POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Prepared In Order To Fulfill The Assignment Of The Research Methodology

Course

Supervisor Aisyah Pratiwi, M.Pd

Compiled by :

Kartika Sari ( 2213026 )

Karlina kusnadi ( 2213030 )

ENGLISH TADRIS STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH
IAIN SYAIKH ABDURRAHMAN SIDDIK
BANGKA BELITUNG 2023/2024
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Research is a creative process to reveal a symptom through a separate way
so that information is obtained. Basically, the information is an answer to the
problems that were questioned before. Therefore, research can also be seen as an
effort to find out about various problems that can stimulate a person's mind or
awareness.Part of the quality of the results of a study depends on the data
collection techniques used. Data collection in scientific research is intended to
obtain relevant, accurate, and reliable materials. To obtain such data, researchers
can use reliable methods, techniques, procedures, and tools. Inaccuracy in the use
of these research instruments can lead to low research quality.
Research aims to find answers to questions through the application of
scientific procedures. This procedure is developed to increase the level of
possibility that is most relevant. Therefore, scientific research is basically an effort
to reduce the interval of the researcher's conjecture through collecting and
analyzing the data or information obtained.
In research, one part of the research steps is to determine the research
population and sample. A researcher can analyze the data of the entire object
under study as a particular collection or community. A researcher can also identify
the properties of a collection that is the object of research only by observing and
studying part of the collection. Then, the researcher will get the right method or
steps to obtain the accuracy of the research and data analysis of the object. For
that we will examine more deeply about population and samples.

B. Problem Formulation
 What is the definition of population?
 How to create a population?
 What is the definition of a sample?
 What are the types of samples?
C. Problem Objectives
 Definition of population.
 How to create a population.
 Definition of sample.
 Types of samples.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. POPULATION
 In biology a population is all organisms of the same group or species that
live in a particular geographical area and have the ability to interbreed.
Some experts define population as all in a group.
 In sociology a population is a collection of people. Demography is a social
science that studies population statistics. In simple terms, population is the
number of people in a village or city, region, country or the world,
population is usually determined by a process called a census (the process
of collecting, analyzing, compiling and disseminating data).
 Population can be defined by a number of characteristics within a group
that statisticians use to draw conclusions about the subjects they study.
Populations can be vague or specific.

B. Definition of Population

A population is an independent group of people, animals, or things that can be

identified by at least one common characteristic for the purposes of data collection
and analysis. In statistics, population can refer to people, objects, events,
measurements,.In the Cambridge Dictionary, population can be explained as all
the people living in a country, region, or place. Not much different from this
definition, in dictionary.com population can be interpreted as the total number of
people living in a country, city, region or area.1

C. Definition of Population According to Experts

The definition of population according to experts including:
 Husaini Usman (2006)
Population is all values, both calculation and measurement results,
both quantitative and qualitative, of certain characteristics regarding a
complete and clear group of objects.
 Sugiyono (2010)
Population is a generalization area consisting of objects or subjects
that have certain qualities and characteristics set by researchers to study
and then draw conclusions.
 So it can be said that the population is not only people, but also objects
and other natural objects. Population is not just the number of objects /

1
Pradita slivi mei, “ populasi sempel “,https://www.studocu.com/id/document/universitas-
muhammadiyah-prof-dr-hamka/pendidikan-sejarah/makalah-populasi-dan-sampel/39215929.
 subjects studied, but includes all the characteristics / properties possessed
by the subject or object.
 Hartono (2011)
Populations with certain characteristics are infinite and some are
infinite. Research can only be conducted on populations that are infinite in
number, an example of a population is all tarbiah faculty students.

D. Sample Population

The population can be divided into two groups, namely the target
population and the population;

 Target population
The target population is a group of people or objects that the
researcher wants to generalize as research findings because they have a set
of criteria that are of interest to the researcher.
For example, suppose a company launches a new product for
senior citizens. Analyzing the target population-all senior citizens-can
reveal insights that allow the company to implement different advertising
campaigns that suit different income levels and attitudes within that target
population.
 Experimentally measurable population
This is the part of the population that can be measured by a
researcher; it may be part of the target population. This population may be
limited to regions, states, cities, counties, institutions, or other limitations.
For example, budget constraints often limit the number of
consumers a researcher can study, making the population that can be
measured for experimentation much smaller than the target population.2

E. Definition of Population and Sample

Education and curriculum research, like research in other fields, aims to
draw conclusions about large groups in a broad domain, but only by examining
small groups in a narrower domain. The large group may be teachers, students,
principals, or it may be schools, departments, colleges, offices, divisions and other
institutions. The large groups and areas within our study domain are called
populations. A person, institution, organization, or object as the object of research
is a member of a population. Members of a population consisting of people are
usually called research subjects, or if they are not people, they are called research
subjects.
2
Vinobay,”populasi “,http://elvinabarus1110.blogspot.com/2016/02/makalah-populasi.html.
 Research on an object may be examined directly against the object, but it
may also only be asked of people who know or are responsible for the object.
People who are asked to explain the object under study are called respondents.
Not all members of the target population are studied. Research is only conducted
on a group of population members who represent the population. The small group
that we actually examine and draw conclusions from is called a sample.Population
is also divided into two, namely:

 Measured population
The population that is real is used as the basis for determining the
sample, and is directly the target scope of the validity of the conclusion.
 Target population
The population that, for good reason, has characteristics in
common with the measured population.

