©u²ûQl× - A

RmUTRm - ùNôtùTôÚsûPÜ (Glossary of Dhammapatham)

RmUTRm Utßm AÚhùTÚg ú_ô§ ALY­p ûLVô[lThÓs[ £X ùNôtLÞdLô] Cf ùNôtùTôÚ[ûPÜ,

AkRkR Tϧ«p LôQlTÓm LÚj§û]l ׬kÕ ùLôs[ HÕYôLÜm ©uû]V Bn®tÏm ER®VôLÜm AûUÙm

Gu\ úSôd¡p RWl ùTtßs[Õ.

CPm ùTôÚs
J­ ùTVol× Be¡X ùUô¯ ùTôÚs ®[dLm
êXm ùTVol×
Gi
Pali word Canotation
Literary Translation English Translation Meaning
1. Abhinna A©gOô Super Knowledge in At×R A±Ü, ¨oYôQm AûPRtϬV
acquiring higher intellect EVo Oô]m TdÏYm Gn§V úTôÕ,
×jRo UßùUô¯Vôn
®[d¡V TôPp (©WôUQ
CVp)
2. abbinna Vosito A©gOô úYô³ úRô reached the culmination EVokR Oô]m GjRûLúVôodÏ
by comprehending that AûPkR T¦®ûP ùNnV
which should he ¨oYôQm úYiÓùU] JÚY¬u
GnRRtϬV úLs®dÏ ×jRo T§XôL
comprehended by TdÏYjûR á±V TôPp
disgarding that which AûPkRYoLs
should he discarded by
realising that which
should be realized/ and by
developing that which
should be developed.
3. ajjhatta Aw_jR personal §Vô]m, NUô§ NL Õ\®Ls Tt±
C¯YôLl úT£V
Õ\®«u úTôdûLd
Li¥jÕl ×jRo á±V
TôPp (©dÏ CVp)
4. akatannu ALRgÒôN ungrateful Su±Vt\Yu ×jRûW SmTôRYo Tt±
®[dL ØtThP
¨ûXûV GÓjÕûWdÏm
TôPp (ØjRo CVp)
5. Amanusirati AUôàÊW ¾ the light attainments, the AûPVj RÏkR §ÚPYkRYoLs U]m
four Rupa Jhanas, and the GhÓj §Úk§ Õ\®Vô]ôoLs.
four Arupa Jhanas. RuûULû[ CYoLû[l TôWôh¥
AûPRp, ×jRo á±V TôPp (©dÏ
NôRôWQ CVp)
U²RoLÞdÏ
GhPôRûYL[ô]
EÚYm, AÚYm
CWi¥tÏUôL
®¬kÕ GhPôÏm
6. Anakkhata A]dLôúR Nibba-na ùNôpùXôQôRÕ, B£¬Vo ®]ô®tÏ
®Y¬dL ®ûP RÚYRtÏ Øu
Ø¥VôRÕ C\kÕ ®hP ¨ûX
Gi¦
YÚk§VYoL°Pm
EiûUûV A±ÜßjÕ
ØLUôL ®[d¡V TôPp
(Au× CVp)
7. Anatta ASjRô Selfless, Non - Self, No Rôu Gàm BuUô CuûUl Tt±
soul R²jRuûU §Vô²jR Õ\®L°Pm,
CuûU, BuUô CRû]j ùRôPokÕ
CuûU §Vô²dÏ Uôß ×jRo
á±V TôPp (ùS±«Vp)
8. Anavassuta ASYvÊR lust LôU CfûN G§oUû\l ùTôÚ[ôL
ùLôs[lThP ¨ûX«p
ùNôpXlTVuTÓj§VÕ
9. Andhabhuto AkR éúRô Blind world ÏÚhÓ EXLm ×jR¬u úLs®LÞdÏ,
CÚs AûPkRÕ Ut\YoLs ׬kÕ
ùLôs[ôR ¨ûX«p,
T§X°jR JÚ
ùTiU¦ûV TôWôh¥
×jRo Tô¥V TôPp
(EXL®Vp)

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10. Anicca A¨fN Impermanent ¨ûXVôûU ©dÏLs BuUô
CpûX GuTûR
EQokÕ
RYªVt±ûR
Oô]jRôp ×jRo
EQokRôo. ©u]o
AYoL°Pm
ARû]j ùRôPkÕ
úUtùLôsÞUôß
á±V TôPp
(ùS±«Vp)
11. Apaya ATôVô the four useful states, SWLm, (TôY GjRûLúVôodÏl
EXLeLs T¦®ûP ùNnV
SôuÏm SWLm úYiÓm G]
G]lTÓm) úLhPYoLÞdÏl
T§ÛûW ×jRo
á±VÕ (©WôUQ
CVp)
12. Ariya A¬V Noble, a noble one Eu]R U²Ro, ®¯l×QoÜ Tt±
çV U²Ro, º¬V ×jRo á±V TôPp
U²Ro (CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

13. Asaddho Av^júRô Unfaithful Sm©dûLVt\Yu Sm©dûLûVl Tt±

×jRo Nô¬ ×jR¬Pm
®]®V úTôÕ
ùNôpXlThP
(ØjRo CVp)
14. Asava A¨fN Corruptions Ït\eLs SôuÏ YûL
Ït\eLû[ (LôUm,
EXL YôrdûL
®ÚlTm,
ùTôndLôh£,
A±VôûU)
GÓjÕûWjÕ
Ït\Ut\YoLû[
®[d¡V ãZ­p
á\lThP TôPp
(£]®Vp)

