Chap t er 2 :

Ma t he m a t ic a l
La ng u ag e a n d
S y mb o l s

GROUP 2 PRESENTATION
Objectives
After
the students have gone through chapter 2 Mathematical
Language and Symbols, they should be able to:

1. Discuss the language, 3. Perform operations on

symbols, and conventions
of mathematics;
2. Explain the nature of
mathematics as a
language;
mathematical expressions
correctly; and;
4. Acknowledge that
mathematics is a useful
language.
 INTRODUCTION
Language is a systematic means of
communicating ideas or feelings by the use
of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures,
or marks having understood meanings
(Merriam-Webster, 2017).
 Mathematical Language

It is the system used to communicate

mathematical ideas. The language of
mathematics is more precise than any
other language one may think of.
▪︎ All human languages have grammatical
structures that distinguish between nouns
and verbs.
▪︎ These structures express the difference
between the objects themselves and the
actions carried out by or on the objects.
 t o , a nd Tu tt le
Heuer, Metsis
(2005), the se f ou r m ai n
actio n s ar e:

▪︎Modeling an d Fo rmu la t ing

▪︎Transforming a nd Ma n ip ulating

▪︎Inferring
▪︎
C om m un icatin g
 A. Characteristics of
Mathematical Language

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
The use of language in mathematics differs from the language of
ordinary speech in three important ways, according to Jamison
(2000).

1. Mathematical language is non-temporal.

2. Mathematical language is devoid of emotional
content.
3. Mathematical Language is precise.
B. Mathematical expressions
and sentences

 Mathematical
Expressions
and sentences

Mathematica Expressions and sentences helps us

to describe and discuss ideas and explain how can
we solve a mathematical problem. Math words,
expressions and sentences can help us explain
what we think.
the 4. operations that can make up a mathematical Expression.

Table 2: Operational terms and Symbols

ADDITION

SUBTRACTION

MULTIPLICATION

DIVISION

+ - X, ( ), * /,÷

Plus the sum of minus the difference of

multiplied by the divided by the
increased by total decreased by subtraction
product of times of quotient of per
added to from
Mathematical expressions consist
of terms the term for
mathematical expression is
separated from other terms with
either plus or minus signs. A single
term may contain an expression
symbol or another grouping.

Literal coefficient - represents the

unknown and makes use of
letters.
Numerical Corppiccent - number
with variable
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) EXAMPLE: 10X+11
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

TYPES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

1. MONOMIAL
consist of one term
2. BINOMIAL
consist of two terms EXAMPLES:
3. TRINOMIAL
consist of three terms

4 . POLYNOMIAL
expression with more than 2 terms
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) MATHEMATICAL SENTENCES
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

combines two mathematical expressions using

a comparison operator. This expression either
uses numbers, variables, or both.
EXAMPLES OF EQUATIONS:
4X+3=19
EXAMPLES OF INEQUALITY
18 > 16.5
open sentence
not answerable by true or false
close sentence
answerable by true or false

Examples:
1. x + y =5
2. 9 is an odd number
3. 4+4= 5
c. Convention
in the
Mathematical
Language

Convention in the Mathematical Language

·Symbols are important in mathematical works. It is therefore
necessary to understand how vital it is to be precise about the
symbols. Variables are another form of mathematical symbol. To
understand the meaning of math symbols, there are two things to
consider, namely: context and convention.

Context refers to the particular topics being studied and it is

important to understand the context to understand mathematical
symbols.
Convention is a technique used by mathematicians, engineers,
scientists in which each particular symbol has particular meaning
Convention in the Mathematical Language
In mathematics, engineering, science, and other areas, Greek and
Latin letters are used as symbols for physical quantities and special
functions.; and conventionally, for variables representing certain
quantities. Greek letters are used in many calculations. For example,
the Greek letter m (pi) is used to represent the number 3.14159. We
often use an (alpha), B (beta), and 0 (theta) to represent angles. The
Greek capital letter Σ (sigma) is frequently used to represent the
summation of several numbers.
 Convention in the Mathematical Language
A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally
agreed upon by mathematicians. For instance, the fact that one evaluates
multiplication before addition in the expression.

