UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA

UNZA-ZOU –DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE EDUACTION.

STUDENT NAME: Mayani Musumali

ID NUMBER: 722000014

PROGRAMME: Master of Science in Peace, leadership and conflict Resolution

COURSE: MSPL 502- Psychology of peace and conflict management.

QUESTION : Analyze the attitude of peace and conflict management on the

African continent. Cite relevant examples to support your answer

ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 1

LECTURER:

YEAR : 2023
INTRODUCTION

The objective of this assignment is to analyze the attitude of peace and conflict management on
the African continent relating to relevant examples on African continents of conflicts and
management strategies. Modern warfare has had a devastating effect on the lives as ion their
health of woman and girls as well as their health, education services that are quite imperative to
family and community at large. When it comes to reproductive health there complications, and
adverse effects of conflicts which affect women and girls harder than it does to their male
counter part, because deliberate gender based violence and discrimination are quite high in these
settings. Such gender specific threats to women and girls compound the challenges of ensuring
their protection. This however, has resulted in the gaps in the assistance is rendered and
protection, short changing the priority population of women in conflict and also post conflict
situations.

The Material Aspect of conflict Resolution

In recent years mainstream peace and conflict has been on economic account that place
economic incentives as the main explanation for the prevalence of armed conflict. Within the
context of conflict resolution it does not address the issue of economic incentives in war and
frames then as impediment for reaching negotiated peace, as it signify that there are economic
stakeholders in the continuation of conflict. The status and process state collapse in Africa has
created a security vacuum that a number of private and official entrepreneurs of violence have
sought a capitalize on personal gain. There is zero character on African politics and also the
accumulation of revenue within fragile patrimonial system of governance filled the intensity of
the struggle for dominate as the security infrastructure of the state collapse.

The result of all this is geopolitical space which violence: these are warlord who link violence
territorial acquisition brought about by warfare business, private security entrepreneurs ,
autocratic statesmen brought into power by warfare which are no longer under states control and
ethnic entrepreneurs in conjunction with global conglomerates , criminal networks and domestic
and influential elites , these named actors form new alliance which according to the scholars and
to large extent is motivated by purely economic agenda Hutchful (1998; Bujra 2002), the
scholars argue that several of pernicious conflicts on the continent seem to be increasingly linked
with struggle concerning valuable mineral resources, rather than with political agenda. The
significance for conflict resolution is to acknowledge that, contemporary war to some extent is a
criminal enterprise whereby economic as well as political agenda blend. Therefore, agents of
conflicts transformation hence should differentiate the stakeholders in the conflict. Instead of
pursuing that all involved parties to certain extent are committed to peace making, they need to
recognize they need to recognize that there are parties which actually benefit from the option
structures of power, and profit and security manifested during war as such the commitment to
peace is a function of political and economic interest at stake Baregu (2002). Observably, the
conflict parties are not found within the country of conflict of origin.

The Technology and Conduct of Armed Conflicts

Today’s conflict are not conducted in form of battle field and such they tend to engulf the whole
country or community combatants and civilians alike including women, children and youths.
There is therefore, active involvement of civilians including young people who carry and make
use of arms Date-bah (1996, p.3). They don’t seem to observe the conduct when it comes to
protecting civilians there are human rights abuses. As such places like Bosnia women were
systematically raped with other ethnic grouping as an integral part of ethnic cleansing process.
Between 20,000 and 50,000 women were reported to have been raped Walsh (1997, p.1).

The conflict tend to include both civilian and military alike, to ignore military codes of conduct
and thus to inflict extensive injuries and human rights abuses on children and women.
Additionally, there has been changes in the use of technology of warfare a lot of has to do with
the use of anti-personal land mine mustard gas, scatter bombs and other diverse chemical
defoliants and light ammunitions which tend to have an impact on the deregulation of armed
conflicts this is according to Date-bah (1996,P.5).

Concern for the Future New Security Challenges

It is not proper to ignore the concerns about certain issues stemming from the so called new
agenda, and form the increasing and explicit convergence of security opinions and commitment
and national and international community including issues of governance and democratization
and peace. One of the aspects which relates with development and security is securitization and
militarization of development. There is also need and priority to reform the security sector and
emergences of initiatives such as Africom; and new continental security challenges as by posed
by drug trafficking particular in West Africa. These ideologies are inserted from the perspectives
or context of peace, security and development agenda after the September 11, 2001.

Economic Impacts on Conflicts

The microeconomic consequences of conflicts have been studied extensively collier (1999)
highlighted negative impact of conflict on growth , focusing on the effect of production through
the destruction of capital stock and the reallocation of economic activities from investment
spending towards government expenditure. Several other scholars focus on the economic
aggregate effect of conflict Bloomberg et al. (2004; Rother et al 2016). The economic impact of
conflict also extends on its duration and intensity Muller and Tobia (2016). Furthermore,
conflicts can affect development economically if it’s prolonged which may result into loss
Muller et al (2017 Novta and pugacheva, 2020).

Gupta et al.(2004; and Cevik and Ricco 2015) indicate that armed conflict not only have adverse
effects on tax revenue, but also changes the composition of government spending through the
increase in defense spending. And extended major conflict will cause fiscal loss. Sometimes if
not handled properly conflicts can spill over and spread to neighborhood countries which is
direct spillover effects according to Hegre and Sambanis (2006) and indirect spillover effects is
when they depress economic activity due to increased uncertainty or by creating social strains
also causing influx of refugees in nearby countries even if those countries are not involved in
conflicts Murdoch and Sandler (2002; Gomez and Qureshi, 2013).

Peace Process and Conflict Resolution

Unsurprisingly, the increase number of armed conflicts of any political tension with recurrent use
of violent always takes place in not in correlation to the negotiating situation. However, such
context have not of armed conflict do not have much prominence and visibility as the context of
armed conflict. The reasons for this trend seem rather logical. The media have tried to
overestimate over peace initiative. Additionally many of the initiative have received attention by
some international actors like the United Nations, and civil society organizations. This implies
that the visibility of peace processes and conflict and the role of played by local actors in all
these processes assist to tone down the pessimistic and negative image contributes to the
The Debate on the Responsibility to Protect Africa

The responsibility to protect established or hinges on the principle that sovereign state and when
they fail, the international community as a whole possesses the same responsibility to protect
civilians from human rights abuses. The general consensus and opinion is shared responsibility
to protect their citizens and assist other states to engage them do so. For international
organization, including United Nations means the responsibility to give warnings, come up with
effective preventive strategies and where possible come up with an effective response. For the
civil society and individuals, it means the responsibility to put some pressure on the decision
makers to decision makers to decide what should be done by whom and when it should be done.

Conclusion

The paper took a holistic approach to the issues women empowerment due to conflicts in relation
to social, political and economic recovery of women and youth from conflicts. There are
significant contributing factors to be considered emanating from the political, social and
individual domains in achieving economic empowerment. Some of these could be the need to
take into consideration the unique challenges an opportunities that conflict and post conflicts
societies present for the promotion and presentation of women recovery economic approaches, as
well as design and implementation. Therefore, considering these costs arising it is imperative to
present conflict especially among low income levels, weak state capabilities and across ethnic
religious regional groups which are associated with likelihood of conflict. In addressing these
challenges significant to conflict unite nations and World Bank (2018). For these countries
undergoing conflicts their focus should be on limiting the loss of human physical capital by
protecting social and development spending and to sustain functioning institutions to avoid
harmful long-term economic effects of conflicts.
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