Determination of a sample from a population is called sampling. Research

using samples is more advantageous than research on populations, unless the
population is small or the scope is very narrow. Research on samples is more
profitable because it can save energy, time and also costs. Although we only
examine the sample, the conclusions can apply to the population because both the
number and characteristics of the sample represent the population.

In determining the sample, the first step that must be taken is to limit the
type of population, or determine the target population. Apart from the type, the
population can also be limited in its area such as urban or rural areas only, coastal
areas or pegu- nungan, agricultural or industrial areas. If our research population
is limited to the above, meaning that research is only conducted on samples in the
population, then of course the conclusions also only apply to the population.3

A person, institution, organization, or object as the object of research is a

member of a population. Members of the population consisting of ordinary people
are called research subjects, or if not people are called research subjects. Research
on an object can be done by direct examination of the object, but can also be
asked only by those who know or are responsible for the object. People who are
asked to explain what is being studied are called respondents. Not all members of
the target population are studied. Research is only conducted on members of a
group of the population that is representative of the population. The small group
that we actually examine and draw conclusions from is called the sample.
Populations are also divided into target populations and measurement populations.
The measured population is the population that is actually used as the basis for
3
Sukmadinata syodih ,” metode penelitian pendidikan “, hal 250- 252
 determining the sample, and is directly the target range of the validity of the
conclusions. The target population is a population that for strong reasons has
similar characteristics to the measured population.

In sampling there is a tendency for researchers to choose samples that are

willing to be studied and easy to collect data. This tendency can lead to bias in
research because the sample is not necessarily representative of the population.
Another tendency is the lack of caution in taking samples, as long as it is included
in the target population, it is immediately taken as a sample, even though it does
not have the intended characteristics. In more detail, there are several mistakes
that lead to bias in sampling.

F. Sampling
Sampling is a process of selecting and determining the type of sample and
calculating the size of the sample that will be the subject or object of research.
The sample that will actually be studied must be representative in the sense that it
represents the population both in characteristics and in number.

G. Random Sampling
One way of taking a representative sample is randomly. Random sampling
means that each individual in the population has the same chance of being
sampled. These individuals have the same chance, if they have the same
characteristics or are assumed to be the same. It is often very difficult to find a
random sample for a large and wide population or target population. Even if it is
done, it is usually only in survey research, where the level of precision or
accuracy is not very high. For experimental, correlational and comparative
research, a more limited target population is required. A target population
generally has strata and clusters, some only a few strata or clusters, but some are
very large, so sampling must be more careful.

For certain target populations that do not have strata, random sampling
within clusters is possible, and for target populations that do not have clusters,
random sampling within strata is possible. Random sampling within the target
population, within strata or within clusters only is theoretically possible, but in
practice it is very difficult or rare, because each target population generally has
strata and clusters at the same time.

The main purpose of random sampling is that from a random sample

within certain limits, conclusions or generalizations that apply to the population
can be drawn. Random sampling allows inferential statistics to be used. With
these statistics, researchers can make conclusions about the population based on
calculations of the numbers obtained from the sample. Without random sampling,
it is difficult to draw conclusions from the sample.

In case studies there are several ways of sampling that are commonly done
such as sampling based on purpose. matched samples and incidental samples.
Sampling based on purpose or purposive sampling, sampling is adjusted to the
research objectives. For example, for research on school management, a suitable
sample is the principal, vice principal, head of administration, and certain teachers
who are assigned managerial duties. There are several ways of sampling,
namely :4

1. simple random sampling

Simple random sampling is a fundamental sampling method and can easily
be a component of more complex sampling methods. The main attribute of
this sampling method is that each sample has an equal probability of being
selected. The ways of random sampling are:
 Define the population that your market research will target.
 Calculate the number of respondents (sample) needed.
 Conduct a random selection of respondents.
 Collect data obtained from respondents and analyze

