WORKING PAPER

ORGAN OF SPEECH

This pape was created to fulfill of the tasks

“Basic Pronouncation”

Lecturer:
Yani Lubis, M.Hum.

Arranged By:
GROUP 2
ARYA WIRANDA (0304213049)
NAJWA ALZUHDA (0304213096)
NOVI YANTI (0304213106)
DWI FATIMAH (0304213074)
FADLAH PUTRI SABILA (0304213037)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPATTEMENT

FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
NORTH SUMATERA STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
2021
PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing the

paper entitled “Organ of speech” right in the calculated time. The purpose in writing this paper is

to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr. Yani Lubis,S.Ag,M.Hum as lecturer in basic

pronounciation. in arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but

with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there are still

many mistakes in process of writing this paper.

because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of

writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all.the writer realized tha this

paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. then the writer hope the criticism from the

readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper

can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about samantics major.

Medan, October 14th, 2021

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 Contents
PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Fortmulate of the problem..............................................................................................................4
1.3 Aims of paper...................................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................................5
2.1. What are the organs of speech.......................................................................................................5

2.2. The various of organ speech...........................................................................................................6

2.3. The Eight Parts of Human Speech Organs & Their Definitions.....................................................12

CHAPTER 3
CLOSING....................................................................................................................................................20
3.1. conclusion......................................................................................................................................20

3.2. Suggestion......................................................................................................................................21

3.3. References......................................................................................................................................21

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The various organs which are involved in the production of speech sounds are calledspeech
organs (also known as vocal organs). The study of speech organs helps to determine the role
of each organ in the production of speech sounds. they include to lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar
ridge, hard palate, velum, uvula, glottis,

1.2 Fortmulate of the problem

1. What is the definition of organs speech?

2. What are the various of organ speechj?
3. What is the definition of human’s organ speech?
4. What is the role of each organ in the production of speech sounds?

1.3 Aims of paper

1. Giving an explanation about meant of organs speech

2. Discribing about the various of organ speech
3. Discribing the definition each part of human’s organs speech

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 CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

2.1. What are the organs of speech

Speech organs produce the many sounds needed for language. Organs used include the lips,

teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula and glottis. Speech

organs or articulators are of two types: passive articulators and active articulators. Passive

articulators remain static during the articulation of sound. Upper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge,

hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall are passive articulators. Active articulators

move relative to these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds, in different

manners. The most important active articulator is the tongue. The lower lip and glottis are

other active articulators.

Articulators can be divided into two types : passive articulators and active articulators.

Passive articulators are organs that do not move during sound articulation such as the upper

lip, upper teeth and alveolum. The active artiulators moves into the passive articulators to

produce sounds. Main artiulators are tongue, uvula and lower jaw (lower teeth and lower lip).

The following are the organs of speech that make a sound, they are lips, teeth, tongue,

alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, uvula, glottis,

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2.2. The various of organ speech

The various organs of our mouth we use to produce speech sounds are called the organs of

speech. The organ speech or The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that

studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain

how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures.

Speech organs or articulators, produce the sounds of languange, they are including the lips,

tongue , teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum(soft palate), uvula, glottis and various parts

of speech, the can be divided into two types; passive articulators and active articulators.

The various organs which are involved in the production of speech sounds are called

speechorgans (also known as vocal organs). The study of speech organs helps to determine

the role of each organ in the production of speech sounds. They include:

1. The Lungs

The airflow is by far the most vital requirement for producing speech sound, since all

speechsounds are made with some movement of air. The lungs provide the energy source for

theairflow. The lungs are the spongy respiratory organs situated inside the rib cage. They

expandand contract as we breathe in and out air. The amount of air accumulated inside our

lungscontrols the pressure of the airflow.

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2. The Larynx & the Vocal Folds

The larynx is colloquially known as the voice box. It is a box-like small structure situated in

thefront of the throat where there is a protuberance. For this reason the larynx is popularly

called the Adam’s apple. This casing is formed of cartilages and muscles. It

protects as well as housesthe trachea and the vocal folds. The vocal folds are like a pair of

lips placed horizontally fromfront to back. They are joined in the front but can be separated

at the back. The openingbetween them is called glottis. The glottis is considered to be in open

state when the folds areapart, and when the folds are pressed together the glottis is considered

to be in close state.

