Lab No.

04
OBJECT:
“To determine blood sugar level by using glucometer”
THEORY:
INTRODUCTION:
Blood glucose level is an important marker of the body's metabolic status. It is critical to monitor glucose levels
in patients with diabetes mellitus to manage their condition effectively. Glucometer is a portable device used for
measuring blood glucose levels. It provides a quick, convenient, and reliable measurement of blood glucose
levels. The objective of this experiment is to determine the blood sugar level using a glucometer.

BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL:

Blood glucose level is the concentration of glucose in the blood. The normal range of blood glucose level in a
healthy individual is 70-99 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L) when fasting and up to 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) two hours
after a meal. Blood glucose levels outside of these ranges are indicative of abnormal glucose metabolism.
WHY IS CHECKING BLOOD SUGAR IMPORTANT?
BLOOD SUGAR AND DIABETES MANAGEMENT:
Checking blood sugar levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes because their bodies are unable to produce
or properly use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels, also known as
hyperglycemia, can cause damage to organs and nerves over time. On the other hand, low blood sugar levels, or
hypoglycemia, can cause dizziness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness.
BLOOD SUGAR AND OTHER HEALTH CONDITIONS:
Checking blood sugar levels is also important for individuals with other health conditions, such as polycystic
ovary syndrome (PCOS) and gestational diabetes. Women with PCOS may have insulin resistance, which can
lead to high blood sugar levels, while pregnant women with gestational diabetes may experience fluctuations in
blood sugar levels that can affect the health of both the mother and the baby.
BLOOD SUGAR AND OVERALL HEALTH:
Even individuals without diabetes or other health conditions should check their blood sugar levels regularly.
High blood sugar levels can be an indicator of prediabetes, a condition in which blood sugar levels are elevated
but not yet at the level of diabetes. Additionally, high blood sugar levels can increase the risk of heart disease,
stroke, and other chronic conditions.
TYPES OF BLOOD SUGAR TESTS:
There are several types of blood sugar tests, including:
 Fasting blood sugar test: Measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast
 Oral glucose tolerance test: Measures blood sugar levels after drinking a glucose solution
 Hemoglobin A1C test: Measures the average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months
 Continuous glucose monitoring: A device that continuously measures blood sugar levels throughout the
day
FREQUENCY OF CHECKING BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS:
The frequency of blood sugar testing depends on the individual's health status and treatment plan. Individuals
with diabetes typically check their blood sugar levels multiple times per day, often before and after meals, as
well as before and after exercise. The frequency of testing may also vary based on factors such as medication
changes, illness, stress, or other life events that may affect blood sugar levels.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS:
Blood sugar levels can be affected by a variety of factors, including:
 Food: Eating carbohydrates can raise blood sugar levels, while protein and fat have a more modest effect.
 Exercise: Physical activity can lower blood sugar levels, especially if done regularly.
 Medications: Some medications, such as insulin or oral diabetes medications, can affect blood sugar levels.
 Illness: Infections, stress, and other illnesses can raise blood sugar levels.
 Hormones: Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during menstruation or pregnancy, can affect blood
sugar levels.

GLUCOMETER:
A glucometer is a portable device that measures the concentration of glucose in the blood. It works by measuring
the electrical current generated by the reaction between glucose and an enzyme called glucose oxidase. The
glucometer consists of a lancet device, a test strip, and the glucometer itself. The lancet device is used to puncture
the skin to obtain a small drop of blood. The test strip is then used to absorb the blood, and the glucometer analyzes
the blood sample and displays the glucose level on its screen.

USES OF GLUCOMETER:
Glucometer is used to measure blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is also used for
monitoring blood glucose levels during pregnancy, in cases of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, and to monitor
glucose levels during surgeries.

MATERIALS:
 Glucometer
 Lancet device
 Test strips
 Alcohol swabs
 Sterile cotton balls

PROCEDURE:
1. Wash your hands with soap and water.
2. Turn on the glucometer and insert a new test strip.
3. Clean your finger with an alcohol swab and let it dry completely.
4. Prick the side of your finger with a lancet device to obtain a small drop of blood.
5. Apply the blood to the test strip according to the glucometer manufacturer's instructions.
6. Wait for the glucometer to analyze the blood sample.
7. Record the glucose level displayed on the glucometer.
8. Clean the puncture site with a sterile cotton ball.
9. Turn off the glucometer.
OBSERVATION COLUMN:

 Patient ID SYEDA MAHNOOR

 Date 6/03/2023

 Time 14:30 PM

 Fasting/Postprandial FASTING

 Glucose Level (mg/dL or mmol/L) 96 mg/dl

 Remarks This value falls within the normal

range for a fasting blood sugar test

RESULT:
We performed a blood glucose test on a patient, and the result showed a blood glucose level of 96 mg/dL.
This value falls within the normal range for a fasting blood sugar test, but it's important to note that blood
glucose levels can fluctuate depending on various factors. It is always best to consult with a healthcare
professional if you have concerns about your blood glucose levels.
The blood glucose level of the patient was measured using a glucometer. The results were recorded in the
observation column. The glucose level was within the normal range for a healthy individual. If the glucose level
was outside the normal range, it would indicate abnormal glucose metabolism.

DISCUSSION:
The experiment demonstrated the use of a glucometer to measure blood glucose levels. Glucometers are a quick,
convenient, and reliable way to monitor blood glucose levels. The accuracy of the results depends on proper use
of the device, as well as proper collection and handling of the blood sample. Results obtained from glucometers
should be confirmed by a laboratory test before any treatment decisions are made. It is important to follow proper
hygiene procedures when using a glucometer to avoid infection.
Blood sugar readings are typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter
(mmol/L). Normal blood sugar levels are typically between 70-99 mg/dL or 3.9-5.5 mmol/L, while blood
sugar levels above 126 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L are indicative of diabetes.
Monitoring blood sugar levels is essential for individuals with diabetes, but it's also important for those
without diabetes for various health reasons. Checking blood sugar levels can help individuals identify
prediabetes, manage diabetes, and reduce the risk of chronic conditions such as heart disease. Regular
blood sugar testing can also help individuals understand how food, exercise, medications, illness, and
hormones affect their blood sugar levels. By monitoring blood sugar levels and making appro priate
lifestyle changes, individuals can take control of their health and prevent complications associated with
high or low blood sugar levels.
COMPLICATIONS:
Complications of the experiment may include infection at the puncture site, excessive bleeding, or inaccurate
results due to improper use of the glucometer. It is important to follow proper hygiene procedures and to use the
glucometer according to the manufacturer's instructions to minimize the risk of complications.