumocru (0, -)). Hooxaszatenberso. Baduxcupyem npomssompno o>0. aa mo6oro ¢ >0 uafiqetca raKoe m, 10-7 <€ up Bcex n> np. IIpu n Tex Ke N> My TAKE 4 o. Iycrs M>N>n. n$2) HCHO KIIACCOB QMBHSOPOB KPYTOBOTO NOTA 363 M-1 SS poe e+ 1° 4 St t N-1 =— ee x +2 “ ey KY a Q oe a co. Sys 1 ¢ 2 NM fy a £ ae ) £ io eg | uke Sp te Zl (e+ 48 TR = ye < 208 yA BCeX s 13 MpoMemyTka [o, c). Jlemma 4 noKaszana. Cuencrsue. Jan needunuunozo xapaxrepa x pad Jupurae Ls, x) cxodurca npu s>0 u npedcrasaner ¢ npomexyrre (0, ») nenpepoienyio Pynnyur, eee Jleiicrantenpno, ecau y#%, TO x(k) =0, ecun k mpoberaer MOMBY!O cHcTeMy BEYeTOB Ho Moyo m. Tpexctapum upomsBonbHoe HaTypatbHoe nr B Bune n=mg+r, O1+0. B cnay coornomenna (19) § 1 wr noayauM, 4TO lim (s—4)tx(s) =F) TT 2,0); (14) $140 XA ho Tye 13,9 = 22. (18) Fo 3ameTuM, YO NocKomBKy pay (15) cxogqnTea He adcomoTHO, TO Hao UMeTb B BUHAY, YTO ero Wen pactoxoAeMI B NOpAAKe BospactanuA n, Comocrasnaa (14) ¢ reopemoit 2 § 1, nomyaaem qua aucma hk cnre- Aylomyto dopmyay: __ a= VP ley TE cao (16) thy attaiR (syecb w oGo3nayaet yucno KopHeit us 1, comepaamuxca B K). Io- ayyenHoe Bblpantenne (16) Aa uena KuaccoB AUBUB0pOB KpyroBoro TOA ele Hewb3A CUMTATh OKOHYATEIBHEIM, TAK Kak OHO ConepsKLT Geckoneunpre pager L(1, x). Cymmupopanme aTax pAXOB MBI mpone- Nem_B cweqylomjem nyHKTe. Sameyanne. B coorsercrsuu c 3sameyanuem K dopmyse (10) Muonuteab F(1) B dopmyse (14) take OygeT orcyTcTBoBaTb, ecru % GyyeT mpoGerars Bce UpMMNTMBABIe XAapakTepsl AA BCeX Be_YMMX Monyneit d#1, apumiommxca penutenama uncma m (saqaya 16).