2. Systematic Random Sampling

Systematic random sampling is almost the same as simple random
sampling. It can only be done if the sample is random or has the same
characteristics. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being
taken as a member of the sample. All members of the population are
numbered from one to the last number. Sample members are selected
systematically using a certain range. The range is determined based on the
calculation of the population size divided by the desired sample size.
For example, in the example of sampling junior high school students who
will take part in Scout training. The sample to be taken is 90 people from a
population of 995 students. The range used can be 10 or 11, to make it easier
just take a range of 10. The students who will be members of the sample are
those with serial numbers 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, etc. or numbers 2, 12, 22, 32, 42,
etc., or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, etc. What number to take as the starting number is
up to us, because the population is random or has the same characteristics.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

4
" Sampling error is the error caused by the fact that there is an incomplete examination of the
population. Sampling error is the difference between the sample results and the results that
would be achieved if the same procedures were used in a census. "
 This sampling technique determines the research sample by determining
the grouping of population members in certain level groups such as high,
medium, and low levels. Sampling must still pay attention to random
requirements or the same characteristics. In cluster-stratified random
sampling, randomization is carried out on a combination of clusters and
strata.
For example, in a population of SMK students, there are class strata and
there are clusters of fields of expertise. Then a random sample is drawn in the
field of automotive expertise in class 1, or electronic expertise in class II, or
agricultural expertise in class III. As with other sampling methods, the sample
size in each stratum and cluster should be proportional. For example, a
random sample of 150 SMK students in 5 areas of expertise will be taken. If
the population of each grade level is the same, as well as the population in
each area of expertise is the same, then from each grade level and area of
expertise the same size n will be taken, namely 10 students. This gives a total
of 3 (grade levels) x 5 (areas of expertise) x 10 150 students. If the population
size of each stratum and cluster is different, then the sample size of each
stratum and cluster is proportional to the population size of each stratum and
cluster.

4. Sample Size
Some Considerations Selection and sampling are very important in
research. The accuracy of the type and number of sample members taken will
greatly affect the representativeness of the sample to the population. The
representativeness of the population will determine the correctness of the
conclusions of the research results. In general, there is a tendency that the
larger the sample size, the more representative the population will be. The
mean and standard deviation of the sample represent the mean and standard
balance of the population. On the other hand, researchers want to work with
as small a sample as possible, because the larger the sample size, the more
costs will be incurred, the more labor used and the longer the time required.
In general, for correlational research a sample size (n) of 30 individuals is
considered large enough, while in comparative causal and experimental
research 15 individuals for each group being compared is considered adequate
research. For survey research, a sample size of 100 individuals for the entire
sample is only considered adequate, while for sample groups it ranges from
20 to 50 individuals.5

5
Sukmadinata syodih, “ metode penelitian pendidikan “, hal 257-261.
 In some experimental studies, the research objectives are not only directed at
testing differences in the effects of several treatments given, but also testing In
experimental, causal comparative or correlational studies for each group of
samples to be tested for correlation or differences, a minimum sample is required,
but it is sufficient to meet the requirements for the use of statistical formulas.
Sampling is done based on statistical calculations of data from instrument trials or
preliminary studies.

Although the number of samples adhering to the two demands above will lead
to a larger one, but in this tendency to enlarge, the minimum number of samples is
taken. Such sampling will result in a sample that is representative of the
population, because even though the n is minimal, the maximum level of
confidence and food storage is also minimal. The determination of the number of
sample members (n) uses a statistical formula. The numbers for determining the
amount of n, obtained in the stage of testing, validation of instruments or
preliminary research.
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusions

Research on an object may be examined directly against the object, but it

may also only be asked of people who know or are responsible for the object.
People who are asked to explain the object under study are called respondents.

The activities and results of research methods must be the responsibility of

researchers who conduct research as part of an effort to ensure the scientific truth
of the conclusions of the results of the research conducted. The research method
used in research activities is also a very important benchmark, especially when
determining the research population and sample, determining research methods
and research measurement methods. Determining the research population and
sample is an effort to identify data sources that represent the research and can
explain its accuracy. By determining a sample that represents the study,
researchers can easily ensure that general conclusions can be drawn from their
findings.
 LITERATURE
Syamsuddin. Vismaya, 2004. Metode penelitian pendidikan bahasa. Bandung :
PT REMAJA ROSDAKARYA.

Emzir.2008. metodelogi penelitian pendidikan.jakarta: PT RAJAGRAPINDO

PERSADA.
Sukmadinata, nana syaudih.2005. metode penelitian pendidikan.bandung : PT
REMAJA ROSDAKARYA.

Sakuma,iko. “ makalah populasi dan sampel “.

https://www.studocu.com/id/document/universitas-muhammadiyah-prof-
dr-hamka/pendidikan-sejarah/makalah-populasi-dan-sampel/39215929.
Diakses pada 27 Februari 2023 pukul 12.30

Restu,indra. “ populasi dan sempel penelitian “,

https://www.coursehero.com/file/35606409/Makalah-Populasi-dan-
Sampeldoc/, diakses pada 28 Februari 2023 pukul 11.20.