The opening of the vocal folds takes different positions:

 Wide Apart: When the folds are wide apart they do not vibrate. The sounds produced

in such position are called breathed or voiceless sounds. For example: /p/f/θ/s/.

 Narrow Glottis: If the air is passed through the glottis when it is narrowed then there

isan audible friction. Such sounds are also voiceless since the vocal folds do not

vibrate.For example, in English /h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative sound.

 Tightly Closed: The vocal folds can be firmly pressed together so that the air cannot

passbetween them. Such a position produces a glottal stop /ʔ / (also known as glottal

catch,glottal plosive).

 Touched or Nearly Touched: The major role of the vocal folds is that of a vibrator in

theproduction of speech. The folds vibrate when these two are touching each other

ornearly touching. The pressure of the air coming from the lungs makes them vibrate.

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 Thisvibration of the folds produces a musical note called voice. And sounds produced

in suchmanner are called voiced sounds. In English all the vowel sounds and the

consonants/v/z/m/n/are voiced.

Thus it is clear that the main function of the vocal folds is to convert the air delivered

by thelungs into audible sound. The opening and closing process of the vocal folds

manipulates the airflow to control the pitch and the tone of speech sounds. As a

result, we have differentqualities of sounds.

3. The Articulators

Articulators transform the sound into intelligible speech. They can be either active or

passive.They include the pharynx, the teeth, the alveolar ridge behind them, the hard palate,

the softervelum behind it, the lips, the tongue, and the nose and its cavity. Traditionally the

articulatorsare studied with the help of a sliced human head figure like the following:

 The Pharynx: The pharynx lies between the mouth and the food passage, that is,

justabove the larynx. It is just about 7cm long in the case of women and 8cm long in

thecase of men.

 The Roof of the Mouth: The roof of the mouth is considered as a major speech organ.

Itis divided into three parts:

1) The Alveolar Ridge/Teeth Ridge: The alveolar ridge is situated immediately after

theupper front teeth. The sounds which are produced touching this convex part are

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 calledalveolar sounds. Some alveolar sounds in English include: /t/d/.

2) The Hard Palate: The hard palate is the concave part of the roof of the mouth. It

issituated on the middle part of the roof.

3) The Velum or Soft Palate: The lower part of the roof of the mouth is called soft palate.It

could be lowered or raised. When it is lowered, the air stream from the lungs hasaccess to

the nasal cavity. When it is raised the passage to the nasal cavity is blocked.The sounds

which are produced touching this area with the back of the tongue arecalled velarsounds.

For example: /k/g/.

 The Lips: The lips also play an important role in the matter of articulation. They can

bepressed together or brought into contact with the teeth. The consonant sounds

whichare articulated by touching two lips each other are called bilabial sounds. For

example,/p/ and /b/ are bilabial sounds in English. Whereas, the sounds which are

produced with lip to teeth contact are called labiodental sounds.

In English there are two labiodentalsounds: /f/ and /v/. Another important thing about

the lips is that they can takedifferent shapes and positions. Therefore, lip-rounding is

considered as a major criterionfor describing vowel sounds. The lips may have the

following positions:

1) Rounded: When we pronounce a vowel, our lips can be rounded, a position where

thecorners of the lips are brought towards each other and the lips are pushed

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 forwards.And the resulting vowel from this position is a rounded one. For example, /əʊ/.

2) Spread: The lips can be spread. In this position the lips are moved away from each

other(i.e. when we smile). The vowel that we articulate from this position is an

unroundedone. For example, in English /i: /is a long vowel with slightly spread lips.

3) Neutral: Again, the lips can be neutral, a position where the lips are not

noticeablyrounded or spread. And the articulated vowel from this position is referred to

asunrounded vowel. For example, in English /ɑ: / is a long vowel with neutral lips.

 The Teeth: The teeth are also very much helpful in producing various speech

sounds.The sounds which are made with the tongue touching the teeth are called

dental sounds. Some examples of dental sounds in English include: /θ/ð/.

 The Tongue: The tongue is responsible for the production of many speech sounds,

sinceit can move very fast to different places and is also capable of assuming

differentshapes. The shape and the position of the tongue are especially crucial for

theproduction of vowel sounds. Thus when we describe the vowel sounds in the

context ofthe function of the tongue, we generally consider the following criteria:

1) Tongue Height: It is concerned with the vertical distance between the upper surface ofthe

tongue and the hard palate. From this perspective the vowels can be described asclose

and open. For instance, because of the different distance between the surface ofthe tongue

and the roof of the mouth, the vowel /i: /has to be described as a relativelyclose vowel,

whereas /æ / has to be described as a relatively open vowel.

