Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RrS @W
RtTl 2005
UTl 2006
UpX - BWiPm Ai
j RXYo
]Yo _] LUvYWu
ULo vRY Lp
Nu] 600 006.
b
b
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U V. Lk
AiQ BRox Lp
Nu] 600 040.
XVoLs
Np. vPpX Nx
GjWw ULo Lp
Nu] 600 008.
U M.M. BWUXh
U WVLp
ULo vRY Lp
Nu] 600 006.
U M. @mLT
X. .
RrShl
TPp LZLm
K , - 600 006.
T[PdLm
T - I
1.
TdLm
U] @Vu @lTPd Lj
1.1. RR
12
14
175
190
3.7. EQ TRlTjRp
209
T - IV
4. YrdLu Y[ofl TYeLs
223
223
19
4.2. Y[[m TY YV
234
23
243
27
248
29
4.5. Ul TYm
252
47
261
290
T - II
2. DPVp
55
55
2.2. EQ UiPXm
71
88
103
120
T - III
3
137
137
3.2. fN EQLs
155
iii
T - V
5. U] oYLm
297
298
299
302
5.4. oUjRp
308
5.5. mT Y[eLs
312
314
318
iv
5.8. TQ oYLm
354
377
T - VI
6. Ls Utm APLu @lTPLs
399
399
407
412
419
6.5. Tj CQlTY
436
447
453
T - VII
7. Ljl TUt\ \uLs
467
7.1. W
468
472
7.3. YR \
478
482
485
489
493
506
522
1. U] @Vu
@lTPd Lj
U] AVp Lp C[m RX\V, A]j
RpLm \kRRLd L RlTm AUjRp
Rdj RVo Nn\. LPkR TPljRLjp
U]Vu Lj Utm Te j AkRm.
CYm TPjp U]Vu dV LjdL[
UXhPUL TodLm, Utm UQdLo ReLs YrSs
Ym ]tLs[ YiV dV YWV\L[
[dLm Vt GdLlThd\.
RXYRL RRp Ye, u BWdVm,
EQ Utm FhPfNjdL] lLs UhUpX, CY
NmTkRlThP TX dV TL[ uYm TdLeLp
LQXm.
1.1. RR
RR LhTLm, SP\m
RR GuT TXjR LVm ApX o Sn
Tu\Ytt, RV] UjY QWp AdLlTm
ER ApX fN Bm. AqR AkR SWjp
Pdm YNL[m, ThL[m Tj
AUVXm.
1
RRu SdLeLs
l
EWd LlTt\
XU UNUYRj RdL
QUPYR UmTjR
RRV[u TlLs
TjdLs ALUL LrYRp, RR NnTYu
Te L dVU]Rm. AYNW fN UXiUp,
RRV[u TlLs GuT]:
1.
YPeLd
UhU
\VL Ro NnVlThPYoLs
2.
Su
XUV
LiPk,
TdLlThs[o GuTR BWnRp
3.
4.
1.
2.
ALU] CWjRl Td
3.
EQo CZjRp
YWV\
B - f Rp / YjRp (Breathing)
C - Lt\hPm (Circulation)
YjRp
Lt\ EsjRm, YRm f Rp
G]lTm. C EPu GpX ElLdm Bd_u
Adm dVU] TVm. Bd_u VLm
u\p A UWQjp m.
4.
C. AjRm (Compression)
1.
2.
fjQ\p (Asphyxia)
3.
LWQeLs
1.
2.
3.
2.
1.
B. RP (Obstruction)
2.
1.
3.
YRm (Stroke)
2.
1.
3.
3.
2.
fjQ\u ALs
1.
2.
fm Rm ALjRp
3.
YNm \Rp
4.
Lj SWm PjRp
5.
6.
6.
7.
8.
h X (Recovery position)
Ydu\ ApX CRV CVdL h NnVlThP
Tjds[]Yo, h Xp YdLlTP Yim.
RPm, Sdm udj Rs[lTPUm Yk Utm
Ero RPu YYUm YdLlTYR CRu
SdLUm.
Nn\
l : YNm u\ u CRVjl Tj Rp
TuWi PeLs YW RPok Cdm.
CfNUVjp NVtL YNm EP]VL LdLlThPp
C\lk RdL m.
UXiU (Management)
1.
D.
2.
3.
4.
5.
YNjR NjRp
6
4.
5.
2.
3.
UXiUj \u
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SVd LhlTjm \
TdLlThPYW AkR CPjk Al\lTj
NVtL YNm ApX jRU] Bd_u LdL
Yim.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TdLlThPYW Wk
CdPjt Li YWm.
11
jRU]
Lt
5.
SVd LhlTjm \
1.
uY Aofu [Ls
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sn LhlTjm \
RRV[o lPu CpXVp jNj
R]UL, EP] NVpT RYlT\. AYdm W
uY Aof HtTPXm ApX Tjds[]YWP
C\dLm SPXm.
Cum TdLlThPYo u BRWjPu RPo
5.
6.
CWjRl Td (Bleeding)
Rt Sn (Infection) CqWim LVeL[p HtTm
TV BTjdL[m.
1. CWjRl Td / L (Bleeding)
RtLVm (Abrasions)
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Rt Sn (Infection)
Rt SV] [lThP Ru Xm Ls
EPs NpYRp HtT\. LVjp Ls
TuUPeL rdm. CY CWjRjPu LXdm T
CWjRm Sfj RuUVP\. (Septicemia)
Sn LhlTjm \
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
Rp Y, of APm.
3.
4.
5.
ATRUL Vodm.
6.
SV RLUL EQoYo.
Internal bleeding)
Snd LhlTjm \
CWjRl Td (Bleeding)
CWjR Jd (Haemorrhage) : TjLp CWjR
Jd]XV TmTX] UWQeLs HtT\. CWjR
ZnLs dLlTYRp C HtT\.
16
RR AlTRu SdLeLs
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
5.
4.
6.
UjYU]d V Wp Li NpX
Yim. Yip UYL NpXm.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Aofd fN AdLm.
9.
l:
LVjs
HRm
TsLs
Tkd\R ApX Gm jd Lid\R
Gu LYjd Ls[m.
18
19
CWNV]
iLs
APokR
AXeL[m
APoLWeL[m HtTm. (LkRL AXm, Shd AXm,
NVm aWd^ Lvd NP ThPVm
aWd^ Lvd ThPx.
dVo i GuT dVo Yl]p
EP]VL YYm W YlTjRp HtT\.
CqYL Yl TX UpLd AlTp Es[ URu
Ru UtTWlp iL[ HtTjm.
LVdL fN T A[dLLUL LoLs
22
23
ljRYd ERRp
5.
RURU] [Ls
(Immediate)
(Later)
1. W Y (intense pain)
1. NRUPkR T
SndVp
TdLlThdm.
2. Aof (Shock)
2. QUPkR u
YdL[p LWUP
VXm ApX SPUP
RP HtTPXm.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
of chemical burns)
1.
2.
3.
4.
9.
11.
Ul NnRp (Assess)
2.
3.
4.
6.
UXiU
1.
2.
Tt Tt\ RRV[o
3.
ThLs
1.
A[
dLlThP NpXj
(sterilized dressing)
7.
TWhPUp / vu UjWLs
10 x 1
8.
Yk Ut\Yo Ynd
Fm L
2 GidL
1 ThP
1 SmTo
L Y] \p Rp ERV TjR Sm
ClT EPp SXm, EQl TtV lLs Utm
LoYu lQo Tt TodLXm.
1.8. m Eu EPp SXm (You & Your Health)
1 l (tube)
EQ (Diet) :
2.
10 ThPLs
3.
4.
dLlThP Egm Tg
(Sterilized cottonwool) 15 .
5.
LjR V 7 cm (oUV]/
UdLV]) Scissors s/s 7 cm
(sharp/blunt)
28
1 TdLh
1 GidL
29
EPtTt (Exercise)
U]AjRm (stress)
30
31
dV AL[Y]
l
JuT Rp Ri ShLd u Ru Rp
ALs hd YlThp Rum.
AqYlT LYhs[ (groin) Qo WlLs
LhVL, TRL, YVt\ i Tu\ LhVL Rum.
32
33
LlT (Acne)
Llf Wl ApX Wl S[eLs, Tm (Sebum)
Gu\ T[ Wk RXm, Vm YZYZlTL
Yjd Ls\. Ap L[ HtTYRp LlT
Ru\.
ALU] Ll WlTRu [YL AR
YdLi Ym S[eLp APl HtT\. CkR
Ll Tm (UW Wl) Um Um Nok
LmsLs (Black heads) Ru\ LWQUu\.
H\d\V GpX UWlTYj]m CR]p
AY\oLs. J S[d Su\ PhW
Ndu (Tetra cycline) GjdLsYRu Xm LlT
s i (acne bacillus) Vd LhlTjRXm. nU
L dVU].
CWjR NL (Anaemia)
34
35
UgNs N (Pumpkin) - Cp L AL A[ hP
LWhu (beta carotene) APes[.
[ LhRp (Gecmination)
LhlTjRlThP X rXLp NjdLs UmTj
RlTYRtLL, TVLs, RVeL[ NVpTht
EhTj [Ls YYWf NnYR [ LhRp
Bm.
RVm Utm Tl YLL[ LhlTjRlThP
XLp Y[olTRu Xm Ak [Ls Ru
AYtu NjR ALlTju\]. CY [LhRp
Bm.
[dLhPlTm Tl YL jRm NnVlTh,
LYlTh AR A[ p CW m F\
YdLlT\. LXp TodmT o EgNlTh
RLs A[p TR, UuUVL Cdm.
CqRLs UpV p LhPlTh Lt\hPU]
V J Ym CPjp Gh U SWm ReLPl
T\. CkR SWjp V [Ls Rum. X
Y[Lp [Ls 1 N. [m P Y[m. YUiPX
AjRm \YL CkRp [P AL SWm dm.
V Nd Tt\ CjRVeL[ TXYLV] EQl
TsL[ LXk EiQXm.
38
39
TVP
SjRp (Fermentation)
Cm\p CVtLV] i EL[ Li
EQl ThLp mu\ T[L WNV] Ut\eLs
HtTjRlTu\]. CR]p CY GV \kR NjdLs
\kRYVL Ut\lTu\].
Y YlT] Tp R[ Ro NodLlThPm
RWL U\. Tp Es[ XdP^ (lactose) Xdd
AXUL ioLs UtYRp XN] l Y
\.
Am, Tlm AWj dL Yj Ch,
RN, AP Tu\Y NnVlTu\]. jRm
NnVlThP UPu Dvh ApX Ro NodLlTh
dLYdLlThP u ThW, Su (Naans) Utm Wh
(bread) NnVlT\. LPXlTlT dL Yj
Pd[ (Dhokla) NnVlT\.
RPok dL Ydm T LXY i
[Ls[, Ll[m lTL U\. RYV]
A[ YW UhU dL YdL Yim. LoTuP
Bd^ EiPYRp LXY UuUVLm, CXNLm
B\. (spongy & light) dL YjR EQ Lm
XTUL Ndm. Um EQt UuUm, UQm
Nodm.
dL YjRp AvLod AXj RuUV
ALd\. RVu, T[u Utm SVu
CWhlTu\]. Td (folic) AXm Utm UjV]u
Tu\Ym
ALdu\].
Cmf
Nj
Qlk Th GRL PdL Y Nn\.
(ApX R[ GfN N)
H2O - 1 hPo
40
41
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
2.
YdLp (Straw)
3.
4.
5.
TLs
1.
YdLX Yh iL[dLm. CW Ym
ApX X U SWm p F\Pm. u ALU]
W k GdLm.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Nj Ul / 100 Wm
3.1
0.8
0.4
4.3
43 . LXLs
6.0 .
110.00 .
1.5 .
EQ YLLs
WRfNj / 100 Wm
L[u (EXokR)
35.0
ThP (EXokR)
24.2
Tp
3.2
hP
12.8
1819
19
EQY Lp TPm/YdLm.
RYV] A[ Rio UhU ETVdLm
NUjR EQu AL RiW Ut\ EQ RVdL
TVuTjRm ApX RYV] A[ p UhU
NUdLm.
46
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Y[eLs (Resources)
URY[ YLLs
LXm
Nd
A
\uLs ApX Te
TQm
T[RWm
Nj
NL Y[eLs
(ink) km T L\ HtT\. L\ RL
Nn\ (Practicals)
1.
2.
T A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1.
2.
RPVp HtT\.
3.
4.
__________ Y YL]lL, hk Ym L
dLlT\.
5.
6.
APed\.
51
6.
L[.
7.
8.
9.
7.
8.
9.
TVuT\.
II. TjL
1.
fjQ\p
Lt\ P XN]
2.
CWjR L
Lt\ P L]U]
3.
RP AjRls
f APl
4.
LoTu U]d^
CWjR Jd
5.
LoTuP Bd^
hP LWhu
6.
Dvh
\kR WRm
7.
TWedLn
8.
L[u
Wh RVjRp
9.
TZWN T]eLs
YhPu C
10. Ys[dLn
of Rm EQ
RR
2.
fjQ\p
3.
LVeLs
4.
ORS
5.
liLs
6.
Ytli
7.
YkR i
8.
ABC
9.
L\Ls
10. YjRp
T C
1.
i J TuL
LRlT\.
2.
1.
3.
2.
4.
TQm J dV UR Y[m.
3.
5.
4.
52
GolVL
T B
(5 UlTiLs)
53
5.
6.
7.
liLu RWeL[ Y.
8.
9.
D
(10 UlTiLs)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dvh Tt GL.
6.
L[u NT Tt GL.
7.
8.
9.
54
2. DPVp
2.1. EQo ElLs
2.1.1. Li
2.1.1.1. Liu AUl
LTXd s AUks[ ToYj \dL]
El Li Bm. C H\d\V EiP YYU]m
2.5. N.. hPPVm Bm. J LiQd Li
TolT NjVUm lTUQ Rt\eL[d LQ
CVX. Lip u RU] AdLs Es[].
AYVY]
1.
2.
3.
vW Utm LoV
v W GuT Liu Yi TPXjR
Es[PdV. C LoVPu RPo Lis[.
Liu E[ YYjR TWUd\.
hl s
CZ EPXm
e m
RuUPV LUuh
ToY SWm
Iv LiP TPXm
TV
Xu
TY
NuhWv
LoV
Liu A\
LWn
Iv / L
Iv B] LoVu u\ULm Xuvd
u\ULm Z EPXjtu YPk
LQlT\. C E[ Y]RLm, Lid ARu,
LU, Tl, NmTp Utm TU \jR AlTRLm
Es[. CRu Sp LQlTm \lt TlT (Pupil)
ApX TY Gu TVo.
WYm
vW
Wh]
hWv EPXm
LWn (S E\)
Li TY
CZ
tYhP Utm AX YY RN
SoLPu V Iv
LWn / LlTPXm
C S AdLm. Cp CWjR iZpLs \k
LQlTu\]. BrkR Tl \jRl Tts[.
56
57
Wh] / jW
Li Yu LP AdLm. C Lm dLX]
UuUV]. C TX Ad SWm NpL[m,
CZL[m B]. Wh] J EQo RuUs[ J
AdLl Tts[. Cp f Utm m NpLs
Es[].
f Utm m NpLs JV SWmj iPpL[L
Utu\]. f NpLs JV LiTRtm, m NpLs
\eL[l jRYRtm TVuTu\].
f NpLs WPlu (Lm Yl \m)Gu\ Yl
T[ Tts[]. \kR Jp TolTRt C
ER\. YhPu A CRu EtTjd AYVU]Rm.
CRu rlTp LQlTm UgNs \lTd
UX hV Gu TVo. CRu UVjp LQlTm
d @TV NuhWv Gu TVo.
ClTp m YY NpLs UhU LQlTu\].
UX hVk Uo 0.5. N. RXp
GpX SWm CZLm CQk ToY SWmT
EYdu\]. ToY SWm LiQ h Xm
Wh]u V T ToYj Rh ApX hl
s Gu AZdLlT\.
J AXLp XdLm
2.
3.
1. J AXLu XdLm
J J APos[ FPLjp Ck Cu]
APos[ FPLjt Ut\lTm T XLp
AP\. CkR Wh]p J jRp
TVuT\. Wh]Y APYRt u JV]
LiYlTPXm, LoV, AdYv WYm, Xuv Utm
hWv EPXjs Zk YV\.
58
59
2. TlTdLu A[
TlTdLu A[ EsYm JdLtT Utd
Ls[lT\. AL Jp TlTdLs em \kR
Jp YPkm LQlT\. Iv \V YhPj
RN AdL[m, WVhe RN CZLu
AdL[m NnVlThs[.
2.
3.
Wh]u TLs
Wh]p J AXLs m T m Utm
f NpLp Y Ut\eLs Lru\]. CY SWmj
iPpL[ HtTj ToY SWmLs Xm [d
LPjRlTu\]. f NpLs \kR Jp
iPlT\. H]p CWl ToYd CY AYVm.
60
61
PmTWp
Gm
AWYhP
LpYn
J EQo
SWm So
LdV
(SjR h
YYm)
s
AL[vLu \l
vPVu Zp
J EQoZp)
Xlp / i\
\d
L
UPp
AL[vL
mTd Nq
TPm 3 : Lu AUl
2.1.2.1. AUl
L u
dLlThs[].
dV
RY]
1.
\f N
2.
Sf N (mTd CPY)
3.
ALf N
TL[L
\f N
\fNV] Bds (u]) Utm \ ALvd
hPv TL[ Es[PdV.
Bds / LUPp
C RXd Yp hdm YPkR
TVm. C s So jRmTp B].
\jR]p PlThs[. Yp RYL i
UPe LQlTm. ClT \fN Ul G]lT\.
62
m T d E \ V ] SfNkm,
ALvd hPkm RVL dLlThs[]. C
s L[ YYU]. Ut\m km r\m km
LQlTm. u R dL[p HtTjRlThs[].
1.
Yl\ EWUUt\ Rp
2.
Sl\ Soj
3.
Sf N
UVv
(j YY)
CuLv
(ThP YY)
A T
mTd Nq
UVv (j YYm)
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
3.
EhN
BmpX / Y
hdp Yvh
Ndp
p
GiPml
Wms[
NqYX]
Xkj
LdV
1.
Yvp / Nup
2.
3.
AWYhP YndLpLs
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
GiPml
LdVo
S[m
YvX LdVo
SWm
Tml
mTd
Nq
s El
PdPVp Nq
(ToY Nq)
EWUf Np
\fN
Ltp
JAX
BhP
Zp (J
EQo)
YhPj
\l
TXo Nq Utm
s El
SfN
EhfN
j ThP
AeLYYm
WY
AXV]
TXo
Nq
Utm
s
ElT
i\.
68
69
t\m
AN
[YhP \l
TPm 8 : J AX Npm TR
mTdNq
WY
AX
YhPj \l
TXo Nq
(AjR[ Nq)
WQ UiPXju TLs
A. EQl TsLs GV TsL[L Ut\UPRp
B. EQl TsLs NU]UPRp
C. EQl TsLs EgNlTRp
D.
1.
E Q l T R : C Yp RPe L
dLlZp YP\. C EQl Ts
EhNjRlTh GgV L TsLs YVt\l
TRp YWX] LrfL[ Es[PdV.
71
2.
EQl TR
Yn
2.
EQdZp
3.
CWlT
4.
Pp
5.
TePp
6.
UXdPp
7.
UXl Z / Rm
r AiQm
Sd
RiP
Wp Y[
Up AiQm
EQd Zp
jRlT
ERW R]m
CWlT
LpWp
LQVm
u Pp
(V]m)
d Pp
Pp
H Pp
C\e Pp
dLm / TePtP
dUn
LXu (CWhP
Y[
TePp)
Pp Yp
UXdPp
2.
RN dL[p B] CWiPY Ad
3.
4.