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15. Atidhonacari A§úRô]Nô¬ transgressor RoU ®§Ls Á± C\kR Õ\®«u
SPlúTôo C¯¨ûXûV
GÓjÕûWdûL«p
×jRWôp TôPlùTt\Õ
(Ït\®Vp)
16. Avihimsa A©µmNô harmlessness ùLôpXôûU EiûU ùS±LÞs
Juß (CWhûPf
ùNnÙs)

17. Avyapada AqVTRô Loving-Kindness Au×m EiûU ùS±LÞs

CWdLØm Juß (CWhûPf
ùNnÙs)
18. bhagasaltani TY^pXô² thorns of life YôrdûL«u úYhûLûV A¯jÕ
ØhLs AfNj§²ußm ¿e¡V
C[m Õ\®l Tt± ×jRo
á±V TôPp (úYhûL
CVp)
19. Bhagava TôLYô Relative E\ÜdLôWo TeLô° G]f
NôRôWQUôLl
ùTôÚsTÓm CeÏf
£\lTôLf NUV ùS±«p
¡hÓm TXû]d
ϱjRÕ. SuÏ
Lt\±kRYûW ®P RY
ùS±ûV úUtùLôiPYo
×jRo úLhP
®]ô®tÏf N¬Vô]
T§p á± CfãZ­p
×jRWôp á\lThPÕ
(CWhûPf ùNnÙs)
20. Bhikkhate ©dLúR beg from others ©fûN úLhTRôp ©fûNùVÓlTRôúXúV
JÚYo ©dÏ
BLUôhPôo G] ×jRo
TôPp êXm ®[d¡VÕ
(Nôuú\ôo CVp)

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21 Bojjhanga úTôw_eLô Enlightenment ùUnV±®u ©dÏLs £Xo RYùS±ûV ®ÓjÕ CqÜXûLl Tt±
factor AeLm ®Yô§jÕd ùLôi¥ÚkR]o. ×jRo AYoLs
AjRûLV ®YôRjûR ®ÓjÕ RYùS±ûV
úUtùLôiÓ Ruû] A±kÕ (self)ùLôs[ ØVÛmT¥
á±VÕ (UXo CVp)
22 dantena RkúR] Sense control ×Xu APdLm Vôû]ûV APd¡VÕ úTôp U]ûRÙm LhÓlTÓj§
TZdLlTÓjÕUôß ×jRo ©dÏL°Pm
A±Üßj§VúTôÕ Tô¥V TôPp (Vôû] CVp)

23 dhamma RmUô Kamma or Karma A\m ®û], ùNVp Gàm ùTôÚ°p ûLVô[lTÓ¡\Õ
(CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

24 Dhammattha RmUhPRô One who abides A\ùS±«p £X ¿§T§Ls RYß ùNnRûRl ©dÏLs êXm A±kR
by the law ¨u\Yo ×jRo CÕ Tt± á±V TôPp (Ït\®Vp)

25 Dukkha ÕdúL suffering ÕdLm BuUô Tt± ©dÏL°Pm LÚjÕûWdûL«p Tô¥V

TôPp (ùS±«Vp)

26 Hatavakaso aRôYLôú^ô he who has CÚ®û]LÞdLô] EjRU ×Ú`o Tt± LXkÕûWVôP­u úTôÕ ×jRo
destroyed the Yônl×Lû[j Tô¥V TôPp (ØjRo CVp)
opportunity R®ojRYo

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27 indriya Ck§¬Vm Faculty, sense ×Xu (Ck§¬Vm) ©dÏLs £XûW CqÜXûl Tt± ®Yô§dLôUp
organ RYùS±ûV úUtùLôiÓ Ruû] (self)V±V
ØVÛmT¥ ×jRo úYi¥ EûWjR TôPp (UXo CVp)

28 Ittain «hPe is that which is ®Zôd LôXeL°p ×jRo Nô¬ ×jRWÕ SiT¬Pm N¬Vô] Y¯Øû\ûVd
given on festival ©\ÚdÏd Lôh¥VVÚ°VúTôÕ á\lThP TôPp (B«W®Vp)
occasions ùLôÓdÏm T¬Ñ

29 Jhana Oô]ô State of BrkR §Vô]m RYªVt±VYoLs úRYûRL°PªÚkÕ HtThP

absorption in ùRôkRWÜL°­ÚkÕ ®ÓTP ×jR¬Pm úYi¥]o.
meditation ×jRo ARtÏ TôPpLs Tô¥ AûYLû[f NôkRlTÓjR
GÓjÕûWjRôo. CRû] úUtùLôiP AYoLs ©u]o
Oô]m ùTt\]o. AlúTôÕ ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (U]
CVp)
30 Kama LôUô Lust RY\ô] ùS± RY\ô] ùS±L°p BûNÙm Ju\ôL ×jRWôp TôPp
êXm ®[dLlThÓs[Õ (CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

31 Kamma LmUô Volitional action ®Úl× ApXÕ AWLkR ¨ûXVûPkRYoLû[ קV ®û]Ls GÕÜm
BûNVôp úNoY§pûX GuTRû] ®[d¡ ×jRo á±V TôPp
çiPlThÓf (CWhûPf ùNnÙs)
ùNnÙm ùNVp

