MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS

Although such phrases as "labor museums," "social museums,"

"museums for the welfare of the laboring classes," sound very
modern,the idea itselfis old, and attemptsto establishsuch institu-
tions have been made repeatedly. One may cite the persistent
effortsin this directionof Mr. Twining half a centuryago. As
early as the year I852, this excellent English philanthropistwas
justly of opinionthatthe healthand materialconditionof the lower
classes could be considerablyraised by "an economicmuseum con-
taining a carefullychosen collection,which would -thereby steadily
promote the instructionand education of the people." Twining
saw his plans temporarilyrealized in several exhibitions:Vienna,
Paris, and Brussels, i855 and I857. His proposals for collections
of objects of domestic and sanitary economy for the use of the
working classes were so valuable and comprehensivethat even
today they can confidently be used as the basis of similar under-
takings. Twining's persistenteffortsdid not, however, for many
years lead to the permanentcarryingout of his ideas. Not until
I889 were these partially realized in the Industrial Hygienic
Museum opened that year in Vienna, throughthe good officesof
a distinguishedAustrian specialist, Counselor Dr. F. Migerka,
formerlychief factoryinspector. An extract fromthe statutesof
this institutionwill show what are its objects:
To aid in theintroductionintofactories and workshopsof contrivances
for securingthe greatestprotection possibleagainstdangersto life and
pursuits;to assistall efforts
healthin industrial to thisend; and to
directed
helpby takingtheinitiativeand givingadvicewithregardto theintroduc-
of all arrangements
andextension,
tion,increase, forthewelfareofthework-
ing classes.
The museumis the propertyof a societywhichissues a fair number
of publications,arranges for frequentlecturesand itinerantexhibi-
tions,and offersprizes for contrivancesfor guarding against acci-
dents. Its aim, recently,has been to extend its activityby degrees
to other departmentsof labor.
In I889 the secretaryof the Amsterdamfactory-inspection office
brought forward a motion to establish a Dutch museum for all
224
 MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS 225

contrivancesto preventaccidentsin factoriesand workshops. The

carryingout of the plan was agreed to, but it came to grief,and
not untilthe autumnof I899 was a social museum for the Nether-
lands establishedin Delft,at the suggestionof a Dr. J. C. Eringard.
This museumis managed by ProfessorTraub; but it is yet only in
the firststage of development. In Hamburg a social hygienicmu-
seum is about to be establishedby the state.
The Berlin "Central Officefor Measures Pertainingto the Wel-
fare of the Working Classes," as its name denotes, confinesits
attentionto a ratherdifferent side of the laborer'slife. A museum
for all objects conduciveto the welfare of the laboringclasses was
organizedin Munich also iini9oi. It was designed to be a perma-
nent exhibition,includingexhibitsfor protectionagainst accidents,
industrialsanitation,and housing,and it aims furtherat encourag-
ing literatureon these subjects. It formsa departmentof the home
office.
The proposed German museum in Charlottenburgis far from
promisingto become a real social museum. Pressure had to be
exertedin the Reichstag for a period of eighteenyears in order to
obtain the consentof the imperialgovernmentto the establishment
of such an institution.The delegates Wurm, M6ller, and Roesicke
had urged the formationof a collectionof models for protection
against accidents,or at least a stategrantin aid of such a collection,
as long ago as I892. Since no attentionwas paid to theseproposals,
Roesicke brought the matterforwardagain in the Reichstag five
years later,but once more in vain. He renewedhis attemptin Jan-
uary, I899, and M6ller likewise spoke agaiinin favor of it, urging
with warmththat the suggested undertakingmightbe enlarged so
as to embrace,in the formof a social museum,the whole sphere
of industrialsanitationin its widest extent,and also the department
of practicalmethodsforthe protectionof labor. Freiherrvon Sturm
also spoke in favor of a social museum; but the governmentstill
made many difficulties, beforeat last introducinginto the imperial
budget the necessaryitems,and thus showing that it had taken to
heart the words of Miinsterberg:
We oughtto considersuch institutions-i.e., museumsfor the protection
of labor-which are of serviceto livingand suffering men,at least as useful
and importantas collectionsand exhibitionsof past civilizations,such as the
Ethnologicalmuseum,or armoriesand picturegalleries.
The Charlottenburgmuseum will for the present chieflyconcern
226 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

