Globalization – has been going on either since
the first movement of people out of Africa into
other parts of the world; or since the 3 rd
millennium BC or since the so-called Axial Age in
the first millennium BC; or only from the Great
Geographical Discoveries; or in the 19th century;
or after the year 1945; or only since the late
1980s.
Trinomial Periodization (Gellner 1988)
• Archaic Globalization
• Early Modern Globalization
• Modern Globalization
Great Geographic Discoveries (Friedman 2005)
• Globalization 1 (1942-1800) –
globalization of countries.
• Globalization 2 (1800-2000) –
globalization of companies.
• Globalization 3 (2000-present) –
globalization of individuals.
Periodization of the evolution of global links:
1. Period of Fragmentary Events (till 5000
BP)
2. Period of Regional Events (till the 15th
Century CE)
3. Period of Global Events (till the mid-20th
century)
4. Period of Cosmic Expansion (start in
1957)
Types of Spatial Links (Globalization
Level)
Local links – Till the 7th-6th millennium BCE
- Pre-state
- Hunter-gatherer
th th
Regional links – From the 7 -6 millennium ~ 4
millennium
- Early state, first empire
- 2nd phase Agrarian
Regional-Continental Links – 4th millennium BCE
~ 1st millennium
- First developed state
- Final phase Agrarian
Transcontinental Links – 1st BCE ~ late 15th CE
Oceanic Links – 15th century ~ 19th century
- First Mature state
- 1st phase industrial revolution
Global Links – 19th century ~ 1960-1970s
- Supranational entities
- 2nd phase of industrial revolution
Planetary Links – 20th century ~ 21st century
- Formation of Supranational entities
- Scientific-information revolution
The Afro-Eurasian world-system
- this approach was connected to a considerable
degree to the search for actual socially evolving
units which are larger than particular societies,
states, and even civilizations.
World-System
- Maximum set of human societies that has
systematic characteristics, and a maximum set
of societies that are significantly connected
among themselves in direct and indirect ways.
Wallerstein – he believed that the modern-
world system was formed in the long 16 th
century (c. 1450-1650). He classified into three
types:
1. Mini-systems – were typical for
foragers.
2. World-economies –. He used the so-
th
called “bulk goods criterion” to identify
the “reality” of economic ties.
3. World empires
Lesson 3: Globalization of
World Economics
International Trading Systems
- Silk road – oldest known international
trade route.
- Silk was the most profitable product
traded through this network
- Silk Road was International, but not
truly Global because it had no ocean
routes
The Bretton Woods System
- Inter-civilizational Settings
The Global Financial Crisis and the
Challenge to Neoliberalism
- shock therapy of neoliberalism did not
lead to ideal outcome.
- Neoliberalism (2007-2008) when the
world experience the greatest economic
shutdown since the Great Depression.
- Mortgage-backed securities (MBSs)
Economic Globalization Today
- race to the bottom refers to countries
lowering their labor standards.
Lesson 4: Contemporary
Globalization and New
Civilizational Formations
Changes in the International Arenas
and in the Constitution of Hegemonies
-The most important aspects of the
new international scene were:
First, shifts in hegemonies in the
international order;
Second, the development of new power
relations between different states;
Third, the emergence of new actors,
institutions and new regulatory arenas
and rules in the international arena.
- all of them contributing greatly to the
development of the ‘New World
Disorder’ (Jowitt, 1993). The
development of such a disorder was
intensified with the demise of the
Soviet Union, the disappearance of the
bipolar order of the ‘Cold War’ and the
relative stability it entailed, and of the
disappearance of the ideological
confrontation between Communism
and the West.
- One of the most important
manifestations of the new civilizational
framework that developed attendant on
all the processes analyzed above has
indeed been the close interweaving
between these processes and the new
types of orientations and movements of
protest that have developed since the
late sixties of the twentieth century
(Eisenstadt 2006)
- New Intercivilizational Relations, Anti-
Globalization Tendencies and
Movements, Global Confrontations,
Attempts at Appropriation of Modernity
The Return of Religion and Conflicted
Condition of World Order
- The Problem of Disciplinarity
- 9/11
Lesson 5: Media and
Globalization
Media and its functions
- Lule describe media “a means of
conveying something, such as a channel
of communication”
- Technically speaking a person’s voice
is a medium. However, when
commentators refer to “media”, they
mean technologies of mass
communication.
- Print Media (books, magazine,
newspaper)
- Broadcast Media(radio, film,
television)
- Digital Media (internet, mobile mass
communication)

The Global Village and Cultural

Imperialism
- McLuhan declared that television was
turning the world into “global village”
- John Tomlinson, cultural globalization
is simply a euphemism for “Western
Cultural Imperialism” since it promotes
“homogenized. Westernized, consumer
culture.”

Critiques and Cultural Imperialism

- “text” simply refers to the content of
any medium
- Hello Kitty remains proof of Japan’s
continued influence over global culture.
-Ien Ang studied the ways in which
different viewers in the Netherlands
experience watching the American soap
opera Dallas. Through letters from 42
viewers, she presented a detailed
analysis of audience-viewing
experiences.