RfNq]p B] Es Ad
72
Yn
Yn B] Ynd Gu AZdLlT\. Yp
32 TtLs LQlTu\]. AYVY];
8
Yhl TtLs (incisors)
4
LWl TtLs (canines)
u LPYn TtLs (Premolars) 8
12
u LPYn TtLs (Molars)
73
Yhm TtLs
LW TtLs
u LPYn
TtLs
u LP Yn
TtLs
Up AiQm
A. TWhh / NV Wl
\fNd UXLm ZLm AUks[.
B. Nl-UiXo / RPV Wl
UipLd (RP Gm) CPm Sd
Am AUk LQlTu\].
C. Nl eYp / SYfWl
Sdd Ap AUk LQlTu\.
74
Lu]j
RNLs
NledYp
Wl (SY)
Nl
Wl (RPV) UiXo
vPo] [P
UvPnh RN
TPm 11 : Er o WlLs
Er u TLs
1.
2.
3.
EQu hPj Rj
NRjk TLd\.
4.
EslL[
5.
YQoRp ER\.
6.
7.
EQdZp
C J iP Zn RiPV CWlTPu
CQd\. EQY CWlTd Gjf Np\.
CWlT
CWlT EQdZu YPkR TVm.
CWlT u TL[L dLlThs[. AY
CRVY, EPp Utm PpYn Y BVY Bm.
CWlTu C \eLm YpLs LQlTu\].
@TuPv (CRV Y)
EQd Zp
LoVd
(CRVY d)
TXd
vePo (PpYn
d)
dLeLs
(UlLs)
Pp
C Uo 600 N.. [PV. o EVp
TXd vedPo (PpYn d) Rp TePp
YW is[. 25 Rp 30 N.. YWX] Pp
u Pp (V]m) G]lT\. CR RPok
]m (CPYUV] Pp) Utm CVm (s
Pp) BVY LQlT\.
TePp
PX P TV A[ hPPV (150 N..)
[m Pp TePp \d\. TePu u
Tp dLm (TePtP) LQlT\. dLjp
CQks[ Znd PpYp Gu TVo.
TePp HPp, C\ePp, SodPp, UXdPp
BV TLs Es[].
76
77
V]m
( u Pp)
TXd BihWm
( PpYn Y)
Yn : Ero WlLs
2.
3.
Pp : LQV o, jR o Utm Pp
WdLlTm WlLu ERPu EQ NdLl
T\.
2.
3.
Yp NjRp
SLu TLs
Ero AUXv
UpPv (GV NodLW)
vPof (h NodLW)
CWlTp NU]m
Pp NU]m
Yp AWdLlTh iL[dLlThP EQ
TsLs CWlTd NjRlTu\]. CWlTp
CWlTN WdLlTm Lrf TmTm CWNV]
ApX S RuUp LQlTu\]. EQ CWlTf
YW RmT Lvhu Gu\ CWlT SV]
78
79
2.2.2. LpWp
7.
8.
A] AXeLk EYm VY
YVtRp.
jR o
CP
Ll
YX Ll /
UPp
jR S[m
jRl T
2.
Pp EgNlThP
TsL[ dRp.
3.
4.
5.
6.
jR u TLs
1.
2.
C Ll AXeL[m, NWpL[m
LWd\.
3.
4.
5.
80
`jRuUPV
81
LQVm
Ytu Ut\fYu dLL AUkdm iP
AUlT LQVm Bm. C S[pX Utm S[s[
Wl BL NVpT\. C SLs UhUpXUp
aoUuL[m Wd\. (ERWQm) Cuu Utm
dLLu. CkR aoUuLs SPVL CWjRjp
WdLlTh NodLW A[Y LhlTj\. LQV N
u SL[ Lis[. AYVY] 1. lu,
2. AUXv Utm 3. XlTv. CRjRW AL A[
NVm TLoT]hP Tts[. C CWlTp
WdLlTm ahW[d AXjR NU]Tj\.
jR S[m
2.
lu Utm LU lu TlPuL[
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NVpTP l]_u]Lm LUl]
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Ut\lTu\].
3. LQV XlTv LlT Ll AXe
L[Lm, NWXLm Utu\.
LQV NjRd u EQ ThLs Lm (r)
Gu AZdLlTu\]. Pp CRt u
NjRX] RPo\.
CkR Lm B] u]o NdLv GuLv^Pu
RPo Ls\. Cp u SLs LQlTu\].
AYVY]:
jRl T
LQVm
1.
2.
dVPPvLs dVPL[
dVNL[L Ut\.
3.
dVNPvLs dVNL[
TuPv, u Utm uL[L Ut\.
82
83
u Pp
LQV S[m
UV Xdp
( TpZn)
EQ EgNlTRp
EQ NjRu o, R ElLs, YhPuLs
Tu\Y Pp Utm EQdZu YoLs XUL
EgNlTm LrfV EgRp Bm. EgNlThP
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XULY LXdLlTu\].
CWlTp \kR A[Y EgRp SPT\.
o, dLv Utm GV ElLs \kR Rjp
EgNlTu\]. EgRp dV Lr PXV
Lr\.
Pu EhTWlLs UpV hLPu
LQlT\. CRt pXLs (PgLs) Gu TVo.
50 XhNm YWX] pXLs Pp LQlTu\].
Pp 90% EgRp SPT\. Rs[ 10%
B] CWlTm TePm Lr\. Jt\
NodLWLs Utm A] AXeLs W] AjRm
XUL EgNlTu\]. CkR AjRU] SLu
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u LpWd LpWp TohPp UiPXju XUL
Gjf NpXlT\. AL A[ NodLWLs
[dL_]L LpWp NdLlTu\]. RY
HtTmT dL^L Ut\lTt EP]p
TVuTjd Ls[lT\.
CWjR RkLu
YX AUl
Pp
Wl
[j RU
Yp
(W)
Qo
ZpLu
RkLs
TePu TLs
84
85
L YVt\m
Ytl i
1. TiXo CVdLm
Pp LQlTm YhP Utm s YhjRNLu
CVdLju Xm C HtT\. EQ SLPu
LXdRd CqVdLm ER\.
2. LiP CVdLm
YhPjRNLu CVdLj]p HtTm Nej
UlLs PX LiPeL[L d\.
LpWp SnLs
YWp alTPhv
XYL YWvL]p TYL LpWp NRm
AP\. C A, B Utm C Gu u YLlTm. A
YL EQ Utm o UNPkR RuU]p HtT\.
B Utm C YL CWjRm Utm CWjRl TsL]p
HtTPdVY. EPp WYeLs lTL Ero, k,
AiP WlLs Tu\Yt\m HtT\. B YL WUL
Rd C\lT HtTjRd V. TRUk
EhLsTYoLs Utm K]f NodL NnTYoLs CR]p
XTUL RdLlTYo.
oWv
BpLap TVuTjRp Utm B Utm C YL
YWv RdR]p HtTPdV \T. LpWX]
Rk SojdL[p WlTlTh LpWp NVZld
YYd\.
UgNs LUX
86
87
3. TvPpd CVdLm
LoPdv
iQm
]p RU
(WL RU)
UXu
TlpX
(iLm)
]p W
(WL W)
aXm
Tpv
TV
iQm
Llp
o S[m
88
89
TpN] ]p YYPV, C o Zu
Up]Vm.
SlWu AUl
YYm
[
Eh [ RU RU
]p Wu [
[UXv
[UXv
iQm
90
NnU iP
Zp
]p RUu [
S@lWu
]p RUV] aXm Ts
RUL[Lm RkL[Lm U\. LoPdv Tp,
EhNpm RUV] [UXo iQjs
RUL[L k, YXu]pTp AUk
[UXv BL U\. [UXk YYm
CWjRZn YNpm RUV], CWiPm X
RkL[L YPk S@lWt Bd_]m,
EQlThL[m YZe\. [UXp LQlTm
CWjR AjRU] Ut\ RkLp Es[RP ALUL
AiU
iP
Zp
auu
Y[
NLdm S[m
o EYdRp
2.3.2. o EYdLm
Cp u XLs Es[]
1. GV YLhRp
2. RokRdLlThP UEgRp
RokRdLlThP U EgRp
3. WjRp
GV YLhRp
YLhRp [UXp Es[ AW LPjd Nqu
Xm SPT\. o Utm XdLs
YLhPlTu\]. CWjRf NpLs, [vU WReLs
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ER\. J Pjp C WLeL[m
YLhPdV A[] [UXo YLhm Rm
(GFR) Gu \m. CqY YLhPlThP WYjt
S iYo GuT TVo.
Ehm
[j
RU
YYm [j
RU
[UXv
[UXo
Llp
WjRp
AiU iP
Zp
o YVt\m (Micturition)
o TV] W NLj u lhP
CPYLp o Zn YVL YVt\.
olT LVL CdmT ARu RN YW]
RjRRLm L]U]RLm U\. o T Wp
\mT ARu RN YW] UpVRLm, A[p
TVRLm ( 2 - 3 k 5 AeXm ) B\.
oTp Uo 800 .. o NLdLlT\. B]p
400 .. A[ o \kRX o YVt\m
Lr\. o Zn Xm o YVm Lrfd
o YVt\m ApX dNu Gu TVo. o
YVY J AfN NVp \Vm, C oT
Utm o Zp Es[ Y[VRN[p
LhlTjRlT\.
Ah]p
WlLs
WLm
o
S[m
2.3.3. EPtWYeLs
UR UjR GPp 60% u GP Es[. W
BRWUL Tts[ CWjR [vU, Qo, CPj
WYeLs Tu\Y EPtWYeL[m. CYLs
NjlThLs, YdLs, o, aoUuLs Utm EldLs,
AXeLs, LWeLs Tu\Yt\ Es[Pds[]. EPt
WYjp LZdV YVp ]Ls A]jm WY
FPLjXV SPTu\].
EPtWYU] Np Es WYm (ECF) Utm Np
YWYm (ECF) Gu CWiPL dLlTh EPs
TWs[. EPtWYjp, up CTe Nps
LQlT\, C NpEs WYm G]lT\. Rs[Y
NpLd CPV LQlTm. C NpY WYm
G]lT\.
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NpYRt CWjR AjRm Utm NqTWRp
Tu\Yt\ Noks[.
of NUX
W] GkR A[t EhNp\R AkR A[t
YVt\lTP Yim, AlTRu EPp Es[ WY
A[ XVL Cdm. W] EQ Pp YVL EPp
Np\, Um Y[oR Ut\juT R[ W]
EiPdLlT\. EPs Es[ W] YNm
XULm LdLm XULm, VoY YVLm
YVt\lT\.
TPm 19 : WL UiPXm
Sm o EhLsmT, o NUXV]
WLjRp LhlTjRlT\. Sm ALU] W
AkmT hhP]p WdLlTm Bi
Pd aoU]] WLjp SPTm o U
EgRX JelTj\.
94
95
ol
T
2. YN APv
ALU] CO 2 EtTj]p C Lr\.
WW]p dLlTPdV CO2 IP CRu EtTj A[
ALUL Es[.
ApLXv GuT ahW_u AVLu A[
NWNVP \mT HtT\. CYLV]
ApLXv Es[.
1. Y[oR ApLXv
CWlTp Es[ HCl AX CZl]p C Lr\.
AL[ Yk]p RNp YLU] AN HtT\
ApX CZl HtT\.
YN ApLXv
CO2 EtTjVm A[YP ALU] A[ YN
UiPXj]p YVt\lTYRp C Lr\.
ALU] EVWU ApX AjRU Cq[t
LWQU\. WWp pH A[Y Je TjYp
ER\.
WL L[
C YLV] WL L[Ls Es[].
1. W WL L[
2. jR WL L[
W WL L[
WLjp HtTm LVm LWQUL [UX
YLhm Rjp HtTm WU] \Ym. CR]p
WL T TdLlTu\.
ERWQm : CWjR CZl, Yt Td]p HtTm
Zl.
97
jR WL L[
C SlWuLs RYRp Lr\. CfRYp
WLjp LtLs, AL CWjR AjRm, Sn
Tu\Y HtTu\].
WL LtLs
C WLm Utm o Tp EiP\. o
WYjp Es[ TlThLs TYRp EiP\. CkR
LWTp BdXhLs, TvThLs, WhLs
Utm d AXeLs LQlTu\]. CkLrf 30
YVt u BiLd ALUL LQlT\. Zl
Rt SnLs, aTo TWRWNm Tu\Y LtLs
EYL LWQU\.
GPov / \jRp
C Ru YE\VL AUks[. CqYdp
CWjR S[eLs LQlTYpX. C QPk
EQ]l T\. CqYdp SWmLs LQlTu\].
EWUm
\jRp
AjRp
NlhP]v
GiQnf
Wl
EWU Yo
r
1. vhWhPm LoVm
CkR Adp LQlTm NpLs UpVY, Np
Tu\Y, C\kRY Utm Lm Tu\ L] T[p
B]Y. CkR AdL] TR A\ Tp Rj
LQlT\. C ERLs, [mLs, LmLs, SLeLs,
\Ls, u NpLs Tu\Ytp UpV AdLL
AUks[. UtLiP AUlLs CkR Adu
\lTPkR \hVm.
2. vhWhPm Pm
TPm 20 : Ru YhjRt\m
98
99
7.
3. vhWhPm WXNm
CfNpLs JeLt\ LkLsL[L 4 ApX 5
AdL[ LiP RhPV] NpL[m.
4. vhWhPm Up
1.
VoY WlLs
2.
GiQnf WlLs
AjRp / Pov
C GPou r\m AUks[. CqYd
TmTm CQl Yp B]. C SWmL[m,
CWjRS[eL[m Tts[. Po^m,
GPo^m dm L Y]. B]p
SW] ApX. GlPos, Pov is[Rp
CdL Y[k Sks[. CkR hLs PoUp
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Y[m RuUPV. C rdLiP AUlL[
Tts[.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VoY WlLs.
6.
GiQnf WlLs
100
EQof SWm X
GiQt\ \lYnkR EQof, SWmLs RRp
AjRm, Y, o Tu\Ytu Xm HtTm EQof
iPpL[ GjNp\. CkSWmLs, [Pu
SWmZL[p QdLlThs[. iPpLs EQof
ElLs Xm [d LPjRlTu\]. u
[V] CjiPpLd HtT R] LhP[L[
Al\.
101
CQlLs
EWUm Utm SLeLs Ru CQlL[m.
CY GPov RU]YRm \Y[ofYRm
EiP\.
Ru TLs
7.
8.
9.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
hhP Wl
RWn Wl
TWRWn Wl
LQVjs[
XeLo auv
hLs
Ah]p Wl
AiPLm
kRLm
RWn
2.
TWRWn
3.
XeLoauv hLs
104
4.
Ah]p Wl
5.
hhP Wl
6.
C]f WlLs
2.4.1. RWn Wl
S[pX
WlLXV
LlTV,
LjlTp LQlT\. NWN o Ep 25
Wm GPPV. fdZp C Tm AUkR
C LlL[ (UPpLs) EPV. Cq LlLm
CvUv Gu\ AUlu Xm CQdLlThs[].
CkR
UjR
AUlm
J
LlPu
CQdLlThs[. RWn WlV] RWdu Gu\
aoU]f Wd\.
RWn Wl AV] CWjR KhPjk
T\. AV]] AVP \YRp
EY\. u]o C A] AXjPu CQk
Jt\
Utm
CWhP
AVPRWdu
hlT[ EYd\. CWi XjLs
CQk CjRWd] EYdu\]. AVu
\kR Uip [kR LnLL[ EiYRu Xm
AVu RYV oj NnV CVm. RWdu
EtTjt AVu AYVU]Rm.
RWn WlV im aoUu (TSH) hhP
Wlu u Tp WdLlT\. RWdu A[
J lhP A[d r \mT TSH B]
WdLlT\. RWn Wl iPlT\.
RWdu TLs
1.
2.
RWn \TLs
RWn
jRm
RWn Wl
CvUv
fdZp
C u YLlTm AYVY]:
1.
\kR A[ WjRp
2.
RgV WjRp
3.
u Lj LZX (LnhPo)
\k WjRp (Hypothyroidism)
RWn aoUu \kR A[p WdmT
CkX HtT\. ZkRLp hNjRm
okRYoLp d^U Gu\ XVm
HtTj\.
HtTYRtL] LWQeLs
1. NRWQ X Y[of LhlTu LQlTRp.
TPm 22 : RWn Wl
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
7.
8.
hNju RuULs
1.
RPlThP Y[of
2.
ALu\ d
3.
RU]] ERLs
4.
[ThP Sd
5.
Rp EXRp
TPm 23 : hNm
107
6.
7.
2.
AL YlTX LQlTRp.
3.
4.
GP \ HtTRp.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AL CWjR AjRm.
9.
5.
6.
7.
8.
RX EoRp.
UkRj RuU.
TuU.
CRV l \
9. GP ALURp
10. eV Lm
TPm 24 : d^U]p
Ljp HtTm Ut\eLs eV Lm
ALs
1.
uRiP
RWn Wlu YX
Ll
TWRWn WlLs
EQd Zp
2.
TWRWdu TLs
EPVR\.
1.
3.
2.
4.
3.
5.
6.
U] AjRm HtT\.
4.
7.
5.
8.
9.
Sn GoljRuUp Tl HtT\.
6.
7.
11.
dLLu TLs
CWjRjp dLv A[Y ALd\.
2.
3.
Cuu TLs
TPm 28 : PhP
1.
1.
2.
3.
Cuu \TLs
Cuu \YL WlTRu LWQUL NodLW Sn
HtT\. C CWjRjp dLv A[ ALlTRu
LWQUL HtT\. CRt alTo [V Gu
TVo.
alTo [VY] [dLV Gu\
XV HtTj\. CkXp dL^]
Pu LXk YV\. LoTahWh, WRm
Utm Ll Y[oR Ut\ LrfLs NodLW
S]p Tlds[u\].
NodLW Su ALs
1.
2.
GP \Rp.
Ah]p LoPdv
3.
4.
5.
C] ElLp Al HtTRp.
Cp 3 AdLs LQlTu\]. 1. N]
[UXN (Y Ad) 2. N] TdXhP
(S Ad) Utm 3. N] Wh[v (Es Ad).
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WLju Ut\jp TdLjt Ju\L
AUkdm WlL[ Ah]p Wl Bm. Cp
C TLs Es[]. CWi TLm RjR
WlL[Lf NVpTPd VY. EhT UpX G]m
YlT LoPdv G]m AZdLlT\. CY
\V Tl Utm Yo \PVY.
Ah]p Wl
WLm
LoPdv
UpX
TPm 29 : Ah]p Wl
114
2. ]WX LohLnPv
NVm Utm ThPVju ]k EPp
NVm TLdLlTYRt ER\.
3. C] vWnLs
ZkRl TYjp C] ElLu Y[ofp
iRXL NVpT\. C]lTdLm Utm CWiPm
X (Q) C] ElLu Y[ofd LWQUL
AU\.
Ah]p Wlu \T ANu Sn Gu\
SV HtTj\. CRu AL[L Rp
LUVPRp lTL LLp, Lj Utm Lm, CWjR
NL, Bt\p CZl, TX]UPRp, TVt CjRp,
Yk EQo Utm Yk Tu\Y HtTu\].
SVLs Sn RdYRt NRLULm, o Utm
Yd EQo dLYoL[Lm Uu\]o. NVm
ALs[ ApX ThPVm \kR EQl
TsLPu aoUuL[ NjYRu Xm fN
AdLXm.
115
alTRXUv
Ah]p UpX
C CWi aoUuL[ Wdu\]. 1) Ah]u
Utm 2) SoAh]u.
2.
CRVjl ALjRp
3.
4.
5.
