ME-312 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

ME-312 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

MINI PROJECT REPORT

DISASSEMBLY ANALYSIS, ENIVIRONMENTAL IMAPCT ASSESMENT
& MATERIAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC KEYBOARD

NAME MUHAMMAD USMAN

REG# 20PWMEC4876
SECTION H
SUBMITTED TO PROF DR.ABDUL SHAKOOR

SUBMISSION DATE:
9 FEBUARY 2023
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ABSTRACT
We look at how a product affects the environment in product eco-assessment. Every product has an
environmental impact. Every process, including the material from which the product is made, its
processing, product manufacturing, packing, usage, failure, and waste treatment, has an impact on the
environment. As a result, we conduct an environmental assessment of the product to determine its
environmental impact, and then select materials and manufacturing processes that have no or minimal
environmental impact. As a result, we chose a keyboard for this application and concentrated on two
key tasks.

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (CRADLE TO GRAVE ANALYSIS)

In this analysis, we dismantle the keyboard, record the time it takes to dismantle each part, research
the materials and manufacturing processes used on each part, and make recommendations on the
materials and manufacturing processes used on this product

ECO-INDICATOR EVALUATION
Eco-indicators are statistics that represent a product's or processes entire environmental burden. During
the life cycle of the Keyboard, I investigated its effects on the environment. Then I calculate the eco-
indicator value of each material (used to create each part), as well as the eco-indicator value of
manufacturing processes, as well as the eco-indicator value of recycle and non-recyclable situations.
After completing them, I came to the conclusion that whatever parameter had the most environmental
impact.

INTRODUCTION:
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESMENT :
Environmental impact assessment is tool used to identify the environmental impacts of a project or
product prior to decision making. It aims to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project
planning and design, find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects or design to suit
the local environment, and present the predictions and options to decision makers. Each product has an
impact on the environment and their impact will vary. Raw materials need to be extracted; the product
must be manufactured, distributed and packed. At the end of its life, it is disposed of. In addition,
environmental impact may occur during use as a result of the product’s energy or material consumption.
As a result, all phases of the life cycle need to be considered if we seek to establish the environmental
impact of a product. Environmental impact analysis of all life phases is called a Life Cycle Analysis. For
calculation of the data we chose the “ReCiPe method”, the logical and updated successor of the “Eco-
indicator ’99 methods”.

METHODOLOGY:
We use Ecolizer 2.0 OVAM for environmental impact of product. The Ecolizer2.0is primarily a tool for
designers, helping them to assess environmental product impact and to choose the proper material for
each individual application. This Ecolizer was developed for designers who wish to analyze the
environmental impact of their product. It contains tens of sheets with hundreds of eco-indicators. For
calculation of the data, Ecolizer 2.0 opted the “ReCiPe method”, the logical and updated successor of
the “Eco-indicator ’99 methods. The Environmental impact categories (mid-point) and damage
categories (endpoint) were defined and weighed further into one single indicator.
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ECO-INDICATOR
Eco-indicators are numbers that reflect the environmental burden of materials, processing procedures,
transport, energy, recycling and waste treatment. The higher the score, the bigger the environmental.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
A keyboard is one of the primary input devices that allows users to input text into a computer or any
other electronic machinery. It is a peripheral device that is the most basic way for the user to
communicate with a computer. It consists of multiple buttons, which create numbers, symbols, and
letters, and special keys like the Windows and Alt key, including performing other functions. The design
of the keyboard comes from the typewriter keyboards, and numbers and letters are arranged on the
keyboard in that way, which helps to type quickly. The computer keyboard is a wired or wireless device
commands to control the computer operations. The keyboard covered in this PCR do not include laser
keyboards or silicone keyboards.

MAIN COMPONENTS FOR DESKTOP COMPUTER KEYBOARDS

 Back body cover

 Fastening Screws
 Keycaps
 Stabilizers(Aluminum Rods)
 Front body cover
 Rubber Keypads
 Flexible PCB
 Disassembly Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessment &
 Material Analysis of electronic Keyboard
 Metal Plate
 Rigid PCB
 LEDs
 Cable
TOOLSET USED
 Screw driver
 Soldering Iron.

SPECIFICATION OF THE KEYBOARD:

Weight with packaging 765g
Weight without packaging 703g
Length 46cm
Height 2.35cm
Width 17cm
Cable length 165cm
Display 104 keys
color white
Interface PS/2
Temperature 0-40 c
Current consumptions 20mA
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PICTURE OF SELECTED PRODUCT

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DISASSEMBLY PROCESS AND FLOW CHART:

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TIME TAKEN TO DISMANTLE PRODUCT:

TYPE OF ACTIVITY DISASSEMBLING DISASSEMBLING TOOL USED ACCESSIBILITY

TIME

Removing main 18 screws 7 mints Screw Easy

Assembly driver

Removing key Removing keycaps 6 mint Screw Easy

Caps with the help of driver
screw driver tip

Dispatching front Dispatching with 15 sec Screw Easy

Cover from body the help of screw driver
Housing driver tip

Separation of Through hands 30 sec No tool Simple but

rubber pad simply carefully

Freeing of Rigid PCB Unscrew two white 10 sec Screw Carefully ,not
from the back body screws driver Put too much
cover Force on PCB

Dispatching of LEDs Through the 20 mints Soldering Very carefully

from Rigid PCB soldering iron iron

DISASSEMBLY PARTS PICTURES:

FRONT COVER

BACK COVER
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SCREWS
STABALIZERS

PCB

LEDS
TRANSISTORS+
RESISTORS

CABLE
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NUMERIC KEYS

ALPHABATIC KEYS

FUNCTION KEYS

TRANSPARENT
CIRCUT
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BACK COVER

SILICON RUBBER

TOOL USED FOR DISASSEMBLING:

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COMPONENTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS AND MANUFACTURING

PROCESSES

Keycaps:
A keyboard is for putting information including letters, words and numbers into your computer. You
press the individual buttons on the keyboard when you type. The number keys across the top of the
keyboard are also found on the right of the keyboard. The letter keys are in the center of the keyboard.
Manufacturing process: Injection Molding

Stabilizers:
A keyboard stabilizer is a component that is placed underneath larger keys like the space bar, backspace,
Enter, Shift, and some of the larger number pad keys. These stabilizers are placed to prevent these
larger keys from moving around while typing. This makes the keys much more stable while in use.
Manufacturing Process: Bending

Rubber Keyboard:
Instead of using key switches in this model a rubber pad was used which is quite good and reliable as
compared to the switches.
Manufacturing Process: Injection Molding.

PCB board:
PCB on keyboards has the same main function as the circuit boards on other devices. They connect
electric components together to function. And its main function is to send the signals made by pressing
the keys.
Manufacturing Process: 3d Printing

Metallic Plate:
A metallic plate made of Aluminum is used as support to0 the plastic PCB and Rubber pads
Manufacturing Process: Sheet Metal Working

Front cover:
We place the assembly of the keyboard in the outer casing it protect and housing the whole assembly
made of
ABS plastic.
Manufacturing Process: Isolation milling

Screws:
Screws are used to fasten the components of the keyboard together.
Manufacturing Process: Machining
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LIFE CYCLE

MASSES CALCULATION

‘’ DIFFERENT MASSES WERE CALCULATED IN INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT LAB”

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COMPONENTS MATERIALS
The objective of this section to identify materials of components or parts used in AntiRsi (A4 tech)
Keyboard.

Component material and weight

S.NO PART MATERIAL QUANTITY WEIGHT

1 Back body cover ABS( acrylonitrile 1 0.1873kg

butadiene styrene)

2 Fastening screws white Steel 24 0.00665kg

type
3 Keycaps ABS( acrylonitrile 104 0.100476kg
butadiene styrene)
4 Stabilizers(Aluminum Aluminum 8 0.0046kg
Rods)
5 Rubber keypad Silicon rubber 1 0.0273kg

6 Front body cover ABS( acrylonitrile 1 0.1591kg

7 Rigid PCB
8 Transparent (Flexible
PCB)
9 Metal Plate
butadiene styrene)
Glass Reinforced epoxy 1 0.001kg
resins+Copper
Polypropylene 1 0.0147kg
Aluminum 1 0.1805kg

10 Portable Ps2 cable Insulating 1 0.0451kg

Material:PVC( Polyvinyl
chloride) Wires: Silver
wires

Total no of components 143

Total number of materials 7

Total time taken 35 minutes

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ECO INDICATOR WORK SHEET:

PRODUCTION MATERIAL PROCESS AMOUNT(KG) INDICATOR (PER RESULT

KG)

Abs plastic 0.437056 400 174.82

Steel 0.0069 86 0.59512

Aluminum 0.181 60 7.48

Silicon rubber 0.0273 274 11.46

Polypropylene 0.0147 330 4.851

Glass reinforced 0.001 1400 1.4

epoxy

TOTAL Pvc 0.0425 240 10.2

=210.80

USAGE PROCESS AMOUNT INDICATOR RESULT

Injection molding 0.570 44 25.08

Isolation milling 0.01 800 8

Machining 0.0043 800 3.44

Bending 0.0032 0.000047 0.0000001504

TOTAL

=36.52

RECYCLING MATERIAL AMOUNT (KG) INDICATOR RESULT

mPt/kg

Recycling AI 0.0181 -720 130.32

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Recycling abs 0.447056 -4.1 1.96

Recycling propylene 0.0147 -210 -3.087

LAND FILL MATERIAL AMOUNT(KG) INDICATOR RESULT

PVC 0.0415 2.8 0.1162

PP 0.0156 3.5 0.0546

TOTAL=0.1708

TRNSPORT BY AIR:
Arial distance between china and Lahore=2,405.91 mi (3,871.94 km)