32 Kakasurarena LôLÊúW] Shameless one ùYhLm ùLhP ùTÚkRuûUVô] U]jûRÙm LôhÓªWôi¥jR]Uô]

U]jûRÙm EûPVYo Tt± LÚjÕûWdûL«p ×jRo
á±VÕ (Ït\®Vp)

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33 Katapunno LR×gúOô well-doer ×i¦Vm GlùTôÝÕm Sp®û]ûVúV ùNnÕ
ùNnRYu ùLôi¥ÚlTYû]d ϱdÏm TôPp (CWhûPf
ùNnÙs)

34 Kayena LôúV] through the U] EQoÜ ×jRùS±l TôPpLÞs JúWùVôÚ TôPûX Tô¥
mental ApXÕ TôWôhÓl ùTt\Õ LiÓ úLôTm ùLôiP ©dÏL°Pm
body/through self RuàQoÜ ®ûLd ÏûL«p ×jRWôp TôPl ùTt\Õ (Nôuú\ôo
CVp)
realization.

35 Kusala ÏNX wholesome SXm TVlTÕ BûN«u LôWQUôL BQôL CÚkRYu ùTiQôL
Uô±]ôu. CWiÓ ÏZkûRLs ùTt\©u TûZV¨ûX
úYi¥ AR]ûPkRôu. ©u]o AYu Õ\Ü éiÓ
Oô]m ùTt\ôu. Aq®Ú ÏZkûRLs ùRôPoTôL
AYu ùTôn ùNôpYRôL Gi¦VYoLs ×jR¬Pm á\,
AYu ùNôpYÕ EiûUùVuß ×jRo á±VlTôPp.
36 Maghava ULYô king of gods Ck§Wu úRúYk§W]ôLl úTß ùTt\ YûWd ϱdÏm
(®¯l×Qo®Vp)

37 Mahesim Uúa³e seeker of higher EVokR RYß ùNnY§­ÚkÕ U]m §Úk§ AWLkR
morality, A\jûRÙm ¨ûXVûPkRYûWj ùRôkRWÜ ùNnÕm áP AYo
concentration and §Vô]jûRÙm AfNUt±ÚkRôo. AYWÕ úTôd¡û]l ×jRo á±V
A±ûYÙm úRÓm TôPp (©WôUQo CVp)
wisdom ùT¬VYo
38 Majjhe Uwú_ present CûP«p Vôo ©WôUQo GuTûR ×jRo GÓjÕûWjR TôPp
¨LoLôXm (©WôUQo CVp)

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39 Manta UkR wisdom A±ÜléoYUô] Õ\®ùVôÚYo ×jR¬u RûXûU UôQôdLoLs Tt±
C¯YôLl úT£j §¬kRûRd Li¥jÕ ×jRo Tô¥V
TôPp (©dÏ CVp)

40 Maro UôúWô Mara ¾Vf Nd§Vô] LhÓlTôÓ CpXôRYu EQof£LÞdÏ YNlThÓ

UôWu A¯Yôu GuTûR ®[dϪPjÕ ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp
(CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

41 Matteyyata UjùRnRô good conduct RôndÏ úNûY CuTm GuTÕ GûYùVûY GuTRû]l ×jRo
ùNnYÕ ®[dÏm YûL«p á±VÕ (Vôû] CVp)

42 Nekkhamma ¨dLmUô Renunciation or ¨oYôQ Nô¬ ×jRo ×jR¬u Y¯úV SPd¡u\ûRd á±]ÜPu
non-attachment ¨ûXûVd ϱdL ×jRo á±VÕ (CWhûPf ùNnÙs) Utú\ô¬Pj§p
Nibbana YkRÕ EiûU, ùS±LÞs Ju\ôL ùLôs[lTÓmúTôÕ ×jRo
á±VûY

43 nirayam ¨WVe devoid of SWLm, CuTUt\ ©dÏ®Pm Y¦Lu JÚYu R]Õ RY±û] EQokÕ
happiness ¨ûX Uu²l× úLhPúTôÕ ×jRWôp GÓjÕûWdLlThP
TôPp (¾®û] CVp)

44 Nivarana ¨YWQm Hindrance RûP, CûPëß A\m áßm YûL«p ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (A±Oo
CVp) ©dÏLs UûZdLôX JÓdLm (Vassa Vasa) éiÓ
©u UûZdLôXm Ø¥kR©u ×jRûWd LôQ YkRúTôÕ
A\m Tt±d áߪPjÕ RûPLs Tt±
LÚjÕûWjÕs[ôo.

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45 paccha TfNô Future ©u×, G§oLôXm Vôo ©WôUQu GuTRû]d áߪPjÕ ×jRo Tô¥V
TôPp (©WôUQo CVp)

46 papa TôTô evil ¾®û] HûZ ©WôUQu JÚYu ûYj§ÚkR JúWùVôÚ

BûPûVÙm AuT°lTôL ×jRÚdÏd ùLôÓjÕ
®hPRu êXm Rôu Ru]XjûR ùYuß®hP
YûL«û]d á±VRôLf ùNôpXlThPûR AWNu
A±kRôu. ©u]o AkR HûZdÏl T¬N°jRôu. CRû]
®[dÏm TôPp. (¾®û]«Vp)
47 papakari TôTLô¬ evil doer TôYm ùNnRYo GlùTôÝÕm ùRôPokÕ ¾®û]Lû[f ùNnTYû]d
ϱd¡\Õ. Tu±Lû[d ùLôuß ®tß ËY]m
SPj§VYu UWQj§uúTôÕ AY§Ùtß C\kRôu.
CRû] ×jRo TôPp êXm ®[d¡Ùs[ôo (CWhûPf
ùNnÙs)
48 pare TúW others ©\o ×jRo ¨ûXV±VôÕ LXLm ùNnÕùLôi¥ÚdÏm
A±®­Lû[d ϱjÕ Tô¥V TôPp, (CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

