Let’s see, what we learned about Spanning Tree Protocol so far, and do a paper exercise.

Let’s
take a look at this topology and Determined Theoretically.

 Who would be the Root Bridge?

 What would be the Root Port’s?
 Which Ports would be the Designated Ports?
 Which Ports would be Blocking?
The First Question we ask is “Who is the Root Bridge”
Remember that the Mac-Address is the Tie-Breaker, if the Priority is equal.
Let’s take a look at Priorities “do they equal”.
 I am noticing that, the Priorities for Switches A and B, they are lower, they
16384. Those are lower than the Priorities on Switches C and D, that means that either,
Switches A or Switch B is going to be our Root Bridge, but which one.
Here what the Mac-Addresses come as a Tie-Breaker, which switch as the
“Lowest Mac-Address”, if we take a look at first 3 Hexadecimal digits in the Mac-Addresses of
these Switches. Switch A has the first 3 Hex Digits as “000”. On Switch B, its “001”. “000”
that’s lower than “001”, that tells us that, Switch A is going to be our Root Bridge.
 Now that we determined the Root Bridge. The next thing we ask is
 What are the Root Ports?
Remember the definition of the Root Port. We said that “the Root Port is
a port on a Non-Root Bridge, the Root Bridge, Switch A is not going to have any of these, but
it’s the port on a Non-Root Bridge, that is closest to Root Bridge in terms of Cost”, and we
going to assume that, all over those interfaces are running out their maximum speed, another
words this “Te interface” that’s a “10 Gigabit interface”, we assuming, it running out “10
Gigabit” and if does that means, it’s gonna have “Cost of 2”, and a “Gigabit interface”, which
is what all over the other interfaces are, there gonna have a Cost of 4.
 And let’s take at Switch B and ask: -
 What is the Root Port on Switch B? What would be the Cost to get back to Switch A.
Well if I went out of the 10 Gigabit Port, it would be a Cost of 2 to cross the link to get to
Switch A. I got other ways of getting the Switch A though.
 I could go down to “Switch C with Cost of 4” and then go, from Switch C, up to Switch
A, with another Cost of 4, that the Total of “8”, 8 is much more than 2.
 Same thing, if I went from Switch B to D, Switch D to Switch A, that would be a Cost of
4+4=8, much greater than 2. This tells me that my “Root Port” on Switch B is my “Te
1/0/1(Gigabit)”.
 What about Switch D, Well Switch D could go directly to the “Root Bridge over a
Gigabit1/0/1 Port”, that would be a “Cost of 4” or It could go over to Switch B, which would
be a “Cost of 4”, than over to Switch A that an additional “Cost of 2”, 4+2=6, 6 is greater than
4, that tells me that, Gigabit 1/0/1, that is my Root Port on Switch D.