itselfwithprotectionagainst accident,and the hygieneof food and

housing; and, in view of the small means grantedto it by the state,
it must be very much limitedin its scope. Let us hope that it will
yet develop into a real social museumafterthe model of the one in
Paris.
A real social museumup to the presenttime is to be foundonly
in Paris. Twining's suggestions fell nowhere on such fruitful
ground as theydid in France, where theyresultedin the extensive
and well-classifiedsections of social economics which were to be
seen in the internationalexhibitionsof I867 and i889. At the close
of the exhibitionof I889 the jury of awards expressedthe wish that
the material should all remain in one collection forever,in the
form of a museum. The exhibitorsdeclared themselveswilling
and presentedtheirexhibitsto the state. Yet it was not until two
and one-halfyears later that a museumlibrarysocietywas formed,
which,in March, I892, opened a small muse'e-bibliotheque in the Rue
de Lutece for profit-saving, co-operativesocieties,and workmen's
unions. The institutionthen appealed to profit-saving firms,busi-
ness houses having arrangementsfor the benefitof theiremployees,
co-operativeassociations,trade unions, social reformsocieties,and
writersfor a supplyof trustworthy material,data, and publications.
They received in return abundant moral and pecuniary support,
especially from the Society for the Practical Study of Profit-
Sharing. On the part of the state the governmentmade efforts
to substitutea larger social economicmuseum for the three small
rooms in the Rue de Lutece, and the nationalassemblyhad already
voted the firstamountnecessarywheina richE philanthropist offered
to found a great institutionof this kind at his own expense. Thus
the furtheraction of the ministryand the legislaturewas no longer
necessary.
The sum of 2,000,000 francswhich Count Chambrunspent on
this scheme was enough to secure for it a permanentincome suffi-
cientlylarge for wide activity. The Muse'e Social was removed
intoone of his own houses-No. 5, Rue Las Cases-in March, I895,
and opened with fittingcelebrations. Since this noble-heartedman
is no longer alive, having died in February, I899, a few remarks
about him may be of interest.
Count Chambrunwas born in Paris in I82I. He studied law,
enteredthe civil service,and became a sub-prefect I850. A year
in
later he was made prefectof the Departmentof the Jura. In I857
 MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS 227

he gained admittanceto the legislature;in I87I he became a member

of the National Assembly,and in I876 of the Seinate. He retired
frompublic life when he was only fifty-eight years old. He had
marriedin I853 the daughterof the enormouslyrich manufacturer
of artificialcrystalglass, Godard-DesMarets,of Baccarat. About
the year i88o he lost his eyesightand devoted his interesthence-
forthto art and literature,surroundinghimselfwith distinguished
savants,authors,and artists. He had the masterpiecesof the great
composersperformediinhis Paris palace and his villa at Nice bv
his own privateorchestra. But thispeacefulmannerof life afforded
him no satisfaction. He resolved to accomplish somethinggreat
and good himself,instead of only admiring the performancesof
others,and he decided on taking up active work for the benefitof
artisansand agriculturallaborers. Since he had become convinced
that the phenomenaof social life were far too littleunderstoodand
relativelyreceived far too littleattention,he desired to arouse the
public conscienceby the creation of a center for the compilation,
accumulation,and distributionof the needful information. This
took the formof the Musee Social which he endowed,as we have
already said, with millions.
In addition to the erectionand endowmentof this institution,
Count Chambrunassisted four differentsocieties of an economic
and social character. Among these was the Society for the Study
of Profit-Sharing,to which he gave 50,ooo francs. He founded
threeprofessorialchairs, one in the I-cole Libre for the theoryof
social reform,one at the Sorbonneforthe historyof social economy,
and one in the facultyof law for comparativesociology. Further-
more, to assist students and investigatorsin the field of social
science, he started a society for lectures and discussion which
alreadynumbersover I50 members. He spentlarge sums in giving
assistance to working-womenat the birth of their children. He
was a convinced advocate of co-operationand profit-sharing, and
he was electedhonorarypresident of the InternationalCo-operative
Alliance. Shortlybeforehis death he was occupiedwiththe idea of
establishinga great newspaperon social reformunder the title,Le
Travailleur Universel. He also wished to start branch institutes
of the Musee Social in the provinces. But unfortunately he died
beforethese plans could be carriedout.
The Social Museum, Chambrun's chief work, was organized
in such a way as to open out to it large possibilitiesof vigorous
228 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

