Presentation

on
Diabetes Awareness
 Diabetes
A GLOBAL DISEASE

The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups

worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and
4.4% in 2030.

The total number of people with diabetes is

projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366
million in 2030.

Reference: Wild Sarah, Roglic Gojka et al,

Diabetes care, Volume 27, Number 5, May 2004
The 10 Countries Estimated to Have The Highest Numbers of
People with Diabetes in 2000 and 2030

6th 5.2 million

5th 13.9 million

List of countries with the highest numbers of estimated cases of diabetes for 2000 and and 2030.
Source: “Global Prevalence of Diabetes Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.”
Diabetes Care, Volume 27, No. 5, May 2004.
Diabetes in Pakistan

Pakistan is a South-Asian country with a population of

approximately 150 million.

Diabetes prevalence Pakistan is high: 12% of people above 25

years of age suffer from the condition and 10% have impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT).

Reference:Fatema Jawad,
 Diabetes in Pakistan

According to a Diabetic Association of Pakistan

study into
•chronic complications
•Eye damage (retinopathy) affected 43% of the people,
•kidney disease (nephropathy) 17%, and

•nerve damage (neuropathy) 40%.

Reference:Fatema Jawad,
 Impact of Diabetes

 9th leading cause of death in world 1

According to researchers having diabetes in middle age will short your life

by up to six years 2

 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily

heart disease and stroke). 3

Neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb
amputation. 3

Source:
1.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html
2.By Rajan | Friday, March 4th, 2011, http://www.thehealthage.com/type-2-diabetes-middle-
age-reduce-life-years/0304/
3.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
Impact of Diabetes

After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and

about 10% develop severe visual impairment.

 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure.

Diabetic neuropathy affects up to 50% of people with diabetes.

Source:
1.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html
2.By Rajan | Friday, March 4th, 2011, http://www.thehealthage.com/type-2-diabetes-middle-
age-reduce-life-years/0304/
3.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
 What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a disease in which the body has a shortage of insulin, a

decreased ability to use insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone that
allows glucose (sugar) to enter cells and be converted to energy. When
diabetes is not controlled, glucose and fats remain in the blood and,
over time, damage vital organs.

Source:
http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/AAG/ddt.htm
 Understanding
Diabetes Mellitus

After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells
for growth and energy.
For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present.
 In Normal People
When healthy people eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right
amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells.
In people with Diabetes
When People with diabetes eat, their pancreas either produces little or
no insulin, or their cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that
is produced
Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of
the body in urine
What are the Types of
Diabetes?
Types of Diabetes
 Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes also called juvenile or insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

(IDDM). Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed
in children, adolescents, or young adults.
Types of Diabetes
 Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes develops when body does not respond correctly to insulin The
most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes.

It is also called Non-Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)

Types of Diabetes
 Gestational Diabetes
During pregnancy, hormonal changes can cause the body to be less sensitive
to the effect of insulin. These changes can lead to high blood sugar and
diabetes.
Diabetes is often without symptoms in its early stages.
That’s the reason 40% of people with diabetes are unaware of their
disease.
 Symptoms

• Frequent Urination

• Sudden weight Loss

• Blurry vision

• Numbness or tingling

• Increased Thirst

• Frequent Hunger

• Slow healing of infection

Complications
• Blindness

• Kidney failure

• Neuropathy (Numbness)

• Delayed healing of
infection

• Cardiovascular diseases
Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes
Mellitus
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

Measures blood glucose after you have
not eaten for at least 8 to 12 hours. It is
often the first test done to check for pre-
diabetes and diabetes.
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

 2-hour postprandial blood

sugar

Measures blood glucose exactly 2

hours after eating a meal.
Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

• Random blood sugar (RBS)

Measures blood glucose regardless of

when you last ate.

Early diagnosis can be accomplished through
relatively inexpensive blood testing.

Oral glucose tolerance test

An oral glucose tolerance test is a series of
blood glucose measurements taken after you
drink a sweet liquid that contains glucose.
This test is commonly used to diagnose
diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
Hemoglobin A1C Test

Glycated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin

which is measured primarily to identify the

average plasma glucose concentration over

prolonged periods (2-3 months) of time.

Reference:http://www.medicinen
et.com/hemoglobin_a1c_test/arti
cle.htm
 Normal Sugar Level

GLUCOSE LEVEL INDICATION

From 70 to 99 mg/dL Normal fasting glucose
(3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L)
From 100 to 125 mg/dL Impaired fasting glucose
(5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) (pre-diabetes)
126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and above Diabetes
on more than one testing occasion
1 hour post-prandial: below 140 Normal blood sugar readings
2 hours post-prandial: below 120

1 hour post-prandial: below 180 For diabetics

2 hours post-prandial: below 140

Source:1.http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/tab/test
2.http://www.naturaldiabetics.com/blood-sugar-numbers/
Normal Sugar Level

Source:http://ygraph.com/chart/618
 How to take care of yourself

Once you’ve been diagnosed with

diabetes, there are many changes
and things you have to do in order
to keep your blood sugar level
steady and healthy. Steps to be
taken include:
• Meal planning
• Weight loss
• Exercise.
Weight-Loss

Obesity increases insulin

resistance and can lead to
many cardiovascular and

other health problems.

Exercise

Exercise can take glucose

out of the blood for energy
during or after exercise,
which lowers the increased
glucose level.
Hypoglycaemia

&

Hyperglycaemia
 Hyperglycaemia

 Hyperglycaemia is an
excessively high level of glucose
in the blood, a feature of
untreated or inadequately
managed diabetes.
 Hypoglycaemia

 Hypoglycaemia is the low level of

glucose in the blood. This occurs
when a diabetic has injected too
much insulin, eaten too little food,
or has exercised without extra food.
 CONCLUSION :

Diabetes is a very complicated disease but it is

easy to diagnose.

 Patients have to take care of themselves

and have to regularly check their

• Blood sugar levels,

• Follow the medicines

• and diet plan as suggested by physician.

Any Question……? :