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rl\ Ll
Ut\d Ll
u\ hhP
2.4.5. hhP Wl
1. Y[of aoUu
116
117
hPu
u ]
2.5 m
Y[of aoUu
ALf Wl
NRWQ
Wl
\kR Wl
1.5 m
1m
XVu
@lWdv
s[j RuU
NRWQ
0.5 m
5. XdP_d aoUu
CWhNN RuU
6. h]e aoUu
AiPju Tds NpLu Y[ofdm, AiPm
YlTRdm ER\. CkR aoUu WdLR
rXLp AiPm YlTRp LZR LWQj]p
URPn Zt RdLlT\. BiLp kRLjk
PvPvWu EtTjV LhlTj\.
u\ hhP
TPm 32 : AdWL]p Ljp HtTm Ut\eLs
118
T]f WlLs
AiPLm Utm kRLm dVU] S[pX WlLs
Bm. CfWlLu Wll TsLs C]l TiL[
EYdYp dVl Te Ydu\].
Bi ELp Bi C]f WlV]
PvPvWu Gu\ aoU]f Wdu\. CkR
aoUu CWiPm X T]l TiLd LWQUL
AUu\. Ti ELp DvW_u Gu\
aoUu WdLlT\. CkR aoUu Ti T]
ElLu Y[ofp dV Te Yd\.
Ti ELp WdLlTm UtU aoUu
W_vWu. CkR aoUu NRWQ Xp L
HtTh Y[ofVPV LWQUL AUu\.
2.5. C]lTdL UiPXm
2.
GPv Wl
2.
k S[eLs
3.
klTLs
4.
lWvPh Wl
5.
L[Tu Wl
6.
ol\ Y
7.
Bi
121
ol
T
kd
LsT Utm
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o
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Bi
kRLm
ApX
1.
@TXVu ZpLs
2.
LlT
3.
4.
[hPv
CWiPm
L
ApV
GPv
N@TWv
ZpLs
H ZpLs
Ut\jk
RX
EPp
Yp
TdLYhk
TPm 35 : vToUhPNYu
UhPLiVdLs Es[]. hhP Wlk
WdLlTm Td[ im aoUu (FSH) kf
Np EYdLjR LhlTj\.
aoUu TLs
1. BiW_u
kfNp EYdLjRm, Tp NVpTL[m
i\.
2. PvPvWu
1.
TYUPmT, CWiPm X Bi Tp
TiL[] EPp Y[of, EWU Y[of, BiWp,
B]jdL] TZdL YZdLeLs Tu\Y
Ru\m, RPok CYtu NVpLs CVpTL
SPT\m PvPvWu CuVUVR.
2.
TY ofVPkRPu k EYdLjR
i\.
1. C]fNp GlVm
vPU
ofVPkR
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(LYX)
dLo
TX
2. dL Ap-V
CQl Yp B]Y, C]fNp GlVjR
Aj AUks[.
RkR
@Tpv
AiPm
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C dL ApVY Aj AUks[.
C J CQl YXu]Xm. C
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Tds NpLu RlT] CY AiPju
Yl\ TVm. Ti C]fNpX] AiPm Ce
EtTj NnVlT\. AiPm ofVPmT,
Y[ofVPkR WVu Tds AiPLju
UtTWlp Nt Pd\. CR]p WVu @Tds
Yj Yt\\ds okR AiPm YlT\.
CkR Lrf AiPm lTRp G]lTm.
5. LoTvhVm
WVu Tds YdmT, ARf rks[
@Tds NpLs YPk LoTv hVUL
Uu\.
126
LolTv
ApLuv
LolTv
hVm
2.
LlT
@TpXVu Zn
TXlVu Zn
TLs
AiPLjk YVt\lTm AiPeL[ CkR
]p TtdLs\. @TXVu ZpLs
AiPLjPu CQks[. Ti Utm Bi C]f
NpLs CQ CeRu SPT\.
LlT
LlT 7.5 x 5 x 2.5 N.. A[ LiP. L
Y[ofp LlT dV Te Yd\. AiPLj
k ThP AiPm @TXVu Zn YVL
LlTV
YkRP\.
L
hPV]
GiPUhVm G]lTm Es LZTPXjp TdLl
Thdm. Rn Nn CQl Y] GiPUhVj
k EYdLlT\. C Lt RYV]
EQhPm, YNm, L dLm Tu\Yt\ TWUd\.
V (Vagina)
C EhTWlp LZlTPXjR LiP J
RNdZVm. C LlTdm, UXdPdm CPV
AUks[.
JqY AiPLjm Uo 30,000 AiPeLs ApX
hPLs Es[RL LQdPlThs[. Ti \kRPu
AiPeLs EYYpX, Ti TY ofVPkRPu
AiP EYdLm Ye\. AiP EYdLm 10 ApX
16d EhThP YVp Ye 45 ApX 55d EhThP
YVp YP\. AiPU] TdsLp EtTj
NnVlT\. u C AiPLju UtTWlt Ap
128
YhP LUih
AiPLm
Nodu Yl\
dYhj Rt\m
LlTu EPXm
Nodv
(LlTu
rT)
LuW
Y_]
2.5.3. URPn Zt
Ti C]lTdL UiPXjp, TYUPRp
RPe LolT LXeLs eLXL, URPn WkRWUL
tmYW SPTm, JW W] ZtV URPn
Zt G]lTm. CfZtu LXm 28 ShLs
Bm. URPn Zt rdLiP XLp SPT\.
AY:
129
1.
l X 10 ShLs
2.
Wl X 14 ShLs
3.
URPn X 4 ShLs
1. l X
AiPLjs[ WVu @Tds NpLs
hhPu uTk WdLlTm FSH-u
iRXp Y[ok of APu\]. GiPUhVj
u CkR l] i, LhlTjY DvhW_u
aoUu Bm. Cllp GiPUhVU] Np
TdLUPRXp RU]\, CRPu Nok LZ
Wdm WlLm, RkLm GidLp
ALUu\]. CkR XV] AiPm TRp Utm
DvhW_u Wl kRPu u\.
JYVu @Tdp
DvhW_u WjRp
AiPm
TRp
LoTv hVm
FSH
GiP
UhVju (LlT
EhNlTPXm)
Al\
Ad
GiP UhV
Adu NVp
LH
GiPUhVju
NVpT Ad
RU]Rp
2. Wl X
AiPm Tm Lrfdl u, Tds NpLs
LH- Bp iPlTh W_vW] EtTj
Nnu\]. CkR W_vW_u GiPUhVjR
dL NnYPu, ARu WlL[m Y[WfNn\. CkR
WlLs LZ WYjR AL A[p EtTj
Nnu\]. CkR WYm k Np AiPjR APk
L\f NnYp ER\.
AiPU] L\hPp URPn Lr\.
3. URPn X
AiPU] L\hPp LoTv hVm CZl
SPT\. W_vWu Utm DvhW_u A[
\\. URPn ZtV] GiPUhV Wlu
Wl, GiPUhVp NpLs, CWjRm, L\ AiPm
BVYt\ Es[PdVRm.
130
URPn
X Su
ShLs
l X
Tj ShLs
(YXof
X)
Wl X T]u
ShLs
TPm 38 : URPnf Zt
URPn WkRWUL t\p (Meno Pause)
TiLp 50 YVp URPn Zt u\.
AkR SWjp AiPm EYYpX. DvhW_u Utm
W_vWu Wdm A[ \\.
LRp
LRp GuT AiPm Utm k Np CQm
Lrf Bm. LRm, Lt\ RuUm CQk
131
(Lu Y E\
BmVd
LVu
(TdP E\)
d
BmVu
V
L
Lt\ X (Pregnancy)
Lt\ hPV] CWi UReLdl u UR
Rt\jR Jj LQlT\, CkXp C
Gu\ZdLlT\. CkR u Y[ofV] 280 ShLs
ApX 9 UReLs YW d\, u Cf \d\.
LolTTs Y[ofVPu\ LXm LolTdLXm
Gu\ZdLlT\. CRj RPok ZkR
YYYRt \jRp Gu TVo. LolTdLXju 7Y
YWjp LY] Bi Utm Ti u TdL
ZpL[ Tts[. C]lT] LoPdv Utm
UpXYL Y[of\. B\Y YWm YW Bi
Ti Tp ElLs JW UVL Rt\m Adu\].
BiLp 7Y, 8Y YWeLp UpXY] kRLUL
Ut\UP\, LoPd^] dLm T\. u]o
d NpLs Ruu\], BiW_u aoUm
Wd\. Tip LoPdN] AiPLUL
Y[ofVP\, UpXY] U\kT\.
L Y[ofuT BmVu, LVu Tu\
LfNqLs Y TLjRp, EQhPm AjRp
Tu\ TL[ Nnu\]. BmVu NqY] LY
rk T Tus[, CRs BmVd WYm Es[.
Rn Nn L CQlT] RPk Lt
EQ]
LPj\.
LolT
LXjuT
LolTvhVm Utm Rn Nn CQl CZV]
(Placenta) W_vW] Wd\.
AmldLp
RU
AmlLp Ri
Rls L
SgdL
TPm 39 : Y[oL
TdLUP\. hhPu uTk
WdLlTm WXdu aoUu Tp EtTjV
i\. BdPu aoUu Tp YYRX
i\.
CqY alTRXUv, hh Wl Utm
AiPLm CYVm Ti C]lTdLjR
JeTjYp Tm Te Ydu\].
Nn\
1.
2.
3.
4.
TpWl (Lactation)
5.
6.
132
133
LsLs
T A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1. _________ GuT Liu YiTPXUm.
2. _________ GuT ToY \.
3. _________ NUXlTjm ElTm.
4. __________ B] SjRu [ Jjs[.
5. Erp LQlTm S _________ Bm.
6. NdLv GidLv _________ p WdLlT\.
7. WLju i AX _________ Bm.
8. o YVt\lTm Lrf ________ G]lTm.
9. RWn Wl __________ aoU] Wdu\.
10. _________ Utm __________ aoUuLu A[ LolT
LXju T ALdu\.
II. TjL
1. f
U
2. UVlV
ToY \
3. Nu
hPlToY
4. TWhh
jRo
5. LpWp
AiPm
Ero Wl
6. ADH
7. PhP
Y[of aoUu
8. WhN^j RuU
TWRWdu
9. Gv
o UEgRp
10. WVu Tdsv
kRLm
134
1.
T C
V. dLU] PV (5 UlTiLs)
1. Wh]u TLs VY?
2. ALfNV [dL.
3. LpWu TLs Tt L.
4. Pp EQ EgNlTRp GqY Lr\.
5. WLju AUl] Y.
6. Ru TLs VY?
7. Ah]p LoPd^l Tt L.
8. Ah]p UpX aoUuLu TL[d L.
9. kRLju TL[ L.
10. LlTu TLs VY?
T D
VI. Y] PV (10 UlTiLs)
1. Liu AUlTm TpY TL[m Y.
2. LhPp Es[ EPtNVVX Y.
3. Pp SPTm NjRp Utm EgRp Tt
Y.
4. LpWp HtTm SnL[ Tt GL.
5. SlWu AUlTd Li o EYm
LrfV Y.
6. WLjRp o NUX NnVlTRX Y.
7. AX LW NUXV Y.
8. hhP Wlp WdLlTm TpY
aoUuL[l Tt Y.
9. Bi C]lTdL UiPXjR Tt YL GL.
10. URPnf ZtV Tt YL G.
136
LWQeLs
1. NL Utm T[RWd LWLs
YUu [YL EQ Tt\d\ AL UdLs
SNp, Utm AjRU] YrdL X, JeLt\
ZkR TWUl \ Tu\Y AL A[p WR
137
2. EVp LWLs
Rnd LolTLXjt um, LolT LXjm
HtTm FhPd \Y \Y] GPPu V
ZkR \lTRt LWQU\. WRd LX \
Snd Rt SnL[ RuUV] Te Yj,
AWYL Sn HtTjm LWVm. Yt Td
SnLs, UQp Y AmU Utm YN SnLm Ut\
\ Rt SnLm WRm Utm Nd NUuThp
UThP [Y HtTj\.
A. NYX
CkSu dV UjY APV[m Utm
ALs BY].
l
RN QRp.
X Lm.
4. YV
RX p Ut\eLs
CWjR NL
Eof Nj A \T
139
C. SgNu NYX
Cp SgNu, NYX SnLu ALs Nok
ZkRPm LQlTm.
B. SgNu (Marasmus)
CkSu APV[m Utm AL[Y]
l
LUV] RN QRp
140
fN
fN \V u XL[L dLXm.
l
FhP XV im T\ Yim.
u XLp fN NnVlT\
RlLs.
1. UjYU]p fN
uYm XUL[ NTjR Yim.
aTRoV, aTd[V, Rt SnLs,
oYtl TRp, Rl ThLs \kR LWNp oUjp
R EldLs NNUUL CpXjRp, CWjR NL
Utm \ EofNjdLs Utm R EldLs \T
SnLs
3. U WUl
FhP X UWUlu AlTP GuT
NVp\p FhPfNj TtV TtV RnUoLd
AlTRm. ClTtu Xm ZkRLs BWdV
XV im APYRt RnUoLs t YhPWjp
Pdm EQl ThL[ Yj FhPm \kR
EQY
RVj
ZkRLd
RYR,
UtToYPl T\oLs.
Rdm \Ls
l
TPm 6 : dLhv
A. dLhv
TPm 4 : LWhPUXV
144
TPm 5 :
LWhPUXVu
[Yp HtThs[
ToY CZl
B. BvV UXV
CRt TVW Rdm dLhv Gu TVo. C
TYL Lol TiLPm LQlT\. GmLp
HtTu\ Ut\eLs, dLhv SVp RdLlThPYoL[
Tp Jj Cdm. GmLp Y Cdm. Ck
LiP XNL BWmdm Y, \ LUV]R
m. RNLp TX]m Cdm. SVp RdLlThPYo
TdLhLp H\m, StLp Ck C\eLm
WUlTYoLs.
3. EofNj E (PdL@Wp)
XeLp EofNj E \ HtTm T
C]lTdLm NnV VR XU, LpWp SdWv,
Tu\ TpY SnLs EiPm.
4. EofNj K
CqofNjd \Th]p EslLp CWjRd
L HtTm.
6. EofNj B1 (RVu)
RVu \ HtTm T TT Gum Sn
URoLp LQlT\. DW TT, EXokR TT
BV C YLV] TTdLs TVoLPm
LQlTu\]. TTu Rp AV]
A]WdV (TuU), LpLs L]ULm,
YUum CjRp. LpLs EQofVt UWjl
TRp Utm Ym Cdm. TdLlThPo YU
CZkm ALUL Notm LQlTYo. o Loj
elT, DW TTu Rf \l Bm.
BRNLs (LiPLp, uLp RN) (Calf muscle) e
Cdm. Sj l L YLUL dTYRL
Cdm. CRVm YUVt Tnm. CR]p, CRV
NVZl HtTh C\dL Sm. ZkRl TY
TTp, RuUV] ALs Gu]Yu\p,
AUuU, dLuU Utm CRV NVZl
Bm.
7. EofNj B2 (WT@[u)
WT@[u \u LWQUL HtTm
SnLu TiLs BY].
147
8. EofNj B3 (SVu)
SVu \T T p X L W Gu\ SV
URoLPm HtTj\.
and Diarrhoea)
B. Rp AZt (Dermatitis)
9. EofNj B6 (TPdu)
11. Td AXm
CfNjd \ HtTmT \kR YYn
s[ Lol TiLPjp ULX [vd
AV Gu\ Sn HtTm (Megaloblastic Anaemia).
TPm 11 : TpXLW
SVp TlTPkR
ZkRu Lj Utm
LLs Rp AZtVp
TlTPk Es[R
TPjp TodLXm
150
EofNj B 12 \T dVUL NY EQ
EiTYoL[ AL A[p Rd\.
2. UdVm
\Th]p HtTm RuUV] UjYm NokR
Su Ti VRp U] AjRm, RNLp No,
RX t\p Utm YlPu V EPp dLm.
3. Cm
CmfNj \Th]p CWjR NL Sn
HtTm. CkSn ALUL ZkRLs, C[m YT
TY TiLs Utm Lol TiLs, Thm
RnUoL[ Y[m SLp Rd\. UjYm
NokR Ti Gu]Yu\p, CWjRjp \Y]
U[u A[]p WQYY NpLs,
RNLs BVYtd Gjf NpY \Rp Tu\
[ HtT\. CkSu AL[Y] Rp
Yd LQlTRp Bm. SLeLs UuUV]
RLm, RhPVL, LWi Tu\ YYjPu
(LXV) (Koilonychia) LQlTRp Bm. rYm
TPjp LXV Sn EYs[Rd
LQXm.
152
TPm 12 : LXV
Ut\ AL[Y] NoRp, Wk NVp
mT fWl HtTRp, RX t\p, RXY,
ToY UeRp, dLuU, TWvV (ARY L,
LpLp fNjPu SdLm), Utm SgY
LUV] XLp LdLp ojRdLm
LQlT\. 3 YVdhThP ZkRLp Cmf
Njd\ CWjRNL HtTmT Ui Eim
TZdLm LQlT\.
NTjV EXL LRW Y]ju sYWlT
EXL[V UdLhRLp Y[m SLp CWjR
NL Sn 30%dm ALULd LQlT\.
CkVp CWjRNL RdLlThs[YoLp
BiL[ P TiL[ A]j Xm 20
70% YW TlTPks[]o. RV FhPfNj
Y]juT, CWjR NL GuT A]j C[m
TY YV Lp (NL T[RW X]
Th TjRUp LiPks[T) 20 25% TiLs
TdLlThs[]o.
153
4. IVu
AVu Nj EQp \kRp, RWn Wl
Tjm X HtTh ARu [YL LnhPo
Gu\ Sn HtTm. rYm TPjp LnhPo Sn
Rds[R LQXm.
5. jR SLm (Zinc)
LUV] jRSLm \Thu [YL
GuPWTjdL HtTh, CRu
[YL LUV] Rp Sn, ZkRd \kR JX
UReLp HtTm. (aTV Y \Rp) Utm
aTvV (UQm LiPYp \ HtTY). BV]
SjRW A[ jRSLm \]p HtTm. Cd\T
jRSLm NjR EQPu GjdLsmT
NV\.
AdWPoUPhv
TPm 13 : LnhPo
3.2. fN EQLs
1.
2.
3.
Sn X]l Tj EQjhPjp
NnV YiV Ut\eLs
2.
Su LX A[
3.
Sn XULp Ck i YYRt
EQjhPjp \dLlTP YiV lLs
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ll kR ApX Ll \dLlThP
EQjhPm.
5.
6.
7.
158
159
CVtLV] WY EQLs
2.
3.
WRm
160
161
Ll
2. CWlT i
EofNjdLs
EofNj A, B h EoNjdLs Utm EofNj C
BVY _Wm Cdm LXjp SVd ALUL
RYlTu\].
WYm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
RodLYiV EQLs
7.
8.
162
163
(Infective Hepatitis)
3. YtlTd
YtlTd GuT NRWQUL UXeLlTR P
Nt UTh AdL ALU] A[p AL Pu
LlTRm. EQ Xm SVV TWUlTp, CZkR
WYeL[m, R EldL[m [ D NnY Lm
dVU]. YnY WYeL[ EhLsYR ALUd,
dVUL NVm Utm ThPVm \kR lLs
Utm TZfNL[ SVd LdL Yim.
CZkR W [lT\ YnY WtYRt J Pm[o
Lj, B\YdLlThP p J hL Elm, J
RdLWi NodLWm Noj RVjR WYjR
SVd TL RWYim. YtlTd u\u,
UfNj EQL[] NRm, E[dZe NRWQ
RVeL[ WR EQL[ LdLXm. Llf
NjR SV PU] Xp CkRp LhTjR
YiPm.
4. LpWp SnLs
LpWp GuT L dVU] El Bm. LpWp
jR W Wdm. Um, LoTahWh, Ll,
WReLu Y[ofR Ut\eLp Te Ls\. LpWp
SnL[Y]:
164
Nd
5. CRV SnLs
WRm
WRj RYV] Su WjR Tj
UTm. L LUV] UgNs LUXp 40 Wm
WRm LdLlT\. L XN] UgNs LUXp
60 80 Wm WRm EhLs[ AUdLlT\.