action. Year by year more departmentshave been opened, the

circle of its effortshas grown wider, and the social importanceof
the institutionis thus ever increasing. The chief objects of the
Social Museum are thus described:
The gathering together freeof charge,of records
and the distribution,
andexplanatory papersof everysortconnected departments
withthedifferent
of socialeconomics, to all persons
and thegivingof adviceand instruction
and societieswishingto establishor completearrangements for raising
thematerialand moralcondition of theworking classes.
The point in which it is still defectiveis just that on which else-
where most stress seems to be laid, the exhibitionof models for
protectionfrom accidents in factories; and doubtless this defect
will be remediedin the future.In other respectsthe organization
of the Paris instituteis so excellent that it meritsan exhaustive
descriptionbecause of its typicalcharacter.
The main spring of the activityof the Musee Social is to be
found in the board of management(the directorof which is Pro-
fessorLeopold Mabilleau, and in the work of the secretary'soffice.
The firstensuresthe progressof the institution, embodiesits inner
and outer unity of action, and stands in-close connection with all
the branch departments. It is actively assisted by the secretary's
office,which procuresthe requiredinformationand classifiesit ac-
cordingto a scientificplainso as to make its availabilitypermanent.
Quite recentlygeneral inquirieshave been made on the following
subjects: maternityand care of infantsfromi6 societies; maternity
homes,7; orphanages,32; children'shomes, I5; the trainingof the
blind and deaf-mutes,5; the organization of apprenticeship,40;
measures for the protectionof labor, 28; reformatories, 3; cheap
dwellings,5; alms-houses,28; free distributionof food, IO; work
for the unemployed,25; registerofficesfor men wantingsituations,
7; assistance to persons marrying,4; charitablefoundations,I2;
convalescenthomes,5; care of releasedprisoners,4; wise provisions
to help soldiers,35; etc.
Many of theserequestsforadvice and information receivedat the
museum are of such a nature that the secretarial officecannot
answer themitself. In such cases the help of the delegue'du droit
and of the actuaire is had in requisition,and the answer elabo-
rated by these specialistsis submittedto the respectivedepartments
of the museum for confirmation or supplement. There are seven
such departmentsor sections: (i) for keeping in touch with so-
 MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS 229

cieties which are occupied with social questions; (2) for agri-
cultural matters; (3) for trade unions and co-operativesocieties;
(4) for methodsof workmen'sinsurance; (5) for arrangements
of business firmsfor the benefitof employees; (6) for legal ques-
tions; (7) for research,study,and foreignmissions.
A section,when applied to, appointsa reporter,and then,on re-
ceiving his report,holds a consultationand informsthe secretarial
officeof the result. The numberof writtenconsultationsproduced
in this manner amounted to over I,6oo up to the end of March,
I90I.1
A reportof theadministrative board of the museumremarkswith
justice that "the answers to these inquiriesforma most important
foundationof study for the museum,and are adapted in many re-
spects to formthe beginningof a compilationon social law." An
especial catalogue planned and carried on by the secretarialoffice
makes these consultationseasily accessible and supplies a ready
summaryof the differentresultsof the inquirieson every subject.
Similar information and advice is given by consultationdaily in the
museum, and up to the end of March, I902, in more than five
thousandcases.
All papers, reports,and documents,collected by the board of
directors,the secretarial department,and the differentsections
are placed in the archives of the society,in the shape of dossiers,
with the exceptionof the brochuresand other publicationswhich
findtheir way to the library. The collectionof dossiers or filed
paperson all pointsof thesocial question,especiallyon such as occupy
at any particulartime public opinion and the legislaturein France
or other countries,is one of the chief duties of the Musee Social.
Motions and draftsof bills broughtinto the various parliaments,
reportsof committeesand of the discussion in pleno, finda place
equally in the dossiers with articleson social economytaken from
periodicalsand newspapers. These practical compilationsare con-
tinuallybeing supplemented,and greatly facilitateresearch,which
'So far only do the statisticsaccessible to us extend. Among these consulta-
tions i6 are on the drinkquestion, i6 on boards of arbitrationand conciliation,240
on insurance questions, 70 on technical literature,go on old-age pensions, 300 on
co-operation,8o on workmen'shouses, 65 on small loans and agriculturalcredit,
I0 on technical instruction,28 on charitable institutions,i82, on mutual aid so-
cieties, 25 on arrangementsfor the benefitof employees, 40 on profit-sharing,
12 on loans free of interest,igo on agriculturallaborers' unions, 8o on laborers'