49 paritaho T¬Xô úaô Heat LônfNp, ùYlTm, BûNL°]ôp HtTÓm ÕuTeLû[ GÓjÕûWdûL«p
(EPp Utßm ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (ØjRo CVp)
U]Rôp
HtTÓYÕ)

50 parippham ×lTe flowers ×xTeLs UQUt\ UXoLs TV]tß úTôn ®Ó¡u\ ¨ûXûV
GÓjÕûWjR ¨ûX«p ùNôpXlThP TôPp (UXo CVp)

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51 pure ×úW past Øu×, C\kR Vôo ©WôUQu GuTRû]l ×jRo ®[d¡V TôPp
LôXm (©WôUQo CVp)

52 Saddha NRô Trustful EiûU«p Es[ ×jRûWd LôQ YkR JÚYûW, AYo TôWôhPl
confidence based AûNVôR A±Ü ùTt\Õ Tt±, úRWo A]kRo ×jR¬Pm ®Nô¬jRôo.
on knowledge NôokR Sm©dûL ARtÏ ×jRo á±V TôPp (ùTôÕ®Vp)

53 Saddha ^jR Faithian in the ØmU¦Ls ùT[jRj Õ\®VWô] NúLôRWÚs JÚYo Ru

Buddha Uû]®«u çiÓRXôp Õ\Y\jûR ®hÓ
(the Teacher, the ùY°úV±]ôo. çiÓRp HÕªu± EVoÜ ùTt\
Õ\®ûVd ϱjÕ ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (CWhûPf
Dhamma, and the ùNnÙs)
Sangha)
54 Sagga NdLô Heaven, the six ÑYodLm, úRYo SpY¯«t ùNuú\ôo ÑYodLjûR AûP¡u\]o
heavenly realms. EXLm Bß. G]l ×jRo á±V TôPp (¾®û] CVp)
the sixteen Rupa, EÚY EXLm
T§]ôß. GjRûLúVôodÏ T¦®ûP ùNnV úYiÓùU]
Realms and the AÚYÜXLm úLhPYÚdÏ T§XôL ×jRo á±V TôPp (©WôUQo
four Arupa Realms SôuÏ BL CVp)
ùUôjRm
CÚTjRôß
EXLeLs ÑYodL
EXLeLs BÏm
55 Samana ^UúQô an ascetic AÑjReLû[ùVp ×jRo, JÚYWÕ çV EVo¨ûXVô]Õ AYo
Xôm LÝ®VYo A¦k§ÚdÏm BûPVôp CpûX GußûWjR
úTôÕ á±V TôPp (RiPû] CVp)

56 Sammannassa ^ôUgOv^ Holy life ¨oYôQm Õ\Ü ùS±«u TVuTt± ×jRo ®[d¡V TôPp
(CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

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57 Samkhara NeLôWm Formation, Mental U] GÝf£, U] T£Vô±®hÓ YkR©u R]Õ A\ÜûWûVd úLhL
formation, EÚYôdLm, YÚUôß HûZ EZY²Pm ×jRo á±VûR
Volitional ®Úl×L°]ôp ®Vl×Pu ©dÏL°Pm ®[d¡Vl TôPp (CuT
çiPlThÓf CVp)
formation ùNnÙm
®û[YôdLm
58 Samsara NmNôWm The round of ÁiÓm ÁiÓm êPoLÞdÏ YôrdûL ªL ¿iPRôLj úRôuß¡\Õ
repeated becoming ©\l× C\l× Guß á±VúTôÕ ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (êPo CVp)
Gu¡\ ÑZt£

59 Samsaro ^eNôúWô Ocean of life or EXL YôrdûL ©\l× C\l× B¡V ùRôPof£Vô] Yôr®û]d
existence ϱl©ÓûL«p ×jRo Tô¥VÕ (êPo CVp)

60 Sandhicchedo ^k§f úNúRô The links of ©\l× C\l×Lû[ ×jRo Nô¬ ×jR¬Pm AYWÕ Sm©dûLûVl Tt±
existence and U²Rú]ôÓ ®]ô®VÕ (ØjRo CVp)
rebirth, a house CûQlTÕ,
LiQªÓm
breaker, burglor §ÚPu
61 Sannojanam ^gúOô_]e fetters U]jRûXLs U²R²u Oô]Y¯ Øuú]t\j§tÏj RûPVôL
(GpXô TkReLs) Es[ûY (®¯l×Qo®Vp)
62 Sankhatdaha ^eLPRmUô]e who have well SuÏ ×jRWôp EûWdLlThP SôuÏ úTÚiûULs
mmanam weighed the law AûUdLlThP GÓjRûWdLlThhÕ. (êPo CVp)
A\m

63 Sankhara ^eLôWô things conditioned £Úx¥dLlThhû ¨ûXVôûUûV EQokÕ RYªVt±V ©dÏLÞdÏ,

by causes Y ×jRo CRû] A±Üßj§V úTôÕ Tô¥V TôPp
(ùS±«Vp)

