TPT250

CHAPTER 4
CONTEMPORARY CONCEPT
AND
DEFINITION
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
1. Define system
concept
2. Describe system
components in
transport
3. Define all the terms
used in transport

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 LOAD FACTOR (LF)
i. The amount of traffic the unit of carriage carries.
❑ The nearer the LF is to 100%, the
ii. Used to measure the performance of the better is the degree of utilization
operation and return

iii. For passenger ❑ It should be measured over a period

and compared with target load
factor
iv. For cargo/freight

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 LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT (LRT)
• Light Rail Transit (LRT) is normally provided in urban areas.
• Has exclusive right of way and sometimes operates in multiple coaches to
accommodate passengers.
• ‘Light’ refers to light volume, more than light weight.
• Capacity range from 5,000 to 15,000 passenger/hour/direction.
• Able to negotiate on sharp curves and steep gradient
• Built on ground level/above/below
• Operate unsegregated/partially/fully segregated from other traffic
• Accessible to all users including those of mobile impairment
• Environmentally friendly (powered by electricity)
• Designed to operate economically in smaller cities and specialization in larger
cities
• Average speed of 40km/hr
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 MONORAIL
• Monorail is another rail-based transportation system used worldwide to
reduce traffic congestion.
• It operates on a single rail tracks
• Characterized by the use of exclusive guide ways & vehicle operated
without driver on board
• Speed: 20km/h t max 60km/hour
• Average capacity: 2,600 p/hour/direction
• Two types of monorail:
- Safege
- Alweg

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 T
SAFEGE Y
ALWEG
• Monorail is suspended by sturdy P • Coaches ride on top of a
hangers from an overhead rail E concrete beam, wrapped around
S the beam itself.

O
F

M
O
N
O
R
A
I
L

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 DEMURRAGE
• Penalty charge by an operator to the shipper due to
longer uses of vehicles caused by loading and
unloading delay by shipper.
• The purpose:
❑To speed up movement at port or terminal
❑To reduce turnover time
❑To reduce cost
❑To increase terminal utilization and allow more
ships to berth at port

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 PASSENGER PER-KILOMETER
• Passenger per-kilometer is calculated as the sum of kilometer that’s
completed by users for one particular journey.
No of Passenger X miles travelled = passenger miles/kilometres
• Passenger kilometers data and statistics were used to estimate the
numbers of public transport to be provided
• It translate the demand for transport based on individual needs and
demands.
• In road transport, passenger kilometers are calculated based on:
i. Transport of passenger with single use ticket
ii. Transport of passenger with monthly and multiuse ticket
iii. Carriage passenger with yearly tickets and free charge tickets
iv. Carriage of employees based on contracts with enterprise

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 TON-MILES KILOMETER
• Used to measure the freight movement per kilometer.
• Example: 20 tons of scrap metal carried over 300 miles equals to 600 tons
miles.
Weight of load X distance carried = Ton-mile/kilometer

• Important in order to estimate the cost of transportation and logistics

• To increase the capacity of public transportation and productivity

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 FLAG OF CONVENIENCE
• The business practice of registering merchant ships in a sovereign state
different from that of the ship owner’s.
• Shipping firms registered under the national flag of the country receive
benefits and reduce cost.
• Reason of FOC:
a) To escape/avoid regulations on safety, insurance, wages of crew
b) To avoid taxation
c) To gain advantage on sales tax, profit tax and registration fee
d) To avoid national regulations on terms and conditions of labor
e) To avoid political instability and political restriction

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 CABOTAGE POLICY
• Cabotage policy is a policy that reserves domestic trade to its own vessel.
• The policy contains a set of rules and regulation that needs to be followed by
the shipper.
• The rationale of Cabotage policy are:-
a) To prepare Malaysia as a maritime nation. This is one of the ways to promote
the maritime industry in Malaysia. The existence of Cabotage policy will
encourage Malaysians to start a business in the maritime industry.
b) To reduce the country’s dependency on foreign vessels as it increases the
level of participation in international and coastal shipping businesses.
c) To engage in shipping commitments through bilateral, regional and other
trade agreements.
d) To train and grow Malaysians in technical, professional and commercial
aspects of shipping.

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 PEAK AND OFF-PEAK
• The time of the day, week, season or year when the demand for transportation
is greatest – Demand exceed the average
• Demand on 3 aspects:
• Unit of carriage for passenger and goods
• The way
• Terminals
• The problem is the imbalance in traffic flows. Therefore need more provision of
transport infrastructure & facilities. But at off-peak – lead to under utilization
of capacity
• E.g.: Hours of peak: Morning & Evening
Working Hours: 7am – 9am, 4pm – 7pm
School Hours: Morning, Afternoon, Evening
Festive Seasons: Hari Raya, CNY, Xmas

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 • Ways to reduce problem of peak
• Staggering of working hours - shift
• Car pooling – also helps in reducing the total amount of emissions
released.
• Special discounts at off-peak hours
• Travel by public transport

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 SHIP’S TURNAROUND TIME
• The time a ship spends in a port can be divided into 2 components:
I. Waiting time
II. Ship’s time at berth
Turnaround time = Waiting time + ship’s time at berth
• Time taken to load/unload vessels and send them back or get them moving
again
I. ‘the delay between the ship’s arrival in port and its tying up at berth’
II. Can be quite long when no vacant berths are available:
❑Congestion
❑Tides are against the vessel
❑Strikes or other similar events - However, it is only a small portion of
turnaround time

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 ◼ Ship’s time at berth
◼ ‘The total time a vessel spends at the berth, whether:

❑ Loading/unloading cargo

❑ Just lying idle

◼ Measured in hours or days

◼ Important in terminal and interchange arrangements because movement
under load earns revenue, while time in terminals incur costs
◼ Factors influencing ship turnaround time:
◼ Weather conditions

◼ Adequacy/availability of cargo handling/equipment/dock labour/berth,

cargo clearance and collection
◼ Type of vessel

◼ Nature of the cargo & suitability of cargo handling equipment

◼ Transshipment cost

◼ Documentation

◼ Port layout

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 LIGHTER ABOARD SHIP
(LASH)
• Is the practice of loading barges (lighters) on
to a bigger vessel

• Sometimes when ship arrived at port, they

cannot berth at terminal due to insufficient
water depth, that’s why it needs to load and
discharge with the help of LASH

• This concept was designed to eliminate the

need for specialized port equipment and to
avoid transshipment with its consequent
extra cost.

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 BARGES ABOARD
CATAMARAN (BACAT)
• A way of loading cargo into large barges and
then in turn loading the barges into a ship

• Barge – Flat-bottomed boat designed to carry

cargo in inland waterways, usually without
engines or crew accommodations.

• Barges can be lashed together and either

pushed or pulled by tugs, carrying cargo of
60,000 tons or more.

• Small barges for carrying cargo between ship

and shore are known as lighters.

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 BACAT (BARGES ABOARD CATAMARAN)

Cargo

Large barges

Ship
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 THANK YOU
QUESTION?

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