Brain (Cranial cavity)

The brain

The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull that
accommodates the brain. The skull  is also called the cranium. The cavity is formed by
eight cranial bones known as the neurocranium that in humans includes the skull cap
and forms the protective case around the brain.

The cranial cavity consist of 12 cranial nerves that are responsible for controlling the
cranial cavity. These nerves are responsible for providing necessary sensory information
for things such as smell, taste, hearing, and sight.  The cranial cavity is made of the brain,
meninges, and the cerebrospinal Fluid. The primary function of the brain is supplying
information to the rest of the body and to help it function as whole. It helps the body to
perform critical bodily functions.

The cranial cavity includes eight cranial bones and they are collectively combined to form
this area. A gland that is found in this cavity is called the pituitary gland which secretes
different fluids that are necessary for different parts of the body to function. There are
many things that are regulated by this gland such as body temperature, physical growth,
and sexual functions. The pituitary gland also controls the thyroid gland.

The cranial cavity has a variety of spinal and cranial nerves  in it. The cranial nerves are
responsible for storing sensory information needed for taste, smell, sight and the ability
to hear. The spinal nerves allow for the sensory and motor signals to be received, which
provide a normal feeling and function for the arms and legs.

The major areas of the central nervous system include: 

 The medulla: This is the lowest part of the brainstem. It helps control heart and
lung function.
 The pons: Located above the medulla in the brainstem, this area helps control
eye and facial movement.
 The spinal cord: Extended from the base of the brain and down the center of the
back, the spinal cord helps with many automatic functions, such as reflexes. It also
sends messages to and from the brain.
 The parietal lobe: Situated in the middle of the brain, the parietal lobe supports
the identification of objects and spatial reasoning. It also plays a role in
interpreting pain and touch signals.
 The frontal lobe: The frontal lobe, which is located in the front of the head, is the
largest section of the brain. It plays a role in many conscious functions, including
personality and movement. It also helps the brain interpret smells.
  The occipital lobes: Positioned near the back of the brain, the occipital lobe
primarily interprets vision signals.
 The temporal lobes: Located on either side of the brain, the temporal lobes play
a role in numerous functions, including speech, scent recognition, and short-term
memory.

The brain’s two halves are called the right and left hemispheres. The corpus callosum
connects these two hemispheres.

Heart (Thoracic cavity)

The human heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in
the space known as the mediastinum. Within the mediastinum, the heart is
separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the
pericardium,and sits in its own space called the pericardial cavity. The dorsal
surface of the heart lies near the bodies of the vertebrae, and its anterior surface sits
deep to the sternum and costal cartilages. The great veins, the superior and inferior
venae cavae, and the great arteries, the aorta and pulmonary trunk, are attached to
the superior surface of the heart, called the base. The base of the heart is located at
the level of the third costal cartilage. The inferior tip of the heart, the apex, lies just to
the left of the sternum between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their
articulation with the costal cartilages. The right side of the heart is deflected
anteriorly, and the left side is deflected posteriorly. It is important to remember the
position and orientation of the heart when placing a stethoscope on the chest of a
patient and listening for heart sounds, and also when looking at images taken from a
midsagittal perspective. The slight deviation of the apex to the left is reflected in a
depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung, called
the cardiac notch.

Kigneys (Abdominal Cavity)

The kidneys lie in the lower abdominal cavity, on its rear wall. The kidneys are
bilateral bean-shaped organs, reddish-brown in colour and located in the posterior
abdomen. Their main function is to filter and excrete waste products from the blood.
They are also responsible for water and electrolyte balance in the body.

Metabolic waste and excess electrolytes are excreted by the kidneys to form urine.
Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the ureters. It leaves the body
via the urethra, which opens out into the perineum in the female and passes through
the penis in the male.