Ll
H\jRZ 20 Wm Ll LdLlT\. RU]
Nej RPo Ll AXeLs LiP ReLn
GiQn LdLlT\. H]p ReLn GiQn
WdLlTYRt jR p Es[ AXm AYVm
CpX.
LoTahWhLs
EQp AL LoTahWh Lm CuVU
VR. H]p, LXL[ LlTRtm, Nd RYd
l WReLs R\ ClTRtm LoTahWh
ALm ClT SpX.
EofNjdLs
EQj hP UXiU
CRu dLs, CRVjt ALU] Kn
Utm SpX NjQ Aj TWUjRp Bm.
EQjhPju LsLLs
NodLlTPYiV EQLs
Nd
167
Ll
EhLs[lTm LXLp 20% \YLY
Ll CdLYim. EQY] \NhPlT\R
Ll AXeL[d LidL Yim. ERWQm:
VLk GiQn.
EQjhPU] TU] A[p WReLm,
EofNjdLm \kRRL CdL Yim. uLs n-3
Ll AXeL[d Lis[ \kR EQYm.
100200 Wm ] YWjp 2 3 \Ls EhLsm
T CRV Sn YWUp RdLXm. 2 \ AL
EQ EhLsYR P 3 4 \ \Y] A[Lp
EhLsY \kRRLd LRlT\. \V]
EPtTtm, AUV] U] Xm CWjR AjRjR
\dL ER\. L jRp Utm UT]m
AkYRm jR Yim.
6. AL CWjR AjRm
EXL LRW Y]m, S[m eYRm,
SglT e CVdLjRp HtTm AjRm (Systolic)
160 . Hg-dm ALULm Utm S[m YRm,
SglT CVdLjRp HtTm (diastolic) AjRm
95 .. Hg-dm ALUm XV AL CWjR AjRm
Gu YWVjs[.
CRV NpZn S[m NokR SnLs, WL SnLs,
[d LhLs, Ah]p Wlp LhLs, aTo
RWn^m ApX LlT ]lT hhP SnLs
HtTmT CWjR AjRm ALdm.
UWj RPo U] AjRm, EPp TUu Utm L
jRp Tu\Y CWjR AjR Sn HtTYRtL]
LWQeL[m.
168
EQj hP UXiU
Nd
20 .LX/.Wm EPp GPd G] YjWd
LlThs[.
WRm
W] FhPXV TWUlTRt 60 Wm A[
WRm EQjhPjp CPm T\ Yim.
Ll
CRV SVLs AL A[p AjWv[Wv
SVp RdLlTP Ynl Es[Rp, AYoLs Xe]m
ApX WLf NhPl Tt\ LlT AL A[p
EhLs[ P. J S[d 20 Wm Ll AUd
LlT\.
NVm
NVm \YL Es[ EQ] LUV] EVo
CWjR AjRm Es[YoLd LdLXm. SVLs
NUVm, U_ m, ElT RolT \kR.
FLnLs, AlT[m, YYpLs, TpLh, ElhP
YiQn, PlTp APdLlThP EQl ThLs,
Nv, LhfAl, BlTNP ETVdLlTh RVdLlThP
TdL EQl ThLs Utm NVm El]p
TRlTjRlThP EQL[ RodL Yim.
SofNj
SofNj kR EQ] SVd LdL
Yim.
169
7. WL SnLs
B. S@lWv
A. S@lWhv
EQj hP UXiU
l
LhlTjRlThP WYeLs
LhlTjRlThP NVm
LhlTjRlThP ThPVm
8. PVThv UphPv
iP LXUL Ck YkR Y[ofR Ut\eLp
HtThP \TP PVThv UphPv Bm. EPp
Cuu WlT \TYRp, EPX] dL^
YULY ApX TVLY TVuTjR VR
X HtTPd LWQU\. TWmTW Utm AjRm
BVY PVThv UphPu AL[Y].
l
ALU] T (T@TV)
GP CZl
Rp GfNp ApX Rt Sn
YUZjRp, Nd CZjRp
EQjhP UXiU
l
Ad TXL LU TkWdLlTYRtL]
LWQm Gu]Yu\p, LUp AL SofNj
Es[. Um, LUVp, CWjRjp ddLv
EgNlTYRu Rm \dLlT\.
3 Y[ TV EQLs Utm 3 Y[ ti
Lm Gjd Ls[lTu\].
1. CPm
CPjR ok Bn Nn, GkR A[t Lt]p
UT\ ApX GLs, DdLs, fLs, YiLs
Tu\YL[p RdLlT\, AdLlT\ GuTR
Ak Ls[ Yim. o ZnLm, Lo
ZnLm ALL AUdLlTh ClT SpXRpX.
H]p, ZnLp HRm L HtT\ NUVeLp,
Pu LXk nUd LhP [dm.
175
2. AUl
4. Lt\hPm
5. YfNm
A]j TLm SpX YfNjPu CdL
Yim. Ad, GiQn d Utm HRY
TlLs Clu GRL LiPV YfNm ERm.
6. o VLm
o VLm NnVlTm u, AkR o lTRt,
EQ NUlTRt, Utm TjWeL[ LYRt Ht\
GuTR E Nn Ls[ Yim.
A]j YLV] CVtLVL Pdm m R
EldLm, AlTPV] X ThLm, Ltp
LWdLlThP YdLm APe Cd\. iVp
NVpTLs, u UQm, Y, \m BVYtt
LWQUL [e\. EQ NUlTRtL] o Lm
jRU]RL CdL Yim. TU] jRjPu
CkRm, Ld \kR A[Lp, X ThLs p
LWk Cdm. B]m, LWkR ThLs EPp
BWdVjt e [dL.
p Es[ AjReLs SojVL PlThP ApX
LWdLlThP ThLs Bm. El YYeLp
177
AhPYQ 1
EQ YL
jRUL
Es[R
E
NnYRtL] NTojRp \
LnLLs Utm
TZeLs
V UNeLs
T\YLs
V T\YLs CV RNLs,
SpX \m, SjRW GPPu,
T[T[lTL CdLYim.
7. LL[ Al\lTjRp
NUVp A\d LLs LnLLu RpLs, kV
RV EQl ThLs, L NnVlThP PlTdLs,
RX]Y APem. CY NUVp A\u AL
Nj YdLlTh CdLd P. H]p, CY
fLs, YiL[ LYok, EQ YRm TrTj
m XV EYdm LWL[m. JeLL
LLs ALt\lTPhPp, AdLLs XUL o
UTh, LLs Utm EQl ThLd oLhP
[jm.
179
Tp,Tp ThLs
Su\L jWPl
Ths[R, RWm A
Es[R, UQm, AXm ApX
LNl YPu Es[R G]
NTodL Yim.
LY Tu\ AV ApX
ANRWQ jWV, EQl
Ts Ut\lThs[ G]
Rdm Utm im
jWh PlTh ClT,
Lhl
TRp
ApX
djRX Lhm.
2. NjRp
Am ThLs A]jm 10oC Rp 20oC ds
TLdLlTh iu Y[of RP NnVlT\.
YiLs, fLs BVY EQl ThPXeLp [
YVL, ApX TLu [ YVL Lu YVL
LRu YVL Utm NUVX\ Es[ Utm YV
Ll ThLs NdLlThlu, ARu XUL
EQYj Rd QdLXm. LWlTu fLs Chp ,
AjRU] XLp, Yo CdLp, AXULu
u\jp, LLu r, RV CPeLp Cdm.
LWlTu f Rd L [jRR LiPY L]m,
180
3. RVjRp
l
AR]p
A. lL[ NUVX\p ETVdLd P.
B. EQY LVm T mUp HtTP ShPp,
LjR Y \UL ldLi, LdhPV
TVuTj LjR dLs[ Yim.
l
l
l
2. ThNm
YZdLUL ThNm Sn Th]m hPLs
RdLlThs[ PlTp APdLlThP EQL[
EhLsmT HtT\. Sn TWlm i
d[vhVm Th]m Bm. Um Cki
GiPPdu Gu\ VU] Sfl T[ EtTj
Nn\. Gd^Pdu GuT YlTj]p NVZdLf
NnVlT\. Sn Sn RdLlThP STu EPmp
Y[m 8 36 U SWjR YmU TYm Gu\m.
CkR Sn o Gu RdLd V. CkR Su
APV[ AVRp, RYt\ ToY, UVdLm,
TX]m, RXY, A Yt Y, Utm EPp
No.SflT[] UjV SWm UiPXjR Tj,
TdLYRm HtTj, Tfj\u Utm eRp
TlT HtTjm. YNjp RP ApX CRV
NVZl J X ShLp HtTh EZdL SPXm.
183
7. LpX (Shigella)
CjR iLs TpX RTV
HtTjm. Rm Utm CWjRm LXk YtYPu
V UXm LlT ARu ALs Bm. NUdLlTPR
Tp, AjRU] o LXk TYR]m, EQ
ThLs, \k YdLlThlTRm TpX RT
HtT\. DdL[ TYL CkSV TWlu\].
TdVdL[ Rt Ss[Ytp Ck Uk,
EQp EhLok, EQu XUL TWl\.
2. AvTopXv @[Yv
CkR gN DWU] YoLPX, NVuv, Tj
R, TV C]m NokRYLs Utm RVeLp
Y[ou\]. CY A@l[Pdu Gu\ (Aflatoxin) SgN
HtTjm. CkR Sf LpWp R Utm t SV
HtTjm.
185
AhPYQ - 2
, fLs
TWm Rm
[Ls
1. hPV
N]hP
TdLlThP Tu
UNm Xm
TWu\].
2. hPV
N]hP
SPlYp
TuU,
TdLlThP UNm
YV \jPu
XUL TWu\] CjRp
3.@TX
TjWmXhPm
LPpu XUL
EofNj B12
\T
4. AvLv
XmldLnLs
(round worm)
URoLs, EQ,
o XUL
Yt Y,
Y CjRp
RN l
5. hWd]pX SojV] ,
vTWv
Rts[ Tu
(Trichinella)
UNm Utm
ARPu NmTkR
PV ThLs
XUL
6. p
Rts[
URu UXd
LLs Xm
TYL rT
Yt\ ALm
Tdm.
7. GuPT
LLp
vPL
Y[odLl
ThP YLR
TfN LnLL[p
TWm
186
[p
LhLs
SWm UiPXm,
Tl APRp,
VoY, W]
LUV] Y,
TuU, LU
V] Ynli
UXYp GfNp
NhRp
Utm
UlT
4. J EQY Nh TU] Nj \Y
HtTjRp
ClLs Utm uTiPeLp TU] A[p
EofNjdLs Es[]. C Tu\ EQLp RVu
Utm SVu NjdL[ NhPf Nn TU]
NjdLs Tt \Y] EQYL NnV Yim.
AhPYQ 3
EQLs
NhPlTm FhPfNjdLs
Wh
LX EQ
Tp (Bu)
EofNj A
ZkR Tp
Y]vT
EofNjdLs A Utm D
El
188
189
AhPYQ - 4
EQl
Tu
TVo
LXlTPm
NnVlTm
Ts
YiQn
Y]vT
LXlTPm NnVl
ThP T[ LiPm
GV \
J NR]d
Zp 1
RdLWi Sn ApX
YiQnV NU
A[p APo
ALs[
Hcl Noj GjdLi,
1 hL Lmf NodLW
NodLm. 1 Pm Su
dLm. \ 5PeLs
Lj NdLm. r
Tp Nk\m
Ru]p Y]vT
ClT EV\. CkR
NR] Gs GiQnd
L] lTL NnVl
T\. H]p Gs
GiQn Y]vTPu
LhPVUL NodLlT\.
L GiQn NVl ThLm
CkR NR]p EVm.
191
Tp
Rio
UjR
E[dZe,
NodLW Ysd Ze
Utm \ UlThLs
1 edNo IVu
NodLm.
Tl
\
IVu \m vPof
Clu XUL Um.
A. XdP hPo LQd
NRWQUL 1.026d
\k CdLd P.
B. Su Tx NnVl
ThP NejR] R[jp
J TX h o
ClTR LiPVXm.
jRU] Gp Tp
YY um ApX
YY UY Ys[
LhP APV[Ud
m. B]p o LXlTPm
NnVlThP Tp EP]
VL Yk m, J
APV[ Vm
hYdLUp.
C. edNo B@l IVu
NodLm. X \UL
U]p vPof Es[Rt
L] A Bm. CkR
NR] Tp Hs[
Ts ApX LhV]
T[ NodmT
UlTt\Rm.
192
LY
vPof
EQYL
ETVLd
V
GiQnLs
BoUu
APoY] Shd
AXjR R[
GiQnPu LY]UL
LXdLm. Ylk
Tl LXkR Yl
\UL, AX Adp
UY BoUu
GiQn LXklTR
RTj\.
EQYL
ETVLd
V
GiQnLs
R
GiQn
2 EQYL TVu
Tjm GiQnV
Gj NV] A[ N/2
BpLad ThPx
NodLm. Ldm p
15 PeLs TjRm.
im 10 o
NodLm. LXeLp X
HtThPp R
GiQn ClTR E
Nn\.
EQYL
[dLi
ETVdL
Qn
V
GiQnLs
NR] Zp
ThWVm DjRPu
GiQnV
LWdLm. Iv El
LXYp odLm. 5
PeLs YW LXeLXL
Clu [dLiQn
ClTR d\.
193
CkR NR] L
iV A[ GiQn
Ld PV.
ClLs,
Ivm
NoTj
UhPp
UgNs
(AUdLl
TPR L
GiQn NVm)
YYlT] RiPu
EQl Tp
X Ls APo
kR Hcl NodLm. U_kR
Yl \m EYmT
UhPp UgNs ClT
E B\.
Tl
YLLs
LN
Tl
50 ojR Hcl I
TlPu Noj Ytm
p 15 PeLs
YdLm. ed \m
EY]p LN Tl
Es[R RYd\.
TeLVm
LUi,
LtLs,
LVd
WUh
NW[d
LtLs
LiL[p Ndm TR
CdLXlTPeL[
LiPk PXm. 5 Wm
TlT, 5 Pu X
Ls (UgNs) Hcl
NodLm. ed \m
WUh Es[R
Lid\.
NldLp
(VdLp)
ApX Y
UiQp
NnVlThP.
Pu dLm, Nld
Lp ApX \ Ui
Ts Ap Rem
vPof
Td NnVlThP AR
NR]Ls
e
TeLVm
194
RX
ETVdLl
ThP RX
ApX \m
NodLlThP
Ek TV
ApX
dLPX Rp
A. RXV DWU]
phPo Rp ]p
EP]VL \jR
YVtm.
B. iQm [
eLu Rhp ApX
LiQ Rhp TWlTm.
RXV
iQm Up Ym.
Yl, BWg ApX \
\eLs iQm Up
TW]p, L GiQn
NVlTs Es[R
RYdm. SmTLU]
RX Gp
RXp [W@p
Es[Rp Nt SWm
Lj XN] TfN UgNs
\m, HtTm.
eUl
UdLdN[
R[ZLp
NVm HtRp
LU,
TwW Utm
\ EQ
RVeLs
GoLh
(J Sfj
RuU YnkR
T[m)
A. LgYl \ [U]
ToLs, TwW TPp
Es[Y. GoLh Es[R
E Nnm.
Cdm. B]p
AVm CXLm
NmTX m. Ys
EXLjRs RL L
UpVR] Cdm. C
Wd CPV
LNd]p [L
Sem. AV
EXLjRs RL
L]U]RL Cdm. C
Wd CPV SdLl
ThPp iL[L
EPVdV
B. X ToL[ 20%
El LWNp TPm.
GoLh Ut\ Tp
Rdm. B]p RWkR
TwW ToLs Z Re m.
RjW
RLs
[Ln RLs Tu
Rum RjW RLs
BrkR Lm Tl
\jPu Cdm. B]p
W NR]p RR
VL j GjPXm.
NodLW
Ndjs
Lm[
Ys
CXLs
UgNs
UhPp
UgNs
J RdLWi UgNs
[ NR]d Zp
GjdLi, X
Ls APoY] Hcl
AXm NodLm. \m
Ru, o NojRu
U\km. \m j
CkRp UhPp
UgNs ClTR dm.
[Lns
NeLp s
Nl Lp
NVtL \
p LWm NVtLV]
NVm GuTR u Up
A[ [Ln ApX
UgNs [
J Pm[o p LWdLm.
Ndjs Z
Tkm.
XN]
ToLs
AVm
CXLs
SmTjRkR Ys
CXLs Slp
YUL Gkm.
V Ys[
EiP UhU Gg
196
197
LiPVXm. p LWVd
V NVm, EP]VL
p LWk m.
YpXm
Ndjs
[dLlThP
NodLW
X Ls Hcl AXm
NodLm. TeRp
Clu LXlTPm NnVl
ThlTR E Nnm.
1 LWi NodLWV p
Th LWdLm. Ndj
s CkRp Z Tk
m.
Wm
GiQn GdLlThP
WmT ARu V
A[ Utm eV
Rt\m Toj Li
dLXm. Wmu
TiT] LWf Y SmTj
RkR EiUV] Wmp
Cdm. B]p GiQn
GdLlThP Wmp LWm
\k Cdm.
GiQn
GdLlThP
WmLs
WY
Cmj
LsLs
LU
U
UR
Nm T AL A[
o RYlTm. Um
m T NlTjLs
Su\L Gm Ym.
LU UYp NnR
NlTjLs CUV]
Y EPVRL Cdm.
B]p LXlTPm
NnVlThP U]p
RVdLlThP NlTjLs
Y \Y]RL
Cdm.
El
Ys[dLp
s Utm
Ndjs
(Chalk powder)
J RdLWi ElT J
Pm[o p LXdLm.
Ndj s AkW
Ys[ WL Utm.
Utm TV LsLs r
Tp Tkm.
BoUu
RLs
L SpX YZ YZlT]
UtTWlT Li
Cdm. BoUu
RLs RVeLs
Tp, LWLWlT] Up
TPu, LUV]
\jRd Li Cdm
BLY Su ok
SdmT,
RVeL[ RVL
j PXm.
Ru
LmfN
J Tjj V
ApX
jRU] Rp S]j
YpXlT
dfVp Tt\ Ydm
(NodLW Utm T, Sll j
Rio)
Gm. LXlTPm NnR
LkRjR WY Up
Li Tm T
Cmj LsLs CkRp
LYok CdLlTm.
LU Up RVdLl
ThP NlTjd, U
198
199
Pu CkRp lj
GV. Sll
Tt]m, u LWQUL
Yl NjRm
Cdm.
Td
\fNVm
p \m LWm. NdLu
ALlTVL Clf
YV HtTj iP
SWjt Tdf Y
RVUp Nn m.
Ljs
ApX
TfN
LhPj
s
NkRdLlTm Ljs
Ys[\ o Egm
Ru Ut\jp
YlT\. 1% NVm
LoT]h LWNX
RdLm. Utm
TfN LhPjs
CkRp, o Eg Rp
Yl \jR HtTjm.
TV
(TfNl
ThP)
\fNVm
CXYeLl
ThP
LYnlThP CXYeLlThP L
(Cassia Bark)
UpVRL Cdm.
i Lsm RuU
EPV. LYnl
ThPLs L]U]RL
WlPu Cdm.
dL
RtNVXL Lm LXlTPeLs
(Cinnamon)
R[ TV p 1/2
U SWjt rmT
Yj, \
LXdLlT\. \m RVL
LWk dLlTY
LXlTPm NnVlThlTR
Lh\.
Lj[ J Pm[o
u Up Ym. Lj
s UX Rdm. dL
J X SLp Z
Rem. dL LsLs
ALU] LWUp LWQUL
\jR ALlTj
Lh\.