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64 Sudhantena ÊRkúR] by the EVokR SpX ×jRo, Vôû]ûV APdÏYÕ úTôp U]jûR
development of UôodLj§p APdLd á±V A±ÜûW«u úTôÕ Tô¥V TôPp
the Noble path U]jûRd (Vôû] CVp)
LhÓlTÓj§l
TZdLlTÓRp
65 Sugatam ÊLRe well-gone in Suù]±«p Vôo - ©WôUQu GuTRû] ®[dϪPjÕ ×jRo
practice, that is, to YôrTYo á±V TôPp (©WôUQo CVp)
Nibbana

66 tadi Rô§ a balanced and ®Úl× Nô¬ ×jRWÕ CVp©û]l TôWôh¥ áߪPjÕ
well disciplined ùYßlTt\ NU ×jRWôp ûLVô[l ùTt\ TôPp (ØjRo CVp)
person ¨ûXûV
EûPVYo
68 Ththagata RRôLRô who thus hath Øuû]V ×jR ¨oYôQm AûPV®ÚdÏm RßYô«p ÑTjRo
come. An epithet ×jRoLs ùNu\ Gàm Õ\®«Pm ®[dLm ùNôpÛm ãZ­p ×jRo
of the Buddha Y¯«p ùNu\Yo Tô¥VÕ (Ït\®Vp)

69 Tipitaka §©PLm Three Baskets êuß RYùS±«û] Ru ùNôkR AàTYj§u êXm ×jRo
ùThPLeLs úLhP úLs®LÞdÏ, N¬Vô] ®ûPV°jR
NUVj§p AYû] Yôrj§ ×jRo EûWjR TôPp
(CWhûPf ùNnÙs)

70 Usabham E^Te fearless as a bull Lôû[, §ÚP]ô«ÚkÕ ©u U]m §Úk§ Õ\Ü éiÓ
Lôû[ûVl AWLkR ¨ûX AûPkRYûW UdLs ùRôkRWÜ
úTôuß A°jÕm AfNUt\ úTôd¡û] úUtùLôi¥ÚkRôo.
AfNUt\Yu CRû] áߪPjÕ ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (©WôUQo
CVp)
71 Vanam Y]e Forest of such ùT¬V TtßLs Tt±û] ¿dL ×jRo A±Üßj§V TôPp (ùS±«Vp)
passions as lust, (BûN, úLôTm,
hatred and UVdLm Gàm
Ït\eLs)
delusion

xii
72 Vantaso YkRôú^ô He who eats vomit ©\o EªrkRûRj ×jRo, Nô¬ ×jRo CÚYÚm Sm©dûLûVl Tt±
§u\Yu úT£]o. AkR ãZ­p ©\ ©dÏLÞdÏ CÕ Tt±V
úYhûLûVj EiûUûV ®[dÏûL«p ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp
§u\Yu (ØjRo CVp)

73 Veyyaggha ùYnVdL a perilous path ×­Ls ¨û\kR JÚ Oô²«u RuûUûVl TôWôh¥ ×jRo á±V
infested with tigers BTjRô] Y¯ TôPp (ùTôÕ®Vp)

74 Vihimsa ®¡mNô harmfulness E«odùLôûX RY\ô] ùS±LÞs Ju\ôL E«od ùLôûX

ÑhPlTÓ¡u\úTôÕ ×jRo Tô¥V TôPp (CWhûPf
ùNnÙs)

75 Vijitavinam ®´Rô®]e The conqueror of ×XuLû[ §ÚP]ô«ÚkÕ U]m §Úk§, Õ\Y\m éiÓ,
passions ùYu\Yo AWLkR ¨ûXVûPkRYo Õu×ßjRlThPôo. ©\Wôp
Õu×ßjRlThP úTô§Ûm AYo AfNUt\YWôLd
LôQlThPôo. CYWÕ RuûUûVl Tt± ×jRo
GÓjÕûWjR TôPp (©WôUQo CVp)

xiii
 §ÚYÚhTô - AÚhùTÚgú_ô§ ALYp
Gi ùNôp ùTôÚÞm ®[dLØm ùNôtùTôÚs ®[dL AûPÜ (Glossary)
1. ALeLôWm LûP©¥jRp, ¾oUô]m ùNnRûR
ùNVpTÓjÕYûRd ϱjRp, GûRÙm
ùNnÕ Ø¥lTRtÏ GÓd¡u\
¾oUô]Uô¡V Õ¦ûYd LôhÓ¡\Õ.
2. ALj§ûP BuU AÔ®p
3. ALdLûP ×\ÜPp Y¥Ym BuUô®u LûP£
¨ûXj úRôt\m
4. ALdLQm BuU Nd§d áhPeLs
5. ALlTP A±Ü ùT\
6. ALl×\ E«o
7. ALl×\lé EQo®u BdLjûRd ϱd¡u\Õ
8. AûLÜ\ RôdÏRp
9. AfN\ E«¬u AfÑ ¿eL, Y¥YjRûPLs
¿eL, JÚ ©\®«p JÚ ãr¨ûX«p
EiPô¡u\ Uß Y¥Ym AûPYÕ
¿eL
10. Af£Vp ¨ûXjR EÚYjûR EiPôdÏ¡u\
RuûU«û]d ϱd¡u\Õ
11. AhPm AhPLm, GhÓ
12. APÛ\ úSôûV G§ojÕ Yôr®d¡u\ Bt\p
(Immunology)
13. A¥«ûP SÓ¨ûX