unions, etc.
230 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

otherwisewould be very difficultor almost impossible. So long

as any fileis capable of being added to, and made more complete,
it remains in the secretarialoffice;after its final completionit is
placed among tne archives,fromwnich it can still be taken out I'or
use at any time. The dossiersmay be said to be, in a certainsense,
the kerneland also the summaryof the museum'sactivity,and thev
have theirnaturalsupplementin the library,which containsa very
fair collectionof books, pamphlets,newspapers,and other printed
matteron technicalsubjects. Technical newspapersare placed in
the reading-roomforthe use of readers. In the workrooma person
can read the books themselves,which, on presentinga ticket,are
broughtto him by one of the officials. The libraryis open daily
fromnine to twelvein the morningand two to six iinthe afternoon.
All who wish to use it must get a card of admission,but it is not
at all difficult
to obtain this.
A very importantand essentialpart of the organizationof the
Chambruninstituteis the "Industrialand Labor Department." Its
duty is to watch the manifestationsand associations of industrial
laborers,to study their relations with employers,and to keep a
record of all measures taken anywherethat have been proved to
have had a favorableinfluenceon these relations,all the circum-
stancesbeing taken into consideration. This departmentmust keep
itselfup to date in its knowledgeof all the latestchanges,provisions,
and occurrencesin the relationsof capital and labor. The chief
source for this is the press-the daily papers, the unions' organs,
and class publications.From theseit can get to knowthe spiritof the
trade unions and co-operativesocieties,can followall the symptoms
of the social movementsand social effort,can determinewhat are
the objects aimed at by each handicraftand trade,and can thenem-
body the resultsof its investigationsin suitable dossiers. Yet the
latterwould oftenbe unintelligibleand incompleteif they did not
also contain informationconcerningthe characterof the trade in
question,the ratio of wages in it, and other similar items. Data
of this kind on different departmentsof industrycan also be found
in abundance in the press. The conteints of many a dossier drawn
from the press would offer sufficientmatter for the writing of
voluminousand interestingmonographson one or other industry,
recountingits varying fortunesand its conditions of trade and
labor.
The Industrial and Labor Departmentalso owes much of its
 MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS 23I