200
AhPYQ - 5
CWNV]m
Utm
EXLm
BoNd
TVm
LhVm
RtNVX]
LXlTPl
ThLs
TZeLp LV
AoN]h RdLl
TY, o
No, o,
RNll,
EZl
EiPdm TdLYRm
G `jRp
TlTPkR
EQLs (TVm
LoT]h)
PXNp
CVpTpXR
AXfdL AN,
o RN Cl
Utm Yl.
ALlTV] Ero
WjRp, LpWp, o
Tl, W tSn,
dLX] Gm Ls
_lTp (ChPn
ChPn Gu\ SVp
AkSh]o LhVj
RdR]p TdLl
Ths[R EQoj\.
LTph
Rio, o
CRV NVZl
RWm
RWm NlThP
LXeLp AXj
RuU EPV
EQL[
Ydm T
Nn\d
EhTjRlThP X
EQl ThLs
TdLYRm,
[Tl,
LiToY CZjRp
202
@TeNh
R RVeL[
TRWNm Tj
m. lTL,
Td, h]
Utm `p u
TdLYRm, [ Tl
Utm Li
ToY CZl
YsVm
PlTp APdLl
ThP EQLs
LUV] YtY,
Yk, JVl
Toj AfNlTRp
jRSLm
jRSLm Up
NlThP Cm
LXeLp EQY
Ndm T
No, UVdLm, Yk
fd
LpLs
A]j YLV]
EQl
ThLm
UY] ApX
WY] `j
RuU HtTj
LpWp, WLm,
[, Utm
SWmL[ Tj
EZl HtTjm.
P DRp
vpTvh
Wp
vpTvhWp
EPV EQ
LdLlThP
XeLs Utm
UNeLp
Cd\.
PWhP_v
Utm Lo]
_v
Bu
TVhdv
BuTVhdv
LdLlThP
UNjp
Cd\
CRV SnLs,
UkR GojRp,
(Drug resistance)
CWjRd Zn L]URp.
[Ls
TZfNLs, Utm
UuT]eLs
LhVjPu
RPo EiP]p
LhVm NlThP
TjWeLs, SiLs,
BvPoLs Utm
WLeLs.
LVm
TRWNm
YNLd YLU] \p fd
LpL[ ETVdm \V Ltd LjRp.
2.
1.
NhPlTV] A[YLs.
3.
2.
Nu Adm hPeLs
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
205
8.
9.
C. UN ThLdL] BQ 1973
UNl ThL[ RVj, NVpThd EhTj,
Ko CPjp Ck Ut\ CPjt Ut\ Yim.
Bnd u]tTPL UNm NVp\d
EhTjRlTPp, NhPlT t\Um. CkR BQ TX
\Ls Utm LhlTL[ j SpXR
XeL[ Ro NnY, UNm YhPlTm CPeLp
LV[lTm UNeLdL] X NVp\Ls, XUL
UNjR UVL iLs Cu TWUlTRtLL
L[ oQVm Nn Es[.
rYm X H_udLs EQLd RW oQVm
Nn Es[].
A. TZ [Ts BQ 1955
Standards)
206
207
2. AdUod jW
AdUod GuT YNV [Ts tT]
G]lTm. AdUod Gu\ YojR AdLpWp UodLhe
(Agricultural Marketing) GuTp Ck EYV. Agmark
RWm GuT CkV AWNeLju tT] Utm Bn
CVdSWLjRp EYdLlThP.
CkR CVdSWLm YNV [Ts NhPjR
(Agricultural Products Act) 1937p ALlTjV. AdUod
(Agmark) jWu UV r Es[ TPjp LiL.
EQ TRlTjYRu LsLLs
1.
2.
3.
EQ TRlTjm \Ls
EQYl TRlTjR TVuTm \Ls A]jm
AlTPp TYL RjRp ApX LRp HtTPf
Nnm LWL[ u\f NnYRtL] LsLVd
LiPY. LRp HtTjm LWLs iL[p
AlTRp, SLu U]Ls Utm CVkW
hTm NokR [Ls, fLs Utm TdLuLs.
1. AL NodLW APo
BlsLs, LnV, WhN Utm Tu BlsLs
Tu\Y _m, _p RVlTRt ELkRY. ALUL
TjPUp R[Y TjRRL CkRp SpX.
H]p Tdu A[ TjR TZeLp R[
ALUL Cdm.
2. AL El APo
io TdLjR LhlTjRY El
TVuTjRlT\. YiQn, TpLh, LnLLs,
UNm, u Utm Wh Tu\ EQLp El
TVuTjRlT\. YN] Utm UNXl ThLs
TdVdL[ Rdm Bt\p dLY. ElPu, TpY
UNXl ThLs, GiQnLs Tu\Y FLn
RVdL TVuT\. Ltu ERPu EQlTp
Ym TdV Utm gNd L[u Y[ofV],
EQu Ut\l T GiQnVp PlTmT
RdLlT\.
213
Nn\ Tt
1.
2.
3.
Ap Es[ UV EQ UVjt Nu
ToYh, AWNeLm, EQp Njd\T
215
5.
6.
]dLs
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
216
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
B) 6080 ./ 100 .
3.
4.
SofNj kR EQ LdLlTY
A) Ytl i SVd
B) NodLW SVd
C) Ytl TdLp TlTPkRYod
6.
B) AL CWjR AjRm
C) PVThv UhPv
7.
\kR WR EQ
A) AL CWjR AjRm
B) S@lWhv
C) CWlT i
8.
Whp NhP TY
A) WRm
9.
B) Ll
C) RVu
B)vPWlPLdL
C) LpX
10. DWU] YodLPXp L [dL Y[m gN
A) @NVm
B) d[PvTVm
C) AvTopXv@[Yv
IV. TjL
SVu \ Sn
A) TT
5.
B) vLo
C) TpXLW
1.
RVu
vLo
2.
EofNj C
aTWd AV
3.
EofNj D
LnhPo
4.
Td AXm
BvVTWv
219
5.
LpVm
TpXLW
4.
TT
6.
IVu
ULX[vd AV
5.
7.
TdPdu
BeXo vPUPhv
6.
8.
WT@[u
LXV
7.
EQ JqYUu 2 ALs
9.
SVu
dLhv
8.
Wv
TT
9.
alTd LU
10. Cm
V.
1.
11.
2.
3.
4.
AL CWjR AjRm
1.
Zn Xm EQ NjRp Tt l GL.
5.
2.
EofNj A \Su AV [d
6.
YtlTd
3.
7.
4.
TvWN`u Tt l GL.
8.
EQ LXlTPm
5.
9.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
Pp NW EQ Adm \
2.
3.
dLhv
221
1.
2.
B h EofNjdLu \Th Su
AL[ Y.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
222
2.
3.
2. Uu EWUPV TY X
ClTY X, ZkRl TYm Utm Y[[m
TYjtm CPV Es[ TY XVm. T]
o HtTYRtL] AlTP A[YLuT
ClTYjp Ut\eLs Rum. lTnRp (menarche)
TiLm, CWLp YVt\eLs HtTRp
BiLm EiPu\]. Uu EWUPV TY
Xp (ApX om TYjp) QV] T]
\lVpLs RPok Y[of APYPu Ut\ T]
ElLp NpLs EtTjVu\].
3. u Uu EWUPV TY X
ClTYX Y[[m TYju Rp Ju ApX
CWi YPeLu Up Nu Lkdm LXUm.
CkXp, CQ T] \lVpLs Su Y[of
APk Cdm. Um T] ElLs ot
T] RPedm.
4.
5.
6.
2.
L]Lu Te
L]Lu Y[of Utm TdLj]p, T]
ElLs RuUV] T]l TiLs A[p
ALj, NVpYm oYRm ERu\].
Utm CQ T]l TiL[], UuUV] EWUm
EYRp BVYm HtTu\].
T] RuU TiL[d dm T]
ElLu Y[of, BiLp L]Ls ApX
WLs Utm Bi Bm. TiLp Rp
URPp HtTm CWjRl Td. CkLrp,
CWjRm, Nl Tu\ Ts Utm LlTk
RThP Np dLs, 28 ShLd J\
YVt\lTm.
228
4. CQ T]l TiLs
4.1.3. L dV CQ T]l TiLs-BiLs
EWUm
WLs Utm Bi A[p TR Ut\m
HtThP J Bit \ UuUV] EWUm
Rum. UuU EWU Y[of YUL t\
u Adm, Ljm, EPm EWUm Ru\
BWmdm. Rp A]j EWUeLm LXeLXL,
APou, UeLX] \jPu, SojV] R
RuUV Cdm. \, EWUU] APoY]
\jPu, NWNWlTL Rum ApX Um.
Rp
Rp L]U]RL NWNWlTL XN] Fm
RuUV, APo \kR \jPu, VoY [Ls
Nt TR]RL Cdm.
WlLs
Rp Es[ NTVv ApX GiQn EtTj
Nnm Wl TR, Lm ALUL NVpk
TdL[ EYdm. Adp Es[ ATdWu WlLs
NVpV BWmj, T] ou BWmT Xp,
VoY WlT ALdm.
RNLs
RNLs lhP A[m, Em ALj,
LLs, LpLs, RsLd YYj] Ldm.
Wp
UuUV] EWUm EYL BWmdm LXjp
Wp Ut\m Ru\ BWmdm. Rp Wp Lhs[
229
Uop fLs
Wp : Wp UlTm. Lm CUV]RL
Cdm. LWLWlT, EPk Tm Wp TiLPjp
LQlTYpX.
Cl
Cll T Nt ALu, Ei Rum.
ClTm A[p TR, RdLp Es[
Llu (subcutaneous fat) A[m ALdm.
UoTLm : Cl ALXUL UV u, UoTLm Y[W
BWmTUm. UoTLjp XdLm TRm. Tp U
WlLs EY, UoTLm TR, EiPVL Y[m.
EWUm : Cl Utm UoTLm EYd Li
CdLp Uu EWUm EYm. Rp URPn
ApX lTnm NUVjt \ Adm, Ljm
EWUm Ru\ BWmdm. Tp C] of APm
BWmT LXjp RURUL LLpLp EWUm Y[W
BWmdm. Ljp Y[m EWUm UhU SWLm,
XN] \jPm Rp LQlTh, \ APoYLm,
APoY] \jPm Cdm.
Rp : Rp NWNWlTLm, RU]Lm, VoYj
[Ls TVRm Rum.
WlLs : NTVv UtmAlTdWu WlLs
T] of RPdL LXjp L YLU] NVpTP
230
2.
3.
235
5.
6.
CQ T]l TiLs
dV CQ T]l TiLs Y[ok ot\
Xp, u Y[[l TYjp HtTm.
YN UiPXm
TiLu WWp Ls[[Y okR
XV] 17 YVp AP\. B]p BiLs WWp
Ls[[ XV TiL[ P X YPeLs
Lj APu\].
238
S[pX WlLs
T] ou RPdL LXjp L]Lu
ALU] NVpThPp u Y[[l TYjp S[pX
Wlp RtLL NUXuU HtTm. T] WlLs
oY u Y[[lTYm ApX u o
TYm YW APVUp CkRm, T] WlLs
YLUL Y[of APk, NVpTPj RPem.
EPp dLs
EPp Gmd Y[of NWN YVR] 18 YVp,
u m. GmLs ok ARu A[] APkR
\, GmTj RW \ dLs RPok Y[m. C
dVUL RN p XlT\.
RURUL oYPRp
oRp RURUm T Y[[m TYju
Y[ofd YjRUdLlThPYL[ \ NnYRtL]
LXm \\. uTL oTYo GuTYoLs NWN
YVp oTYo BYo. RURUL oYPTYoLs,
oRu RPdL LX Ut\eL[ \ Nn,
Y[[m TYjRm \ Nnm Xp ClTYoLs
BYo.
Tep Ut\m
Y[[m TYj]o Tsl Tlt u ApX
Tsl TlT j h, YXdf NpX Sm
T LUV] [ Rm TeUt\jt
EhTjRlTYo. JjR YVPVYoLs LpV RPok
Li
CdLp,
ReL[
uTLY,
ofVPkRYoLu Te] HtL YiV Xd
B[L S\. Um of APm TYjt
UYL LPk Npm NkRolTjRm CZdL S\.
242
J ZkRV], o YV TY X ApX
NhPlTVL o YVR APYRtL] YV TX
LXfNWeLp UTh Cdm.
TYL, ZkRLs, T] oRp LXju
Y[of YPkR \m, AYoL[ T] ElLs
EY, C]lTdLm Nnm XV APm
NUVjp, o YV TY XV APYoLs.
S o YV TYm (SYV)
S oYV TYm ApX SYV GuT 40 YVp
BWmj 60 YV YW dm. J NWN URPjm,
EPp Utm U] CVp NokRYLs R[oYPk ClT
YlTPVL Rm.
243
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
245
QV RYp Rp APRp.
TWTWlT] YrdL X.
4.3.4. YLWj
YLWj GuT UQjp HtTm UNU]
TkR]m, WfN] EfNXV APYRp,
LQYu U] CYWm WfN]d lLWU]
P T\ VR Xp HtT\. TX UrfVt\
UQeLs URfNo, S\, T[RWm ApX
Y TX LWQeL[p, YLWjp TYpX.
Um, TX UQeLp CYm k YRp
\. NhPlT ApX NmWRVlT CpXUp,
LRXm TX UQeLs Tu\].
YLWjRp HtTm AofV] [ GuT
YZdLUL C\l]p HtTm AofV P ALm Bm.
YLWjt \ HtTm LNlT] NmTYeLs Utm
U]Yfu CdLU AofdL] LWQm. Um,
YLWj B]YoLs HtTm NLju
U]lTuUm, Aof HtTP LWQUL [e\.
YLWj ZkRLPm AL A[p TlT
HtTjm.
oTY YVp Tkd LsY]p HtTm
YtV 3 AlTP A[YL[d Li A[PXm
NR], l APRp Utm RlThP YLp
Tkd LsRp. o YV TYj]o YZdLUL
u lTLp T Utm mT Yr BVYLp
EfNXp ClTo. o YV]o, AYoL[ YrdLp
GoLsm dV WfN]Lp Tkd LsYp
GkR A[ Yt AP\oL[, AY AYoLs GkR
A[ l APks[oLs GuTR oUdm.
4.4. S YV - u oYVl TYm (Middle Age)
ClTYm TYL 40 Rp 60 YV YW
jdm Gu LRlT\. ClTYju BWmT
248
3.
4.
Ul TYjp U\ Xj FuV
YlTLs TX Es[]. TZeLX UdLu
SmdLLs, LRLs TtV BWnfLs, RLYp
RPo NR]m, LR, LtT]d LR, CXdVm,
L NnRp ApX UThP YYeLp SLfY
ApX gO] BWnfLs Tu\Y GpX
Rjm YVR] U TYjp Es[YoL[
[dLUL Yd\. Ul TYj]o GuTYo,
R[o APk C]lTdLm NnV VUp,
ALUL TjLd Es[, YrYRt LxPlTh
TVukR ShLs A]jm t CdL,
C[OoLd Ynl PlTRtLL UV]Yo
Ls \m Rs[lT\oLs Gu YdLlThs[.
253
d [Um.
EPtT
l
L LpLs
l
SuULs
l
ReL[l
Tu\
lTeLs,
\uLs
LiPYoL[ Se RPo Ls[ Ynlm
Pd\.
ULs
l
257
Vo Ym T JW R[jp AUdLl Tt
CkRp, TLp Hm NUVeLp RY YR
RodLXm.
258
Ym A\ AUdLlTm T NRWQ
TTdL[] TjRp Utm RXdLh
TojRp Tu\Ytt CPm AUdLlTh CdL
Yim.
AL lTjPu, YlTPVL mm
NVpLp RPofVL Te LsRp.
ZkRp Ck Xf Nu \l YnkR Lp
NYLs, RYLs UTh Cdm. ZkRV]
ALlTVL k Lsm Bt\X T\ ERY
Yim.
A. TWmTW
D.
E. Sn RdV TV AY Nn Yh GlTRp
NmTkRlThP WfN]Ls.
4. RURUL RWlTm fN
YU, AXhVl Td Utm TZeLX P
SmdLLs Tu\Y RURUL YZeLlTm UjY
fNdL] LWQeL[m. UjY YN \TLs,
Li NmTkRlThP L[L[ HtTjm. CkVp
Es[ ToYVt\o RLV] EXu UjR
RLp TmTuUV Yd\.
LpLt\u RY
4.6.9. L L[U
1.
Ls U EYRp
2.
3.
Lt\u RYLs
Cp ZkRu UV k Lsm \m
Es[Pe Es[. ToYVm, EPp ANL[m,
RLYp RPo Ls[ Ltd LsYo.
YnUV] \ ApX ERPNYp
YlT GuT ERhPNL[ LYj, JL[
LiPY, L L[R ZkRLd LtdL J \kR
\Vm. C J UY] \Vm. Cm\p
LtdLsTYo Utm LtlTYo ALU] TUV
LPdL Yim.
EPp, L, Lp AN \ ApX NL U
Cm\p ZkR NLL[p, lL[p Utm
Wp GjdhPpLu ERVp RLYp RPo
Ls\. eLs GlTRm RXdLh Thp
Yn TN VRo Utm L L[RdL] \lf
Nn YdLlTYRl TojsoL[?
277
Lpj RYLs
Cp NnRp, GRp, [Vh, YWRp, YoQm
hRp, uRp Utm SP]m BRp Tu\ X
NVpTLs, Lp RYp NodLlTh, F]t\
ZkRL[ AYtp DTPf Nn NVpTP Yd\.
YZkR/CZkR El Es[ ZkR GqY J
CPjp Ck (L, Lp) Ut\ CPjt SLok
Npm?
NdLW StLLs TVuTjYRp KPjp Ck
Ut\ CPjt SLok NpYp u]t\m
HtTYPu Ru]mdLm Y[m. eLs GlTRY
L CZkR ZkRV TojsoL[? AdZkRLs
Lp/ Yu Q AZV YoQeLs hYp \k
[eY AVlT\. CdZkRLu tf
rXV \lT]RL AUdL Yim.
282
A. lThP mTeLs
Tt\oLdPV RPok NiPf NfNWLs
Cdm Xp, ZkRLs mTjp Ck
YYk Yo. ZkRLdj RYV] Aum,
TNm, YLhRpLm PdLUp Tu\.
ZkRLd X SWeLp TU] Au PdLUp
Tn YPu, Eo YrYRt RdLp AXm
oTkRm HtTh \. RYVt\ ZkRLm,
A]RLm, NLjp Tkd Ls[ VR Xd
B[u\]o.
B. YU Utm AVU
Lm HrU Xp Es[ mTeL[f NokR
ZkRLs Utm AVU Xp Es[ Tt\u
ZkRLd EQ, BP, E\Pm Tu\Y CpXR
X HtT\. Tt\Pm Ck Je\V]
YLhRp CpXUVp CdZkRLs, V
hdLp DTP BWmj ReLs YrdLd Yj
Rd Lsu\]o. ClTZdLm Y[ok S[Pp TV
A[ NL WR NVpTLp DTP Yj\.
283
dLm
l
4.6.20. UWUl
CQl Utm JeQlPu UjYm, NLm,
Lp Utm Rp NokR A[YL[ TVuTj Tt
LlTPu, R SToLd AYoL[ ALlTV]
\Uu Xd HtT im Tt AdLlT\.
(EXL LRW Y]m)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
289
4.7.
ZkR
TtjRp
Y[ol
TV[oL[l
ZkR Y[ol
A]j UR NRVjm, ZkR TWUl
GuT J mTju AlTPV] LPU Bm.