14. ARm A¯Rp

15. AjÕ\ YWm× ùTôÚkÕm T¥
16. ATVm TVm ¿dÏm AûPdLXm

17. AmTWm BLôNm Gu\ ùTôÚû[f ÑhP

YkRúRôÓ ALÜiûU ®[dLÜm xiv
YkÕs[Rôm. (£jÕ AmTWm = £RmTWm
- ARôYÕ Oô]ôLôNm)
 Gi ùNôp ùTôÚs
18. Am× Ri½o
19. AUXm UôÑ ¿eÏYÕ
20. AØRm E«o, EPp, EXÏ B¡VYtû\ SXàßd LôjÕ
Y[Ø\f ùNnÙm ùTôÚ[ôLúYô, Nd§VôLúYô
ùLôs[lTÓm.
21. AÚs ¨ûX EÚYm, AÚYm, EÚAÚYm, AÚÜÚYm B¡V
SôuûL EûPVÕ.
22. AÚ[±Ü Oô] ¨ûX
23. ApLp Ïû\Rp
24. AXl×\ Õ¥l×\
25. AûXÜ ÕuTm, LXdLm
26. AYjûRLs ÕuTeLs , ÕuTôÔTY ¨ûXLs Õ«p, L]Ü
S]Ü, Õ¬Vm. A¾Rm B¡V IkÕ
27. AYm ÕuTm
28. A[® ®¬kÕ
29. A° Au×
30. A°Ù\ AuúTôÓ AûPV
31. At\m A±VôUp ùNn¡u\ Ït\m
32. AßTjÕ SôuÏ HÝ Sôòtß SôtTjùRhÓ úLô¥ £j§L[ôm
úLô¥ (4,48,0000000)
33. AàTYô¾Rm EXL AàTYjûRÙm, E«o AàTYjûRÙm
LPkR AÚs AàTYjûRÙm Cû\
AàTYjûRÙm ϱdÏm
34. BdLm ùNpYm, ùTÚYôrÜ
35. BLm EPm×
36. BLWm L[g£Vm
37. BÑ Ït\m
38. BPLm ùTôu²p JÚ YûLVôm
39. Bj§Wm E«ol T¦«u FdLjRôp Cû\Y²Pm
úTWôoYm EiPôYÕ
40. BU\ ALeLôWm ¿eL
41. Bo ¨Wl×
42. Bo AØÕ ¨j§V CuT YôrûY RÚYÕ
43. BWQm úYRm
44. BL ¨uß AÚs Y¥YôL ¨uß
45. B¬Vp AÚûUVô] ùRnÅL §ÚYÚs RuûU

xv
46. BX\ ¨ûXj RY\ôUp ¨uß Y[W
47. BÛ\ CVeÏRp
48. B® çV úRLm ApXÕ TÚÜPtÏs ®[eÏm E«o
Y¥YUôm
49. B¯ úUô§Wm
50 B\ôß 36 AàTYeLs
ËY S]Ü, L]Ü, Õ«p, Õ¬Vm, A¬Vm = 5
TW S]Ü, L]Ü, Õ«p, Õ¬Vm, A¬Vm = 5
¨uUX S]Ü, L]Ü, Õ«p, Õ¬Vm, A¬Vm = 5
ÏÚ S]Ü, L]Ü, Õ«p = 3
______
AàTYeLs 18
(A¬Vm = Õ¬Vô¾Rm) ______

CkR 18 AàTYeLû[ E«olT¦Vôp

çnûUlTÓjÕYRôp 18 çV AàTYeLs
¡ûPdÏm. BL (18+18=36) AàTYeL[ôm.
51 Bu\ B² Gu¡\ TX¸]m Atß úTôÏm T¥ Bt\p
ùTßRp
52. B]p A]p GuT§u ¿hPp (ALkûRf ãÓ)
53. B² Cp A¯®pXôR
54. CL ¨ûX CqÜXL AûUl×
55. CVp AÚs J° CVtûLVôL ¨j§VUôL ALiP ùY°
ØÝYÕm ¨Wm©Ùs[ AÚhùTÚgú_ô§
56. CVp× RuûU, ÏQm, ÑTôYm
57. CÚeLPp ùTÚeLPp
58. Di¥] úR¥], á¥]
59. ETVm CWiÓ
60. EVÛ\ YôrdûL ùTôÚkÕmT¥ ùNn¡\
61. E«oùY° E«of Nd§¨ûX
62. G§o A\ G§olTRtÏ GÕÜm CpXôR
63. Gnl× úNªl×
64. GnY\ úSôdLj§p Ïû\Ü HtTPôUp
65. HLô ùNpXô, L¯Vô, ¨ûXj§ÚdÏm
66. HLô RN ¨ûX T§ù]ôu\ôm ¨ûX - LPÜ[ôiU ¨ûX
67. IùT\ ®VdLjRdL
68. Ji J° ùTôÚk§V
69. KÜ\ô GÝm ùRôPokÕ úRôußm