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2) Tongue Frontness / Backness: It is concerned with the part of tongue between the

frontand the back, which is raised high. From this point of view the vowel sounds can

beclassified as front vowels and back vowels. By changing the shape of the tongue we

canproduce vowels in which a different part of the tongue is the highest point. That

means,a vowel having the back of the tongue as the highest point is a back vowel,

whereas theone having the front of the tongue as the highest point is called a front vowel.

Forexample: during the articulation of the vowel / u: / the back of the tongue is raised

high,

so it’s a back vowel. On the other hand, during the articulation of the vowel / æ / the

front of the tongue is raise high, therefore, it’s a front vowel.

 The Jaws: Some phoneticians consider the jaws as articulators, since we move the

lower jaw a lot at the time of speaking. But it should be noted that the jaws are

notarticulators in the same way as the others. The main reason is that they are

incapable ofmaking contact with other articulators by themselves.

 The Nose and the Nasal Cavity: The nose and its cavity may also be considered

asspeech organs. The sounds which are produced with the nose are called nasal

sounds. Some nasal sounds in English include: /m/n/ŋ/.

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2.3. The Eight Parts of Human Speech Organs & Their Definitions

produce the many sounds needed for language. Organsused include the lips, teeth, tongue,

alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum(softpalate), uvula and glottis. Human speech is one of our

species' defining qualities. In order to make thisspeech, eight different organs must work

together.

1. Lips

The lips play a major role in vowel articulation. It is generally believed that two major

variables are in effect: lip-rounding (or labialization), and lip protrusion, in phonetics,

vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of

a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel, Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of

sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the

oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When

vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded. When a rounded vowel is pronounced,

the lips form a circular opening, and unrounded vowels are pronounced with the lips

relaxed. In most languages, front vowels tend to be unrounded, and back vowels tend to

be rounded.

There are two lips serve for creating different sounds, the are; labial and bilabial. The

term labial originates from Labium (Latin for "lip"), and is the adjective that describes

anything of or related to lips, such as lip-like structures, In phonetic it was, labial

consonants.

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 Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

The two common labial articulations are bilabials, articulated using both lips, and

labiodentals, articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth, both of which are

present in English. In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated

with both lips, The extensions to the IPA also define a bilabial percussive for striking the

lips together.

2. Tongue

The word "language" derives from the Latin lingua, "tongue". Phoneticians agree that

the tongue is the most important speech articulator, followed by the lips. A natural

language can be viewed as a particular way of using the tongue to express thought. The

tongue is a highly flexible organ that is capable of being moved in many different ways.

For vowel articulation the principal variations are vowel height and the dimension of

backness and frontness. A less common variation in vowel quality can be produced by a

change in the shape of the front of the tongue, resulting in a rhotic or rhotacized vowel.

The tongue is the most important articulator in speech organs, it moves in different

ways in different shapes to produce speech sounds. Tongue is divided into five parts, they

are; tip, blade, front, back,

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3. Alveolar ridge

The alveolar ridge also known as the alveolar margin) is one of the two jaw ridges,

extensions of the mandible or maxilla, either on the roof of the mouth between the upper

teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth. Most of

the roof of one's mouth is the hard palate and the soft palate. The alveolar ridges contain

the sockets of the teeth. They can be felt with the tongue in the area right above the top

teeth or below the bottom teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges.The [upper]

alveolar ridge is a small protuberance just behind the upper front teeth that can easily be

felt with the tongue.

The alveolar ridge includes the area between the upper front teeth and the hard palate. To

produce alveolar consonant sounds such as /t d l s z/.

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4. Hard palate

The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate made up of two bones of the facial

skeleton, located in the roof of the mouth. The bones are the palatine process of the

maxilla and the horizontal plate of palatine bone. The hard palate spans the alveolar arch

formed by the alveolar process that holds the upper teeth (when these are developed).