Am lTL Ru LPU Bm. TZeLXjp
ZkRu TY] BWdVm, Lp, T Td
AmNeLs NokR NYLs ZkRu mTj]oL[p
AdLlThP. Cu, NRVjp NL Y]eLs
EYL BWmjR u, ZkRLs, CQ Y]eLs
XUL TWUdLlTu\]o. ARY TsLs, UjY
UVeLs, TpY Utm TX NL dLpLs Utm Ts
DhYp Utm u]t\m APYp Es[ ThVp,
mT SToLs ReLs ZkRLu RYL[ \
Nn TWUlT GuT CVXR LVm Gu
EVdLlThs[. ARu [YL CQ Y]eLs
ALU] TlL[, ZkR Y[ol, TWUl
hPeLp NVpTjR Yis[. CjhPm
NokRYLp, AW ALU] TlPu ZkR
TWUl hPeL[ \Yt\ Yim.
CRPu,
A]j
NYL[
Nnm
TV[oL[] WU NYLoLs ZkRLu RYL[l
oj NnY, FhPfNj NYLs, Ru SXm TRp
Tu\Yt\ LYlToLs. CjRX[oLd ERVL
JeQlTRts WU Ld / WU Xd Tu\ ULo
RX[oLs NVpTYo.
Nn\
1.
2.
2. CpXf NYLs
CpX Y]eLp, CpXjRnLs, E\P
TV[oLs, RX[oLs, NLjRp F]t\
ZkRLu LlTLju LiLlT[o RX]YoLs
Es[]o
NL Y[of NYLoLs
ZkRLdL] hPeLs, TpYLs, ZkRd
LlTLeLs, [Vh UVeLs, FhPfNj UVeLs,
ULlT Utm ZkR SX UVeLs RX]YLs
XUL \Yt\lTu\]. BLVp, WU NYLo
Gu\ TV[W ALlTj ULo Utm
ZkRLdL] hPeLs \Yt\lTu\],
WU NYLoLu TL[ dV NYLoLs,
LiLlTRt TpY NRV Lp AUlT[oLs
XUL Tt AdLlT\. AWNeLm ApX
Ru]oYj Ri Y]eL[] Lk WUm UW
Ap, vY Yoj `kLjRu, WUxQ u
LpLjR, NY Uko ERVlo M.S. TWP
TpLXdLZLm Tu\ Tt UVeLp Tt
SPjRlTu\. YdL CVdSWLm dV
NYoLdm, YNLdL] Tt UVeLu
WV[oLdm, TPjhPm AUj ZkR
Y[of Utm NjQVdLL TX U]Vp
LpLp T[RW YNPu Tt AjY\.
292
T - A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cdm LXUm.
9.
II. TjL
1.
2.
S YV
WfN]Ls Es[ YV
3.
u oYV
4.
Y[[m TYm
R[om LXm
5.
T]ofu
RPdL LXm
NLjp RUl
TjRlTm LXm
T - B
rYY]Yt\ Y
1.
2.
Y[[m TY YV
3.
oYV TYm
4.
YLWj
5.
UlTYm
4.
6.
Wp
7.
UThP \U
5.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
6.
7.
8.
NhPlT of APRp
12. WUNYLo
13. Bt\p CZkR ZkR Tt TdLu YWV\.
14. CPUTh LXm
15. Y]eLs NWR NL NYLs
295
T - C
III. dLU] PV
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5. U] oYLm
UR NRVju J dV AeLUL ClT
mTm. mT Yru AlTP AmNUL Es[ U]
oYLm mTju BWdVm, Urf Utm mT
SXm Tu\Ytp TeLdu\.
mTm GuT JW hp Ydm CWi ApX
ARt UtThP SToL[m, CWjR NmTkRU] E\PV
SToL[m, UQju Xm E\ Tt\ SToL[m
AeLj]WLd Lis[Rm. mTU] NkR j,
T[RW NVpTLs, Lp Utm T TdL]
LVeL[ Lrjm J NRV Y]Um. Au,
TNm, JYWVYo k Lsm RuU
BVYt\p UdLs Ju YrYRp U] oYLm
AlTPp UR E\Lu RuUV NmTkRl
TjYRL AUks[.
Cu\V
NRVm
Sm
u]oLu
YrdLk tm YThs[. UpSh
Rp hTm, Ws Lp, VW, RpUVUdRp,
YX Ynl BVY hdmT YrdL \V
\d\. C hm, mT YrdLm ALU]
Ut\eL[ HtTj\. RLYp RPo NR]eLp
YLU] u]t\m HtThs[Rp NnL[ Toj,
Lh, NLdm YN ALUs[. Au\P YrdLd
RYV] YqY ThLs Utm NVpLu EtTj
ALjs[. AVp Utm Rp hTjp
u]t\m HtThs[Rp ALU] TiLs Yp
YXd NpYRt Y Yjs[. CR]p ALU]
A[p Y Ndsm Y URj]dsm LXl
UQm SPTY ALjs[.
297
hPRp
oYL NVpThu Ytd hPRp L
dVU]Rm. C AlTPVL Sm dL[
APYRtL] Y\L[ YlTRm. Sm Au\P
YrdLp SUd HtTm ATYeLs hPRdl
Tm ERu\]. A Uhu, kdm \m
RYlT\. CfkR]j \u TZdLju
AlTPX ApX EQo oYU]RLY CdLXm.
G]Y hPRp GuT Sm dL[ APVj
RYV] Y\L[l Tt Su kjRX Bm.
HRm J Tu BWmTjk C X YW
UVL Sm LtT] Nn TojRp Yim. Sm
dL[ APV GqY\ XTUL Es[ GuTR
LYj ARtLtT \kR hPjR Sm EYdL Yim.
X Y\Lp HRm RPLs ClTR EQokRp,
hPTYo AkR RPL[ dYRtL] YL[ BWV
Yim. YoLs TU] ATYm CpXRYoL[RRp
hPYRt ATYm YnkR TVYoL[ SRp
SpX. hPRu C X YjRp ApX
oUjRp GuTRm. YjRp GuT NVX
299
k SPT\l Tm CPm
2.
kRLu GidL
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
LhlTjRp
hPjR NVpTjmT ARtL] Y[eL[
ETVj AjhPm UVL Yt Tm YW
LhlTjRp LV[lT\. CkXp Sm Sm
kR]Vf rXdLt\t TX UtVUdL
Yim. CqY UtVUjRp Sm Sm dL[
GRL APV CVm. ERWQUL EQj hPm T
AeLp X ThLs PdLpXVu\p
rXdLt\tTp Sm V oU]m Gjd
Ls[Xm.
LhlTjRu YqY XLs
2. NTojRp
NTojRp GuT hP u]t\jRl TlTVL,
RUL UlRXm. ERWQm: Tsd NV]
SWjp NpYRt BPLs, EQ Utm jRLeL[
BVjRlTj YdL Yim. CqY BVjRUm
T JqY Xm SWjR AlTPVL Yj
NTojRp AYVUm.
3. JeTjRp
hPRp HRY V oU]m GdmT
JeTjRp AYVU\. CR Y[eLu A[ Utm
odL YiV WfN] BVYt\l Tj
NVpTjRXm.
301
UlRp
C NVp\V NToj u]f NpYRt
ERYd V \Vm. Sm Nnm NVp RPu
SPdL, YX]m AqYlT UlP Yim.
YX SPTm Rm, C Xu RWm
UlPlT\. RY] SdLeL[ Sm Nnm
NVp, YX]m UlP ER\. J
hPju YtV, RpV Sm YWVjs[
dLsL[l Tj AUks[. Sm NVp
RpVPkRp, Sm hPju \TL[d jd
Li GoLXj hPeLp AYt\f N Nn Ls[
Yim.
Sm Au\P YrdLp U] oYLm GuT CVdm
NdVL ClTPu mT Yru oYL TVLm
Es[. SmPjs[ Y[eL[j \UVL
ETVlTRu Xm Sm dLsL[ APk
YrdLp WQ lV APVXm.
5.3. SVeLs, dLsLs, RWm
2.
SVeL[
Au
UR E\p LQlTm BoYjRd dm. TVp
Au, Tt\o Au, SR Au, NRVl Tt
Tu\Y CjRXlp APem.
BWdVm
C EPp, Es[m BVYtu BWdVjRd
dm.
YN
YrdL CuTUL, UrfVL CdLj RYlTm
SVUm.
dLs
YrdLp dL[ YtLWUL APYRt
EiPm lTm ApX BoYUm.
A Utm YLm
Au\Pm SoUV] YrdL YrYRt Am,
YLm L dVUL LRlTm SVUm.
[Vh
lTjPu LtT] Utm BdLj\Pu DTPd
V NVpL[m.
LX
CkR SVU] AZ kR GpX LXl
ThL[m CWdm RuUVm.
URm
SoUPu YrdLd dL[ APYRt
YL\ SVUm. URu GlT SoUVL YZ
Yim? GRtLL YZ Yim Gum RjYjR
Es[PdV.
SVm URoLu lTm Utm BoYjRp Y[o\.
UR SVU] UR TiThtLtT U\d V. mT
SToLPV UR SVm Y[oYRt mTU
TlTm.
dLsLs (Goals)
dLs GuT UR SVjR AlTPVLd
LiP SdLeLs. CkR dLsLs JYPV
lTm, LPkR LX ATYeLs Utm tl\m CYt\p
Ut\lTu\]. dL[ APYRt JqY
RURm, mTm, lTjPu NVpTu\].
mT dLs, mT YrdLj RWjRm,
AUlTm YYUdL ER\.
RURPV dL[V ApX mT
dL[V HtTjYRtm, APYRtm, A, o
Lm RuU Utm mT Y[eL[l TVuTjR ERm
YL[l k Lsm \u RYlT\.
dLsLs oU]ULm, RYLm Gp APVd
VRLm CjRp Yim. dLsLs AUlT
305
TZeLX YW\Ls
1.
oUjRu TLs
WfN]V
EQoRp
oL[
LiPRp
WfN]L[ EQoRp
WfN]dV oL[ LiPRp
oL[ BWnRp
WfN]dL] oY RokRjRp
oUjRu NVpT Utm AR]p HtTm
[Ldl TlTt\p.
CkR TL[ rLiPY TPju Xm AUdLXm.
U] oYLjp oUjRu TLs
308
oY
RokRjRp
oUjRu NVpT,
[Ldl TlTt\p
5.4. oUjRp
oL[
BWnRp
WfN]L[ EQoRp
C Rp WfN]V k LsYRm.
WfN]Vl k LsYRt NV] NnLs
RYlT\. WfN]Vf NVLl k Ls[UX,
ApX ARtV LWQeL[l TtV Nn
CpXhPX, CR]l Tt AVUp CkRX, SmUp
RYLl WfN] Gu] GuTR EQW V. ARtf
\lT] om GdL V. ERWQm Sm htj
RYV] YXV GRdm NR]eL[ YeRp,
h YXL[j hPRp, mTjtL] EPL[j
RokRjRp.
oUjRu YLLs
oUjRp TX YLLs Es[]. AY, R STo
oU]m, j oU]m, TZdLjthThP oU]m,
T[RWj oU]m, RXVV (ApX) hTU]j
oU]m Bm. Um oUjRp GuT AYm,
ATYjRm TjRRm.
R STo oU]m
C J R STWf NokRRm. ERWQm : Tl
R STo oU]jR Lm WYL GdLXm. CkR
oU]m AYWYu SVm, dLs, YrdLu RWm,
Utm AYoLu TeLtT Tj AUYRm.
oU]m
TX SToLu Lj, BXN]Ls TkWdLlTh
Ak \lT]Yt\j RokRlT oU]Um.
Cp TeLtTYoLu SVm, dLs, YrdLu
310
TZdLjthThP oU]m
C oU]ju Lm AlTPf NVXm. Sm
Au\P YrdLp YqY NVpL[ YZdLUL,
YN T NnYRt Tt T\lT\. AR]p
SmPV Au\P YrdLp AdL Lru\ GkR
NVpL[m TZdLju LWQUL GR Rp NnV
Yim, GRl \ NnVXm GuTR] Gp SmUp
oU]m Nn ARuT Y GRLf NVpTP \.
RXVVj oU]m
C J NVX UVL lTRt BRW
RWdV TX oU]eL[d LiP. ERWQm
YeY GuT J dVU] oU]Um. CRt
QVL Es[ TX LWL[] Nl, TdYWj YN,
NL YNLs Tu\Yt\f kjRl \L
YeYRl Tt oU]m NnV Yim.
T[RWj oU]m
C mT Y[eL[ Jd NnY Utm
RYdLtT Ut ETVlTRf NokR. CjoU]jp,
J dL[ APYRt RYV] UR Utm
Ts Y[jR Jd NnY AYVUm. ALU]
\Y Rm TXRU] dLsL[ APYRtL]
Y[eLu JdhP C YdLh\.
RphT V] oU]m
C hPhP dL[l TYRtLL PdLd
V Y[eL[ JeQj \lT] \p
TVuTjYRtL] oU]eL[ GlTRm.
311
BVYt] SpX \p T\ m. C
JYPV SWm, NdV fNlTj \Y] NVXf
Nn Urfd jRdu\.
5.6. SWm Utm Nd oYLm
5.6.1. SW oYLm
SUd JqY Sm 24 U SWm Ru Es[.
CR Sm GlT YiU]m TVuTjRXm. SWm,
oYlTp J dV AmNm Gu]Yu\p Sm SWm
Gu\ Y[jR TokLsYm Utm SmPV CPjR
Sm rXp oQjRXm. SmPV NVpLs
ARY ERWQUL TdLdf NpRp, LXp
GmRp, EQ EiRp, [VRp Tu\YLs
SUd Pdu\ LXm ApX SWjRl Tjs[.
SWm, Ndm Ju\Pu RPoPV. CYtp
Juu ETVLm, ARu oYLm, Ut\uu
ETVLjR Tdu\.
SWm ETVlT
TdLlT\.
rLiP
LWL[p
1. mT YrdLf Ztu X
mT BWmT X GuT mTjR AUdm
BWmTLX LhPUm. C UQSs Rp ZkR \l
YWs[ LXUm. CkR LX A[ Rp Su BiLs
YWVm. SWju RY mTjR oYlTYo T
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1200
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720
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560
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UjYm
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320
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720
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--
120
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640
8%
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240
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960
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3.
U YW NXj hPm
\V . 1,000, . 4,000, . 8,000 Tm TX RWlThP
YY]dj RkR YW NXj hPeLu
362
Lp
Nl
CXYNm
40
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. ShljRL \
C Lm YNV] \ Bm. LQd YlTRtd
ZkRLm, ER kRp lTh jRLjp LQd
Gm \ ERVL Cdm. JqY TdLjm
LhPeLs Th YU]m, R, NX]eLu R,
NX NnRRL CYt\ G YdLYim.
RYL G YlT ZlTjRj Rodm. Shl,
ShLh Tu\YL[m LQd GRl TVuTjRXm.
5.8.4. Nl
Nl GuT UR YYp J lhPj
RLV CRtLu JdYRm. Cu\V YYn
Cu\dl TU]RL CdLXm. B]p GoLXjp
ALj RYLs ApX \kR YYn HtThPp, AkR
CdLhPf Nlk NUdL m. J lhPj
RLVj RPok URkRm NlTRu Xm
T[RWl TLlT Sm EQW m.
Nl R]L LrYRpX, JeLLj hPYRu
Xm, RtTRV X RYL[j Rs YjR ApX
m RolTRu YXLm, NdL m. R STu
\UV NXYdm hPUlT oQdu\.
Nl WkRWULY, ApX RtLLULY
CdLXm. J V Ts YeL ApX V CPjt
EpXNl TVQm NpYRt Gu NlT RtLL Nl.
GoLXm TLlT uh NlTR WkRW Nl.
NltL] LWQeLs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
VTWjp R NnV
8.
9.
Nlu YLLs
RlThP Nl, hf Nl, LhPVf Nl
G] u YL NlLs Es[].
RlThP Nl
RlThP Nl GuT LoYo TsLs,
BULs, ReLm, Ys Tu\ EXLeLs CYt\j
RlThPYoLs Nj YlTR Bm. CqY
TQjtl Tp ThL[f Ndm \ TiPd
LXjkR SP\p Es[.
hf Nl
hf Nl Y]eL[] YeLs Tu\Ytp
Nl NnY SUdl TLlT] UhUpX Sm
Shu T[RW Y[ofdj RYV] XR]jRm
ALdm.
367
LhPV Nl
AW FVoLdL]l TYl , Rt
NXLp TTYoLdL]j RX[o Yl
BVY LhPVf Nl \L[m.
AgNp Nl LQd
AgNp AYXLeLs ReLs AgNp NYVj RW
Nl NYVm UdLd Nn Yu\. JYo
Ld \kR RLVL Tn Ikm ARt UtTh
GqY[ TQm YiUu\m GkR ShLm
CdLQdp TPXm B]p YWjt J \ UhU
TQm GdL m. NlT FdlTRtLL CkR
LhlT Es[. LQdp Es[ RLd 5.5 NRRm
Bi Yh AdLlT\. Yhd YU] Y Xd
Ei.
RV Nll TjWeLs
RV Nll TjWeLs lhP AgNXLeLp
. 100 ApX ARt UtTh GkR A[tm YeLXm.
B BiLdl u Bid 10 NRR h
YhPu ANp Noj lVdLlTm. H\d\V
Nl ANXl Tp CUPeLLj mTd Pdm
Bi Rm AdLlTm Yh CjhPjp UR
NnVlTYRp, Cp Ym Yhd YU] Y Xd
Ei.
YeLu T
YeLu dVl T NlT TYm AR
AL Yhdj RV]YoLdd LP]Ld Lj
ERYm Ru. YeLm TpY LQdLs Nld
Es[].
369
Nld LQd
\kR RLVd Li CdLQdLj
RPeLXm. LhV TQjt Yh B URjt J
\ LQdPlTm (Bid 5 Rp 6 NRR Yh).
(5 YPjd Up 6.75% Yh) LQdl jRLjRl TQm
GdmT RY\Up Gjf NpX Yim.
Bs Llh Y]ju Te
CkY]m RSTu CZlTp HtTm T[RW
SdLV KW[ olTRt ER u\.
Bs Ll GuT RSTdm, Y]jtm
CPV NnLsm JlTkRm. R STo lhP
RLVd lhP LXjt NjRYim.
LXYW kRPu LhV TQm YhPu (T]v)
lVdLlTm. AlTQm Vd LdLlTP
YiU] TjWjp lPlThs[R AYd
370
h hWvh
C Tj \Vf NokR Y]Um. T
UdLPk RhPl TYRt CkY]m TX
Nl \L[ Y Yj Ru\. UdLs ReLs
TQjR TLlTL LmTLp R NnYRt
YV HtTjd Ldu\. TX LmTLk
TeL[ Ye T UdLdj Ru\. J
hu Ll X Tn 10BL UlPlTu\.
CkR hL[ JYo YeLY ApX tLY
NnVXm. Ak Pdm Rp YU]m h
EUV[oLd LW XTUL Pd\. hL[
tT RW, Nll TZdLjRj iYRtm h
CQdLlThP Llh hPeLs, ZkRLu Y[of
, UR YYn h hPm BV Ut\j hPeL[m
hPWvh HtTjs[.
Rh TeLs
Rhl TeL[ Yem J STo BRVeL[
TRp, CXTjp TeLjd LsRp, X NUVeLp
PlTm Xs[ RtNXLu Rhl
TQjRl jd LsRp Tu\ NLL[
ATj UZXm. Te UoLhp Te] tLXm
ApX YeLXm.