xvi
70. LL]PM Yô]m
71. Nj§ NjRoLs Bi ùTiTôp ¨ûX EVokÕ UôU²RWôL
YôrTYûWd ϱdÏm
72. LWQm U]m, ×j§, £jRm, ALeLÞm SôuÏm AkRd
LWQUôm
(Uú]ô, YôdÏ, LôVm, êußm ×\d LôWQUôm)
73. LûX ùNnVlThP ùTôÚû[d ϱdÏm
74. L[Ü A±VôûU
75. ÏQØ\p ©\®l ©¦«²uß ¿e¡f ÑLØßRp, ÑLô]kR
Y¥Ym AûPRp
76. ùLôpXô ùS± RVÜ UôodLm
77. ûLRYo JÝdLj§p RY±VYo
78. ûLV\Ü úNôm©d ¡PjRp, RôUNd ÏQd át±p Juß.
79. Nd§ Bt\p
80. NLØRp ULô©WTgN LôWQUô] GeÏm ¨û\kR LPÜs
úTùWô° ¨ûXûVd ϱd¡u\Õ.
81. NjÕYTRm GpXô Bt\Ûm ùLôiPÕ
82. NjRoLs ú_ô§«u úRôu±Ùs[ EXLl ùTôÚhLs
Aû]jÕm
83. NtÏQm ØÝ EiûUûV ®[dÏ¡\ ÏQm
84. Nk§WTRm AL®NôWjRôp EiPôÏm ùUnV±Ü ¨ûX
85. NW J° ùRôPkÕ úRôuß¡\ J°
86. NûT E«o ®[dLm, RÚm EfNk RûX«p CÚdÏm
ùTôtúLô«ûX ϱd¡\Õ.
87. Nôd¡Wm S]Ü
88. £jÕ At×Rm ApXÕ ®Vu ùNVp
89. £jRm JÚûUÙm ùR°Üm ùLôiP U]m
90. £jRo ùTÚ YôrÜ ùTt\Yo
91. £j§ ¨ûXjR AàTYm
92. £tÑLm AÚs Oô]Uô¡V £jÕQo®p AàTYUô]Õ
93. £YÕ¬Vm 24BYÕ AàTYm
94. £Ym £ - NjÕ Y- £jÕ U- B]kRm
95. £YWL£Vm úT¬uTm Tt±V Uû\ùTôÚs
96. £tNûT LPÜs BuU Y¥Ym
97. ùN¥ Ït\m (U]m, ùUô¯, ùUn Gu\ êu±Ûm
Es[ Ït\UôÏm)
98. úNLWm úNojÕ ûYjRp
99. ùNôìTm ÑV EÚYm

xvii
100. Oô]VôLm Oô] úYs®, úYs® (VôLm) GuTÕ ER®.
101. RLW ùUng Oô]m B«WjùRhÓ CRrLÞûPV LUXm úTôu\
êuß YûLVô] êû[ AÓdÏLû[ (ùTÚ
êû[, £ß êû[, E«o êû[, (ØÏ[m))
ϱdÏm
102. RjÕY A¾Rm ÑjR Nj§V Cû\ ¨ûXûVd ϱlTÕ
103. Rk§Wm Nôuú\ôo èûXÙm, §\ûUûVÙm ϱdÏm
104. Rk§W TRm ALm ®[eÏ¡u\ LPÜs §ÚY¥
105. RÖ EPp
106. RôWLm RôeÏm BRôWm
107. R¬VôÕ ùTôßdL Ø¥VôÕ
108. RjÕYm EPt áß
109. §§¨ûX Y[oRûXÙm, úRnRûXÙm ϱlT]
110. RYm ®Pô ØVt£
111. §WúVôRN¨ûX T§uêu\ôm ¨ûX, ÕYôRN ¨ûXdÏ úUp
®[eÏm
112. §Ú¨ûX ùUnl ùTôÚs ¨ûX
113. §ÚùS± LPÜs EiûU ®[dLf NuUôodL Øû\Vôm
114. §ÚùS± ùTôÚ°Vp LPÜs AàTY ®[dLUôm
115. Õnl× AàT®jRp
116. Õ¬Ñ çnûU«uûU
117. Õ¬Vm SôuLôYÕ A±Ü
118 ùR¬jRp ®[d¡j ùR°®jRp
119. ùRÚs ¨ûX AûNdL Ø¥VôR ùR°Ü ¨ûX
120. ùRÚhÓRp TdÏYUôn ùR°kÕ §Wh£Ù\f ùNnRp
121. úRÑ J°
122. úRYo AÚY EPÛPu GeÏm ùNuß Nj§ NjRWôn
T¦ ׬TYo
123. SY ¨ûX AL AàTYeLs ϱjRÕ.
124. SYm RÚ TRm ©WQYm ùLôiÓ ®[eÏm §ÚY¥Vôm
125. SYm JuTÕ
126. SûY YgNLm
127. SkR]m SkRY]m ApXÕ SkRY]Um B¡V
ékúRôhPUôm
128. SkR]dLô Y[ªdL UXo ¨û\kR égúNôûX ApXÕ
éeLô
129. Su]±Ü SÓ¨ûX RY\ôR T¬éWQUô] A±Ü
130. SôRm J­, KûN