Total mass of package =765 or 0.000843268

Amount in tkm=0.000843268x3871.94

=3.2

TRANSPORT BY ROAD
Arial distance between Lahore and Peshawar=576.6km

Total mass of package is m=771g or 0.00084988202tons

Amount in (tkm) = 0.000843268x576.6

= 0.486
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TRANSPORT
Material Amount (tkm) Indicator Result
Air transport 3.2 2.7278 8.72
By road 0.486 0.4556 0.221

Total =8.941

MUNICIPAL WASTE

Material Mass Indicator Result

pp 0.0147kg -0.13 - 0.001911

PVC 0.0415kg 10 0.415

Total=0.29779

RESULT
TYPE AMOUNT
PRODUCTION 210.80
USAGE 36.52
RECYCLING 129.193
LAND FILL 0.1708
TRANSPORT 8.941
MUNICIPAL WASTE 0.29779
TOTAL=385.92

CONCLUSION:
We can observe from the eco-indicator analysis that the product's manufacturing has the greatest
Environmental effect (For production Total result is 385.92). For garbage processing, recycling, and
Treatment, it is higher than the total. As a result, when designing a keyboard, the designer will have to
Place a higher premium on reducing material use.
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RE-DESIGN OF PRODUCT (ELECTRONIC

KEYBOARD):

JUSTIFICATIONS:
The product on the whole is well justified economically and materially as it satisfies all of its
Performance indicators in a very material effective and cost efficient way. Its eco indicator analysis
Projects a very balanced approach to its production, processing, recycling, disposal and finally
Transportation. The product pretty much justifies its economic price tag and material efficient
Utilization to the fairly competitive degree possible. The Overall Product and its components are
Manufactured according High Class product Standards and Manufacturer’s guidelines without any
Compromise on the overall quality, safety and most importantly functioning and performance. This
Product is up there in the top tier of quality assure, performance ensured, and safety guaranteed
Sound and safe products within a very market competitive base price and Superior functionality,
Modification acceptability, tweaking allow ability, rationale justifiability, market traction attract
Ability. This product is the fairly excellent budget economic competitive and eco-friendly device in
This line of production equipment’s when it comes to the combined essence of Marketability and
Compatibilities. Hence Overall a very excellent and competitive choice for all.

DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY:

Use snap-fit fastening for assembling of keyboard body instead of micro-screws which is difficult to
remove due to requirement of specialized tools and low visibility due to small size. These micro-screws
fastening increase time of disassembly and complexity.

LABELING OF PLASTIC COMPONENTS:

Plastic components used in calculator design must be labeled. So it helps in disposal or recycling
process. E.g.

LEAD FREE PCBs:

All PCB contain lead in form of solder, which is use for mounting components on PCB. Lead, a chemical
known to be toxic, can be released into the air and groundwater throughout its life cycle. The dust and
fumes generated by lead soldering practices are considered toxic when inhaled. For these reasons, lead
solder continues to be phased out due to its negative environmental and health effects. Today, (Copper-
Tin) solder widely replace lead based solder because it is eco-friendlier and less dangerous.

REPLACEMENT OF SILICON RUBBER WITH TPE FOR RUBBER PAD:

TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomer) can be a lower-cost alternative to silicone rubber. TPE is preferred
because it is 100% Recyclable. While on other hand, silicone rubber is thermoset and it is not recyclable.
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MATERIAL RECYCLING HIGH LAND- FLEXIBILITY WIDE-RANGE

TEAR FILL WORKING

STRENGTH TEMPERATURE

Silicone Rubber ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

DISASSEMBLY MANNUAL:
Product must come with disassembly manual that describes complete procedure of disassembly of
product. It helps in disassembly of product after life cycle and its disposal.

RECYCLING INSTRUCTION:
Recycling information for every component must be imprinted on it or due to size limitation, a manual
must be come with product that gives information about recycling of different materials used in
product. Manual must provide information about which material weather it is recyclable or not. Manual
must provide information about how to dispose electronic waste like PCB, and cell batteries properly.

REFRENCES
1) https://pre-sustainability.com/legacy/download/EI99_Manual.pdf

2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247848113_The_Eco-
Indicator_99_A_Damage_Oriented_Method_for_Life_Cycle_Impact_Assessment

3) Comparison of Three Different LCIA Methods: EDIP97, CML2001 and Eco-indicator 99

(Louise Camilla Dreyer, Anne Louise Niemann & Michael Z. Hauschild)
(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02978471)

4) Verbitsky, Oleg & Pushkar, Svetlana. (2018). ECO-INDICATOR 99, ReCiPe AND ANOVA FOR
EVALUATING BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES UNDER LCA UNCERTAINTIES. Environmental Engineering
and Management Journal. 17. 2549-2559. 10.30638/eemj.2018.253.
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332009149_ECO)