371
LPhl TjWm
LPhl TjWm GuT LP]Ll TtdLiP
RLVj ld Lj, ARt Yhm
NjYRL JlRp Lj YLo RmPV
jWhd Ldm BYQUm. LPhl
TjWeLd RYQ o APm LXm YWp
lhP CPYLp Yhd LdLlTu\. Cm
\p J XV] Yhj RWlTu\.
h LhRp
C J TZeLX Nl \Vm. hd LhRp
Xm JYo EP]VLl TkRL]l TYRt
Ynl Pdu\. AR NUVjp GjRl TQjR
RYQ \p lf Nj]p Tm. hp
CWi YLLs Es[]. AY: 1) HXfh, 2) dLp h
dLph
lhP SToLs Ju Nok J lhPj
RLV URkRm NjYo. h SPjTYo
CWiPm URjp YdLlTu\ UjR RL]
m GjdLsYo. uYm UReLp TQm
NjTYoLu TVoLs Rj Rj Rp GRlTh
J h GdLlTm. Afhp GRlThs[ TVs[
STdl TQm AdLlTm. CqY JqY URm
GkR STd TQm RW Yim Gu oUdLlTu\.
372
HXfh
URkRm AeLj]oLs Nju\ RLV
HXjt h, Vo AL RsT HXjp Lhu\o
L[ AkR STd AkRj RL LdLlTu\.
RsT RL GpXdm NUULl Tokd
LdLlTu\. LPVL HXm LhTYo UjR
RLVm TYo.
NlYl
1.
T Nl Yl (GPF)
2.
TeLlf Nl Yl (CPF)
T Nl Yl
UR YU]jk J lhPj RL ApX
AlTPf NmT[jp J lhP dLj RL
AWNeL FVoLu YU]jk JqY URm
dLlTu\. CqY JqY URm dLlThl
TV UjRj RL FVoLs YXk Kn
Tm SWjp YZeLlTu\. BLY Cm\ J
TjRU] Nl \Vm. Um CqY NojR
Nlj RLp JYo 75 dL RLV
LP]Ll Tt uYm UReLp mf NjRXm.
CqYLf Nl AWNeL FVoLdLL
HtTjRlThs[.
TeLlf Nl Yl
CqYLf Nl RVo AYXLeLp YX
Nnm FVoLdLL HtTjRlThPd LhPVf Nl
\Vm. URkRm Nju\j RL NU A[p
LdLlTh Y]ju FVWm, RXYWm
NjRlTu\. URkRm FVo Nju\
RLV[, AkY]m Nju\. CqY
NodLlThPj RLV FVo Kn TmT
UjRUL T\ m. Cm LPu YeL YNi.
374
2.
3.
LoYo SPjR
RuPV lTeL[m, RYL[m
lLWUL oj Nnd Ls[j RYV]
ThL[m, \ NYL[m TVuTjYo
LoYo G]lTYo. YeRp GuT TQjRd Lj
ARtl TXL ThL[m, \ NYL[m Ttd
LsRXm. TVs[ \p YeYu Xm,
mTj]u U] Urf, BWdVm YPu
YrdLj RWm UmTYRt EVdu\. TU]
A[p YU]m Dhm mTeLm mT
AeLj]oLs AlVL YrdL SPjd Lil
TR Cum TodLXm. H]u\p AYoLdl TVs[
\p hPhl ThL[ Ye LoY GlT
Gu RVR Ru LWQm.
377
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. YNV] ThLs
CkR YL ThLs AdL, \kR A[p Ap
CdLd V LPp YeY, ERWQm: NnjRs,
Nl, EQ ThLs RVYVm.
378
3. dVU] ThLs
CkR YL ThL[ YeYRt RjRuUm,
AL \Um RY. ClThLs RlThP LPLp
UhU Pdm. ERWQm: Y], RXdLh,
YL]m RV].
1. GlT[ YeRp
mT SToLu RYL[ YW NX hPjp
JdLlThP YYnds hPRp Yim.
379
2. Ge YeY
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
4. GlT YeY
C ThL[ TQm LjR ApX RYQ
\X YeYR dm.
1.
2.
1.
2.
CdLp]p
JqY
LoYdm,
ThL[m, \ NYL[m \UV]
\p Ye Lm \U Y[ou\.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
383
LoYu R EULs
TLl EU LoYo JqYYdm ReLs
BWdVjt F [du\ ThLP
km, EWl Tdu\ ThLPkm
TLjd Ls[ EU Ei.
2. LoYo JqYYdm ReLs Yem
ThL[l TtV YWeL[j Rk Ls[
EU Ei.
3. LoYo JqYYdm ReLs RYdLtTm,
lTjtLtTm ThL[l TXRWeLp,
\eLp, YYeLp, A[p, \kR Xp
Yed Lsm EU Ei.
4. LoYo
JqYYu
U]d\Lm
tT]V[Wp LhLlTP Yim.
5. YeV ThLs EP] TlThPX, RY\]l
ThLs RWlThPX ARt SxP D T\
JqY LoYdm EU Ei.
6. LoYo JqYYdm jRU] TLlT]
tl\jp Ym EU Ei.
LoYu LPULs
1. hPh, ReLs RYdLt\T ThL[ YeL
Yim.
2. JqYYm ReLs RYL[l oj NnV
RYV]l ThL[f RkWUL Ye NVp
TPYim.
3. [mTWeL]p iPlThm, Ut\Yo NpYRt
LLY YeLd P. ReL[ oU]m NnRp
Yim.
4. ThL[ YeYRtu AlThL[l TtV
GpX YWeL[m Ak Ls[ VtLs
UtLs[ Yim.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
384
I.Gv.I. (1947)
1.
2.
386
387
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
YU
3.
TlTuU
4.
AVU
5.
6.
7.
LoYo NeLju Te
Ru]oY LoYo CVdLeLu NY Sht
Lm RYV] Ju. CkY]eLs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
LoYo Uu\m
LoYo TLlf NhPU] (1986) LoYoLu
EULd \kR TLl Ad\. tT]V[d
m, LoYdPp RLW HtTu LoYo
\ol Uu\m Utm BQVju Xm \T
Ld o Ttd Ls[Xm.
391
D.
1.
2.
3.
Nn\
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
EQ LXlTPjR LiPRp
3.
LhlTjRp
Y GTs
9.
4.
SVm
NTojRp
5.
\U
YXV GRdRp
6.
Ye R
LoRp
7.
GPF
TodLo
8.
Ahu
Ru]oY Nl
9.
dVU] Ts
LhPV Nl
1.
2.
3.
4.
10. COPRA
UR Y[m
1.
2.
5.
3.
6.
7.
4.
5.
8.
9.
6.
NQ GY J CVtLV] GTs.
7.
8.
II. TjL
9.
ThWp J WY GTs.
1.
HeLp
YL]m
2.
UiPp
1986
394
NUjR
EQ
IV. V PV (2 UlTiLs)
1.
2.
3.
4.
V. Y] PV (5 UlTiLs)
5.
6.
UlRu dVjYjR Y.
7.
SVjR YLlTj.
8.
RWjR YLlTj
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
oUjRu YLL[ Y.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
UuPu Ut\m Tt Y.
7.
YW NX hPju dVjYjR Y.
8.
9.
YW NX hPm hm T NVpTjm
\Ls VY?
398
6. Ls Utm APLu
@lTPLs
6.1. BPL[j RokRjRp
SYSLLUL CjRp
Cu\V SLLjt HtT EP AYRtLL
ETVdLdV SpX BPL[ Sm LLs
Bd\m. CRV LoYo \dLl (Consumer
obsolescence) Gu Yo.
LYofVL CjRp
SU BPLs SmU Lf \lTL LhYRtm
SU CVpT] QeL[d LhYRLm CdL Yim.
U] GfL[ oj NnRp
\m
YZdLUL LoYo, EP YLLs ApX Ql
ThLp ReLs Es EQoY YlTjm Rp
Tid \Um. UdLs SWVL \jR ReL[
400
SLL Te
TjRm
LoYo BPVj Ro Nnm EPVk
TolT Lm dVm. H]p A[ Tk CdL
Yim GuTRt EjWYRm CpX. JqY BP
Y]m LoYW, JjR UL[d Li RVjR
BPL[ AVf Nn TolTo. Gm, JqY
401
TjRU]RdRp
J SLL BPV], LoYu YrdLl Te
Utm lhP X LrfLu RYdm
TjRU]RLm, Htd Ls[d VRLm AUV
YiV L AYVm Bm. ERWQUL, TV
SLWeLp YrTYoLs, WUeLp YrYWP TLhPL
BP EjR Yis[. ALU] A[p BPL[
Yem LoYo, EP ReLd TjRU]R]
GuTR Ljp Ls[Up, AYoL[ AXU Ls[R
A[t BPL[ Ye Yo.
RW APV[m
C RVlT[oLu RVld T[
APV[m LiPYRtL] Bm. AL [mTWeLu
[YL X LoYo lhP RW APV[m LiP
RVlL[V YeYo.
EZdm \u Utm TWUl
BP ApX QThLu jR EZl
Utm AYt\ TWUlTp Es[ GU, WUm
BVYt\ BPV Ro Nnm T LY]jp
Ls[ Yim. ASL LoYoLs GV TWUl,
NXY Nn Ejm L[V mu\]o.
Gu\m AUV] YXlTLs \kR
YLL[ mm X LoYo AkR BPLu
EXoNXY Utm TWUlt NX NnV RVeYpX.
ZkRLu EPLs Utm YXdf NpYu
YLLs GRL TWUdLd VRLm, AL ShLs
EZdLd V \lm Tt CdL Yim.
402
AW \Lp, BP RVdLlTm, p
CZu Es[PdLm Utm TWUltL] AWLm,
RtT RYlT\.
BPp YXlT\u
BPp YXlT\u GuT RWU]
YYUjRp, RjRp Utm \ NnRX Bm.
YXVhLu j RLu Ht\jRp oQdLl
ThP RWU] rf APks[. WoxPYNUL
ASLU] LoYo YXlT \] Ul NnYp
kR AdL\ NjYpX. C[m YdLV[o
RWjt R[ LY]m NjYo. J BP k
ETVLlTjR VR X HtTm uT AkR
BPV Gk Yo. hPTYo, NULXjRYo ApX
TY YV EPV YdLV[o G] Ut\ TdLm
SdLp, TYL BPLd NXPlTYR
RPLY GiYo. Um j EZdLd V
RWeLs, AL YXlT \u EPVRL CdU
V]p, ARt AL RLV NXPm RVeL
UhPoLs.
LoYu RYLs
LoYu YrdL Td, HtT LoYu
RYLs Utm Ut\eL[l Tj RVlT[oLs
Utm pX\ tT]V[oLs TpY A[Lm
XLm Utm TXYL RWeLp, T Utm
YLV RVdu\]o.
A[ YN
YqY EY YLLu RYd HtT JqY
A[m BP RVdLlT\.
C[YV YdLV[o A[Ls 3 Rp 15,
LiPYoLs, C[m YT YV EYj]W P
403
X YN
TPm 1 : TiLu A[ YN
404
BPLu Ls
Cu Sm LiPL Lm TpY BPLs Tu
u LXjp CkR CpX. TpY RU] BPLs
SU TZdLeLs Utm Teu Ut\eL[p HtThPYV.
TpY LrfLdm, A]j YrdL Xdm,
HtT SUd RtT BPLs Es[]. pX\VL
tT] SPdm LPLp, TpY YLV]
BPLd G] RlLs Es[].
406
ULo EPLs
ULo BPLs TpY L[ EPVY.
EsPj R BPLs, UXSW BPLs, hLs,
Yp NpX Edm BPLs Utm [Vh
BPLs. UQlTitL] BPLs Utm LolTLX
BPLs Tu\ \l YLV] BPLm Es[].
CYtPu, Cum ALlTV] QlThL[L,
td Ls[d V BPLs, RXV dLs[d
VY, LlTLs Utm LXLs BV] TY]
BPL[L AUks[.
BPYo EPLs
ULd Es[ EPYLLs Tu BPYoLdm
Cu ALYLV] BPLs Pdu\]. BPYd
G] RjR BPLs hLs, Up LhLs,
[Vh Lh hW[NoLs, TLp Utm UX EP,
NhPLs, LmT EPLs, Up NhPLs, Ndv,
EsPLs, td Lsm EPLs (Wlv) (Robes)
T_Uv (Pajamas)
CqY\L, SLLU]Y GY, RtNX EtTj
NnTY GY GuTR oUlTYoLs LoYo GuT
dVUL lPjRdL. SLL BP RVl
Y]eLs AL NdYnkR LoYo dLu
RYL[ oj Nn\. H]p, AYoL[ Lm
AL YU]m TPjRYoLs G] BP RVl
Y]eLs oU]m Nns[.
CYW BP Ro NnRp Tt Ak LiPm.
C BWmT Xs[d, YYUjRp Es[
AlTPLu RYLs Tt LiTm.
6.2. AlTP RVp L
LLs
Yhm LjRdLp (Shears)
8 Rp 10 AeXeLs [m Es[ Yhm
LjRdLp Y[kR Pu ClT \kR. Y[kR
V] U_ j YdLlThP V
YLULm, GRLm YhP ER\. Yhm
LjRV WL YjdL Yim. YhY
RW Yhm LjRV Y GRtm TVuTjRd
P.
LjRdLp (Scissors)
6 AeXeLs [m Li W] TL[ LiP
LjRdLp mTjRdL. LV[ RVWL GlTU
Yj CdLm, H]p, LjRdLp YhYRtm,
[Tj lTRtm, JeLLm, Utm \ Yhm
YXLdm RYlTm.
l YW Tu\
KWYLjRdLp
jWlu]p
YXlTdL]
LjdLp
TiLu
EsPj
dL]
LjdLp
RVp
LjdLp
XNL Wdm
LjdLp
RVp YpSu
o] EPV
LjdLp
TPm 2 : LjdLp
iLs (Pins)
\kR vp iL[ YeLm. AhP
PlTdLp Ye]p AY L \Y] X
LiPY. AYt\ ETVdL GRL Cdm.
ThLp Ck iL[ GlT, iL[
UjR Tu\ AUlp j Yj GlTR P
G. BLY RVp CVkWm TdLYhp, U_ Utm
Cv Tm U_ AL J i PlTY
Yjd Ls[m.
YWLp (Ruler)
TpY \kR YWLpLs ASL LPLp
Pdu\]. EeLs YWLp EXLjRp NnVlTh
CdL Yim. YZLs Li ClT mp
NnV ERm. TjRu [ CYRt, A[
409
A[Ls
410
411
2.
u J ]V Fu YWjp Nj
CdLm.
3.
Fp NjRlThP u ]V Ut\
]Pu Noj f TPm.
RtLL LjRVpLs
TPm 4 : W] Tve
413
2. NUfWt\ Tve
UThP \m EPV p TVuTjRlT\. p
SZRY u u fPu CdLf NnVm
ApX TX V XV] RVpL[ Nn p
EPu SZUp CdmT NnVm. CWi
RVpLs, Ju 1/4 AeX [m, Ut\u 3/4 AeX
[m LidL, J ]p Ck Ut\ ]
YW RdLm. p mp SZRY Tojd
Ls[m. NUfWt\ RVp, PYp @Tpv Rdm
T TVuTjRlTh, XV] RVp RdLlThPPu
dLlT\. [ L Tu\ RVX RdL NUfWt\
TveL QVLd Ls[Xm (TPm 5) .
TPm 5 : NUfWt\Tve
3. PVL]p Tve
ds, Fu ], RlTYW SdmT
NjRm. NejR] RVp u NV]
TdLjp Rm. d Khj RVp C AdL[
Ju\dLm ApX Lu ]L[ RtLLUL
CQdLm ER\. Lu mp CjRVp
TVuTjRlTYpX. B]p EsYj Ls Utm
YPj Lm, TjRu YWeLm
TdLhLm TVuTjRlT\ (TPm 6).
414
TPm 7 : vl Tve
415
WkRW LjRVpLs
WkRW LjRVpLs, CVkW RVpLd TXL
NnVlTu\]. CY WkRWU]Ym, RYV
oj NnVd VYm Bm. WkRWj RVpLs,
Khj RVp (Running stitch), u\j RVp (Back stitch),
KYoLvh RVp (Overcast stitch) KYo aih RVp
(Over hand stitch) Utm le (Whipping) BVY Bm.
TPm 12 : le RVp
418
RYV] ThLs
Ls
@lTu Rp RpTs YWX] GkR YL
Tm jWlu]p YXlThP NnVXm.
NVtL Utm CVtL Lu R, BWmT
Xp jWu]p NnTYd AfjRp
[d\. TX NVtL Ls, CVtL L[
P L UY] Xm j EZdm \m
Tt Es[]. B]p, TYL, NVtL CZLs,
jWlu]p YXTht LV[ Nt WUUL
ClTRp SUd TU] ATYm Tm YW CVtL
CZp NnVlThP Lp jWlu]p NnVXm.
pLs
TpY pL[d Li jWlu]p
YXlTL[ NnVXm. Th, Tj, SoU (]u),
LmT, NVtL Utm EXLeL[p TpY GPLs
Utm RlLm Es[]. JqYuu lPjRdL
RWjt Thu lp Ck LmTu
Y] UZ AUl YW TpY TXuL[
]lPu EYdm. JW YLV] Xd Li
J jW YXlu]p YXlThP EYdLXm,
ApX TXYLV] p Li EYdLlThP
YXlT SmU LYUm, FdLlTjRm UThP
419
FLs
F GuT Lf NRWQ L, B]p F
CpXp jWl u]p YXT GuT CVXR.
L SojV] vp FLs ETVdLlTu\].
RtT TpY YLLp, A[Lp, RWUl
YndLlTt TX RlLp, UdLu TVuThtLL
FLs EYdLlTh Pdu\] (TPm 14).
oU
CP X A[
EPV
ULo Rl, A U
NnVl TVuT\
WfjW
YXd
Tj CZ
NlTP
L\dL]
UuTh
YXd
ULojRp
CWhP [m
TnUWeLs
NnYRtL] FLs
Es ]
p YhPdLiLs
WfX YXl
TdL] F
d NlTP
Y[kR
FLs
TPm 14 : FLs
oU (Sharp)
V YhP LiPu, J X NjRd V.
BP RVlp dVUL TVuTjRlT\.
TPm 13 : jWlu]p
420
421
LLs (Tools)
UuTh UN YL (Chenille)
[ Li, WfjW YXd TVuTm FV
P [jp VRLm, A[ RLp ALULm,
o]Pm F CdL Yim.
Rj hRp (Darning)
WfjW YXV JjR.
Y[kR (Curved)
ALu\m, V LiL[m LiP, AW YhP
Y[ EPV. UjR RlTRt UhU dVUL
ETVdLlT\.
J FV Ro Nnm u GkR YLp A
TVuTm GuTR U]p Ls[ Yim. p ApX
pLs Fu Li YV GRL NpXd VRL
CdL Yim. FV] p NjRlTm T
p RjR RuUp Clm, GqR WUm
HtTjRUp, L GRL s CdLlTP Yim.
422
Tm Ej (Finsishing Technique)
jWlu]p YXlT Tt\ u op
rLf NnV Yim. J jRU] V J To
423
2.
3.
4.
5.
3 1 2
TPm 15 : u\jRVp
Lmj RVp (Stem stitch)
C Rp X GpXdL RVp Bm. B]m,
YXlT EYYeLp LmL[ RlTRt
TVuTjRlT\. CjRVp CPlTdLjp Ck
YXlTdLUL RdLlT\. 1p FV Y LQWm.
2p FV ZdLm. u 3p AW RVp [jt
im YYWm. 13 [ A[m, Utm 32 [ A[m
425
TPm 17 : [jRVp
LmT[j RVp (Blanket Stitch)
1 3 2
TPm 16 : LmjRVp
[jRVp (Split Stitch)
Lmj RVp Tu\ NnVlT\. F
YYmT, RVp NnVlTm ZV [
TPfNn\. m Xp, UpV Nej RVp
TX Rt\m Adm. GpXdL GuT Lm
TYL TVuTjRlThPm, PUL YNLm
TVuTjRXm. CPlTdLjp Ck YXlTdLUL RdLl
T\. FV 1p Up Li Yk 2p Z NjRm.
im 3p Up LQok, ZV Ujp [d\.
im RVX RPWm. kRV RVp 3m Gi,
RtTRV RVp Rp Gi. RVp [m JW
A[]RL CdL Yim. Y[Lp Rdm T
[jR Nt\ \jd Ls[Xm (TPm 17).