xviii
131. SôpY«t Sôu¡PUô]ûY (ALm, ALl×\m. ×\m,
×\l×\m)
132. ¨§ §WhPlThP ApXÕ úNL¬dLlThP ùTôu
ØR­V ùNpYm
133. ¨odÏQm NUVjRYo
134. TdÏYL§ TiTÓYRtÏ úYi¥V CVdLm, ¨Lo êfÑ
135. TWm EVokR ¨ûX, EVoÜ
136. TWU£jRôkRm ªL EVokR ùLôsûLûVd ϱd¡\Õ
137. TWU WL£Vm ªL EVokR Uû\l ùTôÚs
138. TûW úUXô] Nj®NôW EiûU ®[eÏm
EVo¨ûXVôm
139. T«ol×ß LWQm Sm ¨XÜXûLd ϱlTÕ
140. ©WU WL£Vm Cû\Yû]l Tt±V Uû\lùTôÚs
141. TûW TW®«Úd¡\ Cû\Y²u ùTÚeLÚûQûVd
ϱd¡u\Õ
142. T«ol×ß LWQm £kRû]Vt\ ùYßm Õ¥l×s[ U]ûRd
ϱd¡\Õ
143. T[Ï RYß
144. Tk§jÕ Cß¡, Juß ThÓ
145. Tô¦l× LôXm LPjÕRp
146. TW®ú]ôo Y¯lThúPôo
147. ©WUm Cû\ J°
148. ×t×Rm úRôu± Uû\YÕ
149. ×\j§Vp CVtûLVô] ¨û]Yôt\p
150. ×\l×\ AàTYm
151. ×\lé £k§d¡u\ Es[m
152. ×]p ¿o
153. ùTÚ SXm ùTÚgÑLôàTY¨ûX
154. ùTÚmùTôÚs ¨j§V CuTUô¡V úT¬uTjûR RÚ¡\ ùTôÚs
155. ùTÚùY° úT¬uT AàTYm
156. ùTôÚhTRm CÚûU - Cq®WiÓm Cû\Yu §ÚY¥L[ôm,
CRû]úV ùTôtNûT (EXLm, £tNûT (EPp)
GuTo
157. ùTôÚs U§l×
158. ùTôÚs ¨ûX ϱdúLôs ¨ûX ApXÕ Yôr®u AojRm,
Xh£Vm ϱd¡u\Rôm.
159. úTôLm AàTYm
160. úTôRôkRm ùUnÙQo£u إܨûX

xix
161. UkRQ TRm Uk§Wl TRjRôp £j§dÏm EVo¨ûX
162. Uk§W TRm ùUnV±Ü ¨ûX«p ¨uß EߧlThÓ ®[eL,
Esù[ô°«p EûX Y\ ¨t\p
163. UVok§Pp U]j ùR°Y\p ApXÕ UVe¡¨t\p
164. UÚ[±Ü EiûUûV Es[T¥ EQWôÕ ×Xu UVdúLôÓ
á¥V AÑjR Uú]ô LWQjRôp Juû\l
©±ùRôu\ôLd LôQf ùNnÕ, AÚs EiûU
®[dLm ApXôR U]m, ×j§, £jRm, ALeLôWm
B¡V LWQ ®[dL EQoúY
165. Uuà«o BuUô
166. U] B§ U]m, ×j§, £jRm, ALeLôWm Gu¡\ SôuûLd
ϱdÏm
167. UônkRYo CWdL EQof£Vt\Yo
168. UôiTRm EX¡VûXÙm LPkÕ E«o, AÚs, Cû\ ÖLoÜ
ùTßYRtÏ Y¯ LôhÓ¡\ TR®Lû[d ϱdÏm
169. ØjRo EiûU YôrÜ T«X ®ÓRûXûVl
ùTt\YoLs
170. Øj§\p Oô] £j§, úVôL £j§, LÚU £j§, Gu\ êuß
§\ûULû[ EûPV]
171. Øj§ ¨ûXVôL YôrYRtϬV T«t£
172. ØfÑPo ã¬Vu, Nk§Wu, Ad¡²
173. زYo GpXô ®`VeLû[Ùm ¾odLj R¬N]UôL
Øuáh¥úV ùNôpX YpXYoLs
174. êojRoLs êoj§Vôm Y¥YeLÞdÏd LôWQUôn CÚdÏm
ùRnYeLs, úRYûRLs, ApXÕ BuUôdLs
175. êYûLf £j§ LôU£j§, úVôL£j§, Oô]£j§
176. ê®Ú¨ûX Bß BRôWeLs ®[eÏm ¨ûX
177. ùUnjRûL EiûUjRϧ
178. úUpùY° TWùY°ùVußm, AÚhùTÚùY° Gußm
á\lTÓm
179. úVôLm áÓRp ApXÕ JußRp
180. úVôL£j§ £kRû]«p AûPÙm ùYt±
181. YXØßÑjRNuUôodLm ®û]j§hTØm á¥V ùS±Vôm
182. YXm Y­ûU, YpXûU, Bt\p
183. YônRp £k§jRp ApXÕ AûPVl ùTßRp
184. YôWm Au×
185. YôuTRm GeÏm TW®«ÚdÏm ¨ûX
186. ®jRLm ùTÚ YôrÜ, ùTßm Lp®

xx
187. ®fûN ®jûR, Lp®,
188. ®PVm ùTô±×Xu, ®`Vm Gu\ YPùUô¯«u
RªZôdLm (ùUn, Yôn, Li, êdÏ, ùN® B¡V
Im×XuLû[d ϱdÏm ÖLoÜ)
189. ®Wô®Ùs EsÞm ×\Øm LXkÕ ®[eÏ¡\
190. ®UXm UôúN CpXôRÕ
191. ùY° ùYt±Pm (Vacant Space)

xxi