A mathematical language uses symbols, instead of words, to communicate

mathematical ideas. The syntax and structure can be categorized into 5 forms:

Numbers: 0, 1, 2,… (represent quantity; Nouns in the alphabet)

Operation symbols: +, -, *, ÷ (act as connectives in math sentences)
Relation symbols: =, ≠, <, ≤, >, ≥ (for comparison, act as Verbs)
Grouping symbols: ( ), [ ], { } (to associate groups of numbers and operators)
Variables: x, y, n, A, V (letters to represent quantities; act as Pronouns)
D. Four Basic
Concepts

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
D. FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS 1.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

1. SETS
sets a well-defined collection of distinct objects. The objects that make up a set
can be numbers people, letters, (others), etc. An element- Of a set is usually
denoted by a lowercase letter.
∈ = denotes membership.
∉ = denotes non-membership
EXAMPLES:
∈
X A
∉
x A
two ways to describe a set
Roster/ tabular method
Rule/ Descriptive method
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Subset
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
is a set every element of which can be
Kinds of sets found on a bigger set.
Empty/null void set
Finite set C = subset of
Infinite set ⊄ =not a subset of
universal set ⊆ = improper subset

Examples
The set of triangles with four sides
(1,4,7,10) 4 operations were performed on sets
(1,2,3,4,... )
Set A = (3,4,5) Union of Sets A and set B (A U B)
set B = (7,8,9) ∩
Intersection of Sets A and B (A B)
U = (3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9) Difference of sets & and B (A-B)

Complement Of Set A (A')
U= (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12)
Set A= (3,4,7,8,10,12)
Set B= (1,2,4,5,7,9,10) U
A B

3 1
4
8 2

7

12 10 5
9
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
2. FUNCTIONS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is

related to only one value in the range by some rule.
The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a 2.
machine that applies a rule so that each input corresponds
to only one output.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two
ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.
Which of the following relations is a function?

f= {(1,2), (2,2), (3,4), (4,5)}

g= {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)}

VERTICAL LINE TEST

A graph represents function if and only if each
vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
 Which of the following equations represents
function?
• Linear
y = 2x+1

• Quadratic
y = x²-2x+1

• Circle
x²+y²=1

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
3. RELATIONS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A relation is a set of
inputs and outputs,
oftentimes expressed as
ordered pairs (inputs,
outputs). a relation is a
rule which associates
each element of the first
3
set (SetA) with at least
one element in the
second set (SetB)
 4. BINARY OPERATION
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The term binary means consisting of two parts. In

mathematics, binary means that it belongs to a number
system with a base of 2 and not 10.
A binary number is made up of only 0's and 1's.
Examples are 1001 and 11010. There are no 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, or 9 in a binary number.
A bit is a single binary digit. the number 11010 has 5 bits.

4
E. Elementary
Logic
E. Elementary Logic

Logic is the science of formal principles of reasoning or correct

inference. It is the study of the principles and methods used to
distinguish valid arguments from those that are not valid. Logic has
vital applications in various •
Mathematical logic is the study of reasoning in mathematics.
Mathematical reasoning is deductive; meaning it consists of
drawing conclusions from given hypotheses. Hence, the basic
concept is that a statement is a logical consequence of some other
statements. The use of therefore customarily indicates that a
statement is a consequence of preceding statements.
F. FORMALITY

FORMALITY
It refers to the degree to which In the modern world,
mathematical communication formality in mathematics
adheres to formalized is of utmost importance
conventions, rules, and symbols. as it allows
This includes using precise mathematicians to
language, symbols, and notation communicate complex
to convey mathematical ideas ideas and theories
and concepts in a clear and accurately and
unambiguous way. effectively.
Heylighen, 1999
Testing the validity of knowledge requires formal
expression of that knowledge.

Formality of an expression is defined as the

invariance, under changes of context.

The main advantages of formal expression are

storability, universal communicability, and
testability.
Formal systems

Definition

Symbolic notation

Thank you for

listening!