The hard palate is important for feeding and speech. Mammals with a defective hard

palate may die shortly after birth due to inability to suckle. It is also involved in

mastication in many species. The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is

essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably high-front vowels, palatal

consonants, and retroflex consonants such as [i] like "see", [j] like "yes", [ç] (realization

of /hj/ in English) like "hue", and [ɻ] (/r/, only for some speakers) like "red".

In conclusion, hard palate is a thin horizontal bony palate of the skull, lacated in the

roof of the mouth. The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in

the formation of certain speech sounds, notably , /t/,/d/, and /j.

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5. Soft palate or velum

The soft palate (also called the velum, palatal velum, or muscular palate) is, in

mammals, the soft tissue constituting the lower back of the roof of the mouth. The soft

palate is a part of the palate of the mouth; the other part is the difficult palate. The soft

palate is distinguished from the hard palate on the front of the mouth in that it does now

not comprise bone.

The soft palate is transportable, inclusive of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous

membrane. it is responsible for ultimate off the nasal passages at some stage in the act of

swallowing, and also for last off the airway. at some stage in sneezing, it protects the

nasal passage via diverting a part of the excreted substance to the mouth.

The sof palate need to have holes forming that funtion throughout speech to separate

the oral cavity (mouth) from the nostril, with a purpose to produce the oral speech

sounds.
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6. Pharynx

The pharynx is the part of the throat at the back of the mouth and nasal hollow space,

and above the oesophagus and trachea (the tubes going down to the stomach and the

lungs). it's miles determined in vertebrates and invertebrates, even though its structure

varies across species. The pharynx carries meals and air to the esophagus and larynx

respectively. The flap of cartilage called the epiglottis stops meals from getting into the

larynx.

the pharynx is like a tube starting simply above the larynx and finishing parts, the

structure that holds and manipulates the vocal cords.

7. Uvula
 The palatine uvula, generally referred to as virtually the uvula, is a conic projection

from the lower back edge of the middle of the smooth palate, composed of connective

tissue containing some of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. It also includes

many serous glands, which produce skinny saliva.

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It has a function in speech as well. in lots of languages, the uvula is used to articulate

more than a few consonant sounds, called uvular consonants. The voiced uvular trill,

written [ʀ] within the international Phonetic Alphabet, is one instance; it's far used in

French, Arabic and Hebrew, amongst other languages. due to the huge quantity of saliva

made from glands in the uvula which are absent in other mammals, it has been counseled

that the uvula is an accent speech organ.

It funtions in tandem with the back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up fom

the lungs to create a number of guttural and other sounds. In many languanges , it closes

to prevent air escaping through the nose when making some sounds.
 18

8. Glottis

The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds located within the larynx. Its role

creates exclusive vibration patterns to differentiate voiced and voiceless sounds. in

addition, the pitch of the vowel is modified by changing the frequency of vibration of the

vocal folds. In some languages there are contrasts among vowels with extraordinary

phonation kinds.
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CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1. Conclusion

Organs of Speech

Technically there are no organs of speech

Organs of Speech;

• All the organs involved have other primary physiological functions primary

physiological functions

• Almost all speech can be regarded as amodified form of exhalation-the air modified

form of exhalation-the air expelled by the lungs subjected toexpelled by the lungs
 subjected to some kind of obstruction or interruptionsome kind of obstruction or

interruption before being allowed to leave the body.

Three Factors in the Three Factors in theProduction of SpeechProduction of

SpeechSoundsSounds

• source of energy

• vibrating body

• A resonator

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3.2. Suggestion

Similarly, we can describe the material that is the subject of this proposal, of course, there

are still many shortcomings and weaknesses, because they lack the knowledge and the lack

of reference or the reference has to do with the title of this proposal. Author much hope dear

readers, providing constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfect proposal to the

author in the writing of the proposal in the next opportunities.

Hopefully this paper is useful for writers in particular are also dear readers in general.

Such review this time, may be useful for you and also inspire.

3.3. References
Harmer, Jeremy. The Practice of English Language Teaching. 3rd ed. England: Longman-

Pearson, 2001. 28-35.

Yule, George. The Study of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996. 40-50.

Varshney, Dr. R.L. An Introduction of Linguistics & Phonetics. Dhaka: BOC, n.d. 38-42

https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Psychology_Wiki

https://www.kompasiana.com/aisyahamalia2751/5d92c406097f36715a721252/speech-

organs-and-how-they-produced-sounds?page=all

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