Next Switch C, on Switch C if, I went from to Switch C to B to A, that’s the “Total
Cost of 6”, but Notice Switch C has a couple of Ports, that would get me up to Switch A. Now
let’s start to get a bit tricky.
 Which one of these is going to be Root Port, which one is considered closet to the Root
in terms of Cost.
It looks like, we have an equal Cost, either path is a Cost of 4, what do, we do now. Well this
is a common point of confusion for student learning Spanning Tree Protocol.
We going to go with the “Lowest Port ID”, but it’s not the “Lowest Port ID on Switch
C”. It’s the Lowest Port ID, that is sending traffic into Switch C. It’s the “Sender’s Port ID”,
that’s we gonna be comparing. In this case “Gigabit 1/0/3 and Gigabit 1/0/4”.
 With default settings “Gigabit 1/0/3” is going to have the “Lowest Port ID”, because
the “Port Number is Lower”.
You see the way the Port ID works is, there is a Port Priority, that defaults to
128 and then there is a Dot (.), after the Dot (.), there is a Port Identifier, and typically on
many Cisco Catalyst Switches. This Port Identifier is going to be a number, that’s too greater
than this number.
 So, I would guess that the Port ID of Gigabit 1/0/3 would be “128.5”
 And the Port ID of Gigabit 1/0/4 would be “128.6” and Switch C can see that
information.
It knows the “Port ID of the Sending Switch of the Far End Switch”, and the Root Port that
Switch see is going to choose, is going to be on the link, that connects to the Lowest Port ID
on the Far End. Which is Gigabit 1/0/3 with the Port ID of 128.5
 What if we wanted to manipulate that, though in the Real world?
What if I prefer that the link connecting into Gigabit 1/0/4 be used?
Well we not able to change this (.6) component of the Port ID, that’s the Physical Location
within the Switch. That’s Not Configurable.
However, we can change the Port Priority (128), in this example, I could go to
“Gigabit 1/0/4” and I could change the Port Priority from 128 to 64, making the Port ID 64.6
that would make it Lower than 128.5, that would make this Gigabit 1/0/4 Port, the link that
was forwarding traffic.
But not in this case. IN this case, we have a Default Settings and since, Sender’s
Port ID is less for 1/0/3 this link, that means that “Gigabit 1/0/10 is going to be my Root
Port”, “that’s gonna be closet to the Root Bridge in terms of Cost”. The actual Cost was equal,
so the Tie-Breaker became the link, which connected to the Lowest Port ID. The Port ID on far
end Switch, Switch A in our case.
 We now identified the Root Ports. Next up we have Designated Ports?
 Who are the Designated Ports in this Topology?
Remember the definition of a Designated Port, we said that every link, every network
segment has a Designated Port, and “it’s the Port on that segment that’s closet to Root in
terms of Cost”.
And we said that we not going to get any closer to the Root, then actually being on
the Root, which means that, all of the Ports on the Root Bridge are Designated Ports, and that
count for 4 our links.
 We don’t have that many lefts. We do have link between Switch D and B, and
we going to ask “Which end of that is closet to the Root in terms of Cost”
Well if I am looking from the prospective of, this Gigabit 1/0/5 end. If I am on
Switch B, I got the Cost of 2, to get back to the Root, if I am on this Gigabit 1/0/2 end of the
link, that would have a Cost of 4 to get back. So, this Gigabit 1/0/5 has the Lowest Cost. This
means that, this Gigabit 1/0/5 is going to be my Designated Port on Switch B.
And we have one other link, and it’s this Gigabit 1/0/2 – 1/0/7 between Switch C and Switch B
 Who is the Designated Port Here?
Well by the same logic, if I am this Gigabit1/0/7 end of link, we gonna have the Cost of 2
going over that Te 1/0/x link, to get back to the Root Bridge, if we are in this Gigabit 1/0/2
(Switch C) end of link then I would have a Cost of 4, that means that this Gig1/0/7 going to be
My Designated Port on Switch B.

We have 6 Links or Wire connected between Switches, So we have 6 Designated Port

 And we assuming that all of the interfaces are administratively up. We don’t have
any to these interfaces that are administratively shut down, and if that’s the Case, any port
that we don’t yet Labeled, is going to be a Blocking Port or rest of the Ports are Blocking Port.
 This Gigabit 1/0/2 on Switch D is going to be a Blocking Port
 This Gigabit 1/0/11 on Switch C is going to be a Blocking Port.
 And this Gigabit 1/0/2 on Switch C is going to be a Blocking Port.
 And what we able to do in this Practice Exercise is determine
Who is the Root Bridge: - Bridge with a lowest Bridge ID, we look for the Switches with
Lowest Priorities and if we have Tie, Mac-Addresses of those switches become the Tie-
Breaker.
Who were the Root Ports: - We said that “Root Ports was a Port on Non-Root Bridge, that was
closest to Root in terms of Cost”, and we use the default Port Costs that were associated with
different Interface Speeds
 if we had a “10Mpbs Port that would be a Port Cost of 100”.
 “A 100 Mbps Port that would be a Cost of 19”.
 A Gigabit Port is a Cost of 4
 And 10Gigaport is a Cost of 2