426
2
1
TPm 18 : LmT[jRVp
427
Nej RVpLs
Nej RVp
C jWl u]p YXlTh RVpLp
GpXdL RVd Lm Wj Tt\ RVXm.
SdLU] YNLp RdLm. J lhP TV
WlYRtLL NnVlTm RVdm CjRVX
TVuTjRXm. 1p FV YLi YWm. im
FV AR 1p Es[ [p Nj, 2p Y
LQWm, CZV Fu o]d Yj FV
CdLm. ClT 2m Gi AjR RVd 1m GiQL
AUm. C Tu A]j RVXm Nn
dLm. t\ J RVu [s FV
Nj AjR RVp NnVlT\. AkR YNV
dd Li YW, J V RVX C Ne
Liu (Loop) Up Nn EVL CdLfNnVXm
(TPm 19).
1
2
1
2
3p Ne Lip Up FV NjRm, im
1p FV YV Li Yk AjR Nej RVp
RdLm. A]j CXLm Rj Tm
YLp, RVX RPWm (TPm 20).
TPm 20 : X Pn RVp
Wlj RVpLs (Filling Stitches)
Rj RVp (Seed Stitch)
C L GR] Wlm RVXm. CkR RVp
LjRLY ApX AeeULY NnVlTPXm.
R RVp RlTL Lm SdLUL RdLlTh
CdmT ZYm Tp Cdm. FV 1p Up
LQok, 2p V RVp RdLm. L]jR RVd,
FV 3p Up LiYk, 4p AjR RVp
NnVlTh Rp RVd SdLUL CdU
NnVm. A]j RVpLm JW Np NnVl
ThkRp, RVXp WlTl TPYiV CPm WLd
Lh Rm (TPm 21).
32
TPm 11 : RjRVp
429
2
1
TPm 23 : Wgf f
2
1
TPm 24 : pVu f
Up APl A (Applique)
J Tp Ck YhPlTh Ut\u Up
TjRlTm JlT] YXlT Ald G]lTm.
Ald YXlT AlTPp RVtLXV Jj
ClTRp RVd RYlTm ThLm
LLU CRtm RYlT\. Ls CqYXl
Tht CuVUVR Bm. B]m, Tm A[p
RYlTYpX. iLs, LjRdLlThP dLs
Tu\Y V NVp\Ld TU]Y Bm.
AldL[ YhRp
432
433
vl RVp NnYRt
YX TdLjp Ck CP TdLUL RdLm.
Aldu Ul ]p FVm, Xm Li
YWm. u]p Es[ p Ck Go\UL Ju
ApX CWi pL[ Fp GdLm. \ FV
435
TPm 24 : Ald
AldL[ AXeLjRp
jWlu]p YXlThPd Li AldL
AXeLdmT Aldu UjR EYYm Um
UhPlT\. Um AZTjm GiQm SUd
CpX Gu\m, Yim Gu\ hPh AZ
NnVlThP Tu\ NjVd Ls J Ald YX
\YPkRPu HtT\. jWlu]p YXlT
RVpLs Ro NnV ALU] GidLp
CkRm, Rf\l YnkR YXlTht
TVuTjYRtL] YWeLs ApX \l [Ls,
ApX NRWQ AXeLWjPu AldL ARu CPjp
CdLUL SYUp Cdm Tf NnVm.
6.5. Tj CQlTY (Fasteners)
Lp TjR] TjRp
TjRu [L[ YX TdLUL TjR Yim.
AlT YX TdLs[ CP TdL Tk
TiLu BPLd TLlT\. Um TjRu
[Ls, BiLu BPLp CP TdLUL Nn,
YX TdLm dLs[ YN NnVlT\.
437
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
2
/8
Y\m
440
WdLlThP
2
Y
\m
3
TPm 27 : Lt Tl Y[Vm
Lt Ul Y[VeL[ BPLp CQjRp
1.
2.
Lt Ul Y[Vm RVjRp
V NnY], 2 AeXeLs [m 1 AeX
ALXm Es[ tL[L YhdLs[m. [Ydp
TVL Yl\ TdLeL[ Noj UdLm. UdLlThP
]p Ck V Cj j So LPL
Go TdLjd CQVL 1/8 AeX A[ m CPm
h CQdLm. TV Fp L]U] YXdL]
TX AeX X NjRm, u mp Zn
Tu\ AUlu p X CdLm. u, Rp
Fu LiQ Zs NjRm; XNL FV
] TYW NjRm. NRWQUL UjR ZVm
NV] TdLjt Ut\m. CTX ]p
CdLlThP X Cj, mL[ Zn Tu\
AUlts Njm NnVXm (TPm 27).
Ul ]
441
3.
TjRu TjPm
BP \ Tm Xm, TjRu Ul
Y[VeLs RdLlThPu, TjRuLs XV
NnV Yim. TjRu XdLhP BP
YYUdL BWmdmT NnkRm, TjRu
YWeLs Nn dLlThPuRu TjRu CPm
YL oUdLlT\. TjRu Es[ TdLju
UXL, TjRu YWs[ TdLjR Th, BPV
AYRt ClTTX, S UjV u Utm u
LL[ CQVf Nn, TjRu YWeLs CPV
iV Li CQdL Yim.
dYhp TjRu YWeL[ AUdL,
TjRu YWju \lp, \ NnVlThP
BPu mp Ck, u r 1/ 8 AeX
CPYp J iV YdLYim. [Ydp
TjRu YWeL[ AUdL, 1/8 AeXm A[t
\p TjRu YWju \lu Up XVL
TjR] AUdLYim. iu Up TjRu
YWjR LY]UL Gj, u iV JeL]
CPjp im CQdL Yim. i
CPjp TjR] UVlTj, SWVL UVdLhp
Yj, Sm ETVdm TjRu YLd HtT ARu
CPjp Yj RdL Yim.
442
1.
2.
3.
4.
TX Up LjRVpL[ J [ YVL
NnVm, Ttd L[qYdVRu Ap FV
Nj, AjR YWju Y YV Li
YWm.
5.
6.
LdLu X] j, LdL[ Rp
RdLm.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. AX AXVL m YXlu]p V
WfX Ulj ReLp Tu\ [L[
ApX AX AXVL m YXlu]p
BP KWd gNm Tu\Ytp Cm\]
TVuTjRXm. WfXV] UlL[
LilTRp am RVp J X CPeLp
YV RU Es[.
Su YLV] am \L[l Tt Z
YdLlThs[.
D.
am NUUdLlTh, WL CpXR ] 1/ 4
AeXjt UdLlTh m GpXd L Ap
CVkWjRp RdLlT\. \ am ARu CPjp
1
/2 AeX CPYh vl RVXp (Slip stitch)
RdLlT\ (TPm 31).
1/2 AeX
CPYh RVpLs
TPm 32 : aoe Tu am
Lp
Cm\
TVuLs
A. TpY RdLlThP L]U] LmT BPLp
Cm\ X NUVeLp TVuTjRlT\.
B. Eh\m Lj RdLlThP BPLp L
dVUL CkR am TVuT\.
451
3. lh am (Whipped hem)
am NUUdLlTh JeLt\ ] AeXjt
lTlTh, le RVp AeX CPYPu
AkR Tp am NnVlT\. u NV]
Tp RVpLs RYL RVRY CdmT E
NnLs[ Yim (TPm 33).
TPm 34 : `p ] am
`p ] amU CVkWjRp NnRp
TPm 33 : lh am
TVuLs
A. XN] GPs[ Tj Ld Cm\
TVuTjRlT\.
B. LX] amLm, J \UL NnkR Rt\jR
\ NnVm Cm\ TVuT\.
4. LVp RdLlTm `p ] am
/8 Rp 1/6 AeX amU RY\] TdLjt l,
WpLd CPV Uj ApX AjRm. ]
Y[k CkRX ApX Nn Rt\m
LikRX, CVkWjp Yl\ ] AL
RdLm. SpX FV Li, amu lTlThP
TdLjR SmU Sd jd Li, YXk
CPlTdLUL RdLm. u RVp (back stitch) Li
X Cdh, \ XNL Nnj FV Uls
Nj X YUL U\dLm. FV ]p
Y LQok Up Lj RVX amu Up
NnmT CWhP Y N Tu\ AUl EPV
1
452
TVuLs
A. CW BPLp CkR am TVuTjRlTh
BPL[ AXeLdu\.
B. Es[PLp CkR am, \ NnYp Lm
\l YnkR.
6.7. o TjRp Utm Jh TRp
Rj hRdL] AlTP Ls
1. SW] Np
1.
2.
kR Tu KWeL[ JeTj, Tk
Yj Noj, AeXm A[ts[ KWjp Ck
RVX BWmdLm, V Khj RVpL[p u,
u TdLULm RVPm.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Nu YLLs
Np u YLlTm, SW] Np, m]
Np Utm X hPd L Np.
454
SW] Np
m] Np
XhPL
Np
TPm 35 : Rj hRp
KhPV Rj hRp (Darning a Hole)
J KhPV Rj hRp NnV J Po]W
AqPjp Zj, KhPd r Yj, Po]o
TjVL CkRp, Rj P AR \ Tjj V
TVuTjRXm. A Th VL CdUVu Th
ApX T[T[lT] Tj X TVuTjRXm. p
f TVuTjRl TYpX. J YNp, JeL]
V Khj RVpL[ KhPlTu Up NnVm.
X \lu dp Li YWm. u Khj
RVpL[ KhPl Tu r LiYk, KhP
YUL PlTmYW RPok Rj Pm. u
CNV TWYXLd Li YYRt, RVpLs
JeLt\ [jp YNVL CdmT LYdL Yim.
Rp NnVlThP Khj RVpLd NeLQUL
456
B. RY\] TdLm
C. Nn RVp Nn
JhTPlTh
\t\ NV]
TdLm
D.
459
LsLs
3.
T - A
4.
Tj CZdLi Tj CQlTY
5.
WfX YX
o NnRp
6.
Wgf f
WkRW LjRVp
1.
GiQm LilTo.
7.
2.
8.
Rj hRp
m L
3.
9.
LolT LX BPLs
SPm ZkRLu
A[Ls
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
NTodL ER\.
1.
jWlu]p
YXlTh p
2.
ULf NdLWm
fj RVp
460
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
RW APV[m Y.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
m LL[ TV.
8.
9.
9.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
25. am Y.
26. LdLs Utm UhPlTVuTm [ Gu\p Gu]?
T - B
VI. dLU] PV
17.
1.
BPLu L[l Tt Y.
2.
3.
T - C
VII. Y] PV
1.
2.
3.
4.
2 YLV] LjRVpLs Tt YL Y.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
466
7. LjlTUt\ \uLs
U]VX Ltdm \Ls
2.
3.
4.
468
WVtm \V TVuTjRp
469
1. hPm X
A. Y/dm hPjR BWnRp
J WV[o, Ru YZeLl Tm WV,
GlTlThP u]p Es[ t YZeLlT\m
GuTRj Rk Ls[ Yim. ERWQUL,
YTLs \kR YL, (heterogenous) CkRp,
WVt\ YiV CPm, Utm AL LY]m NjR
YiV TLs YTm. Aj\u Utm oY]
(homogenous) UdLs LiP YL Clu,
WV[o \UV Ndm Ljl T[
t YZeL, iRXL AUm. WVt\
JdLlThP SWjR U]p Li ARt HtT
WV AUdL Yim.
3. W YZeLlThP u Es[ X
CkXp YZeLlThP Wu AlTPp,
UQYoLd Yj JdRp (Assignment)
YXV LdL Yim. Yj JdRp
GuT TZLd VRLY, GRdVRLY,
X RLYpL[ NLlTRLY, J BP ApX
A\V YYUdLf NnRp Tu\ \ YLVf
NokRRLm CdLXm.
W \u GW] X (Disadvantage)
1.
470
Y Ljl TUt\jR ( o n e - w a y
communication) [dLXm. TpY XLp
2. WV YZem X
\u YnkR YZeRd, J X QeL[
WV[o Tt CdL YiV AYVm. ARY
Wp Ht\ C\dLeLs, EPp ANLs (body language)
2.
3.
4.
dLUL \ YiUp, W \V
JeLL hPh, Bt\p YnkR \p YZeLlTm
T YtLWUL AUk \. \ NokR
RuU]p W \V], \ NWR Lpd
dLp TVu Atl Tn \.
7.2. NuPu [dm \ (Demonstration Method)
2.
3.
4.
6.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
477
7.
8.
9.
YRju UlLs/TVuLs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
YRju YLLs
TpY YR \Ls, LtjRd TVuTu\].
.AY,
1.
YlT\ YRm
2.
YRd
3.
LjRWe
4.
J u YRm (NmT`])
3. LjRWe (Symposium)
Cm\p, TX TfN[oLs, J LdLlThP,
TPjRd j ReLs GiQeL[ GjWlTo.
TfN[oLPV NVp Go NVX (interaction)
RtlT dLs ApX; B]p TfN[oLu
GiQeL[ Gj EWlT dVm Bm. ClTVL,
LjRWe \, \kR LXjp, YThP GiQeLs
ApX TZdLeL[ uXlTj YZe\. Um,
UQYoLd T TfNt\d ATYjR Ad\.
uXlTjRX RPok AR RXlp YlT\
YRm SPTm.
4. J u YRm (Colloquium)
Cm\ C L[d LiP. J p
YpSoL[ ApX \lT] RuUL[ EPVYo
481
YR \] SP\lTjYRt u
u]V] TLs Es[].
L[lTVQju Ul / TVu
1.
2.
1. WfN]V LiQoRp
Y] o LQYiV WfN]d EPuTP
Yim.
3. lV] od EPuTRp
UjR tm C J oYL AUk, NVp
hPeLs EYdLlTu\]. YRju [Yl Tt
TolTpX. C XTLWU], H]p p JqY
STPm HRY Ju TWlTh WfN]d oLQ
Ynl AdLlT\.
7.4. L[lTVQm (Field Trip)
J L[lTVQjt hPRp
BVo AkR L[lTVQjtL] CPjR Nt uTL
Rp Nu ToYP Yim. ApX AkR H_u
ApX STPu RPo HtTj, L[lTVQju
NVpSdLm Tt Gjd, YNV] S[
NnV Yim. BVo UQYoLPm L[lTVQju
NVpSdLm Ttd , GkR YL RLYX Ae T\
m GuTR Nj Ak Ls[ Yim. ok
LYj RLYp NLdL Ltj, UQYoL[ RVWdLm.
BVo Utm UQYoLs CQk L[lTVQjp
L[jp Es[ STPm LhL YiV LsL[
ThVh, TdYWj, EQ RX]Yd hP
483
2. L[jp SP\Ls
UQYoLs dL[L dLlTu\]o.
(GidL ALUL Clu) H]p, p
UQYoL[p Su\L ok LYj, Su LhLm
m. L[ju EUV[W (host) p Es[
A]Ydm ALm NnV Yim. UQYoL[
Ls LhTRt FddL Yim. X Ro
NnVlThP UQYoLPm, L[lTVQjR T
NnYRtL] Tl JlTPdLl Thdm.
SdLeLs
1.
2.
3.
Rp hTeLs NokRY
hPRm RVjRm
l
GUVLm,
NVpTjRp (Implementation)
l
YWV\Ls
Ltdm NR]eLs
l
hu A[ U hPd Li
BPLu \m ThL[d Li
EQY YLlTjRp.
EPp NokRY
l
1.
V] ApX U]jRm TX Ll TV
A[p CdUV]p, YlT\d Gj YW
V.
2.
494
495
3.
4.
A[ Lu U (Scale Model)
A[d Lp U, Tu NV] WVL,
A[Lu XUL Tu NV] A[Yd Li
Cdm. Uu A[ Nt TRLY ApX
\YLY, RYd Ht\T AUdLlT\.
ERWQm YiLs, fLs, LhPPeLs RX]Y.
Tp Ym UdL[ k LsYp dL
TVPVRL AU\. ERWQm CUXV UXLs
Utm W_vRu NUYLs.
ULs GuT]
l
kR XPVYVL CdLXm.
Ul TlTPVpX
SdLeLdLL
Tl \ LR T, LRm APdLlTh,
WlTo Tk
TmUXhP SPLeLs
kR BoYjR iP, TmUXhP SPLeLs
l
UmTjRlThP UPLs
J U_ ApX lT, TmUXhPm NnTYo
TVuTj, AYW U\jd Li, L\
TmULs Utm Lm TmUL[ Ap Ck
LidLXm. iLs ApX CWi CdLL[ 5 Rp
6 A CPY Wjp AUdL Yim. CYt\
l ApX PYV CQj TmUXhPm NnTYo
U\tL] CPm AUdL Yim. TmUXhP
UPp ALU] J, RYV] Ql ThLs
Utm UPp AUdL YiV TPdLhL[
iVp jR Yim. Yh GdLlThP
YWTPeLs ToYV[oLu LY]jR Xjm.
7.8. Lhd YjRp (Displays)
im im TVuTjRXm.
TXLp Gm T Ym df NjRjR
RolTRt iQmd LX NnYLl j
GRm.
iQmd Lp Li Gm T, TU]
AjRm Lj, GjdLs RYL RU
GR Yim.
AlLs NnYRt
lL[ YlTRt
Ro L[ JhYRt
Lh AUL[ YlTjYRt
2.
3.
4.
5.
LY]jR DodLm
8.
TPju SdLjt
TXLu A[
519
Lh AU ThLu A[
LtlTYdL] SWm Jd
(Maps), @l[x AhPLs (flash cards) YWhLs (posters), TPeLs (pictures) ZtTPm (photographs) i
TjdL (leaflets) t\dL (folders) i Y
(Pamphlets) SLfY (comic) YiQeLs LiP
YWTPm (curtoons).
2.
3.
CY Wj Tt\Ym P, H]p, CY
1.
Jl NnLp X \Y]Y.
2.
522
523
4.
2.
3.
1.
WYL TlTRt V.
2.
3.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
9.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
7.9.8. YWhLs
YWhLs GuT] GRlTPR ApX R[
GjdL[d LiP AjRU], RY] [dLm.
J \ Todm TR ARu NnV [dL
Yim. YlT\Lp dVU]Yt\ LtlTRt
CR] TVuTjR V. H]p CRu dV
SdLm : J LrfV [mTWlTjRp ERWQm :
W, J LrY YlT, LiLh, ApX J
T[ ERWQm : RVp YXTs[ EPLs,
536
537
Nn\Ls
U] AVp TPeLp HRY J LjR
UQYoLs RokRj ARtLtT Ltdm \L[m,
RkR NR]eL[m TVuTj Nn\V
YlT\p Nn LijRp. (EPVp, NjQVp,
U] oYLm ApX Ls).
LsLs
T - A
I. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
538
539
II. TjL
8.
1.
NVp \ NuPu
[dLm
A. YhP UN YRm
9.
2.
YRd
B. V dVf Nn LhRp
3.
mTVm
C. NkRd LjdL[
ALlTjRp.
4.
L[lTVQm
5.
YWLhPm (graph)
E. Rp RLYp
T - B
IV. uYT]Yt\ [dL (2 UlTiLs)
1.
2.
3.
EULs
4.
@l[x TXL
1.
5.
YWTPeLs
2.
6.
A[ Lp U
7.
3 EY[Y NR]eLs
3.
8.
pXhu TXL
9.
YR \
4.
5.
W TUt\m J LXVpX
6.
7.
14.
540
11.
L[lTVQm
ZtTPm
15. XlTPeLs
541
T - C
REFERENCES
V. dLU] PV (5 UlTiLs)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Unit - II : PHYSIOLOGY
Best and Taylor, The Living Bodu 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, 1961.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TmUXhPeLu
YLL[m
ETVLeL[m GL?
5.
AYtu
545