materialto its own investigations. Employers and workmenfre-

quentlyapply to it for advice on all kinds of labor questions,and
the departmentmust in its turn apply to employersand workmen
for information.Thus it continuallycomes into touchwiththe dif-
ferentcircles of industry,and the result is an extraordinarilyuse-
ful exchange of opinion. Investigatorsare thus placed in a position
to see if the assertionsand communicationsmade by the one side
are corroboratedand justifiedby those of the other; and if the
informationsent in by the two sides contain conclusionsthat con-
tradicteach other,it acts as a stimulusto the investigatorsto con-
tinue theirinquiriesuntil theyarrive at the truth,and at the same
time they are saved fromtoo ready a credulityand are forced to
judge for themselves. The departmentgains a thirdsource of in-
formationby sending deputies to congresses. Up to the present
all French and internalcongresses on questions of social reform
have been attendedby the delegue of the departmentin question,
and the museum has published reports of several of these con-
gresses. Some of these-that, for example, on "legislationfor the
protectionof labor," and that of the InternationalCo-operative
Alliance-have even taken place in the localityof the institute,and
have been held under the protectionof its name.
Of course, as we have already mentioned,the Departmentfor
Industryand Labor serves as a bureau of informationfor em-
ployers, workmen,and other persons interested. The inquiries
refer mostly to factoryregulations,apprenticeship,trade unions,
the startingof pension funds,and applicationsfor statutesof asso-
ciationsto serve as models. Thus the novice in social experiments,
is enabledto avoid mistakesand to aspireto followthemostapproved
examples. The agriculturaldepartmentof the museum does the
same work with regard to the agriculturallabor world, and plays
the same part in agriculturalquestionsas the industrialdepartment
does in connectionwith industrialquestions. It has, for example,
since its formationin November, I897, compiled more than 700
most importantdossiers on all kinds of questions of agricultural
social economy,and especiallyon the raisingof the conditionof the
agriculturallaborers.2
2Under the direction of its chief it has produced during the firsttwo and a
half years of its existence the followingwritten summaries or "consultations":
ioo on questions of insurance, Io07 on matters connected with labor unions, 46
on agricultural co-operation, 42 on friendly societies or mutual aid, 26 on
pension funds, 22 on insurance against accidents, 22 on co-operative bakeries,
20 on co-operativedairy companies.
232 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

This departmenthas also in additiongiven a great deal of advice

and information by word of mouth. Moreover,it carrieson a large
correspondence,arranges for tiheinvestigationof technical ques-
tions,subsidizes nublicationson suici subjerts,nnd itselfpublisheO
manytechnicalbooks.3 It also takes part iu all congressesat which
questions which interestit are discussed. The organizationof the
io4th class-that connectedwith agriculture-of the international
exhibitionof I900 was intrustedto it. It arranges for lectures,
sends out missions of investigationinto the provincesand abroad,
supplies the class press with suitable items of news, frequentlyin-
tervenes,on behalfof land laborers' unions,with the authoritiesor
with legislators, makes extracts from political and agricultural
newspapers,and edits a reportregularlyon its own doings, and
also on the inquiriessubmittedto it by the "AgriculturalSection,"
which consistsof one hundredspecialists.
The Frenchlaw of April i, I898, concerningfriendlysocietiesim-
posed so much freshwork on the museumthat it starteda depart-
ment for "mutuality"in May, I899, on purpose to answer the
numerousinquiries received and to procure the necessaryparticu-
lars. A year later it made this departmentcompleteby adding a
division for consumers'co-operativesocieties. In connectionwith
the museum are the representativesor permanentcorrespondents
whom the instituteretainsin many countries,who send in reports
to the Musee Social on incidentsof social reformand progressive
changes of interestand importancein their respectivecountries.4
Their reportsare embodiedin dossiers and partlypublishedin the
monthlyorgan of the museum. The correspondentsalso answer
questions addressed to them by the directorsof the museum, and
advise the latteron suitableforeigntechnicalliteratureto be bought
for the library.
Furthermore,the Musee Social arranges annually for a large
numberof well-attendedlectures. Some of these it gets specialists
to give in the workmen'sa'nd labor-unionhalls and other suitable
places in Paris and the provinces. Others are given in the festival
hall of the museumitself.We can dividethemintotwo groups: (i)
30f these some may be mentioned: Provision for Social Needs in Italy,
The Position of AgriculturalLabor Unions, Mutual Insurance of Cattle, Agri-
cultural Credit,and The Work of AgriculturalLaborers' Unions.
4Germany,Austria, Hungary, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, Spain, Belgium,
Holland, Roumania, Greece, Switzerland, the United States, Australia, Brazil,
Chile, Argentine.
 MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS 233

lectureson social movementsand experimentsin other countries,

fullof practicalinstruction, given by men who have been appointed
by the museumto investigatethese questions; (2) lectureson eco-
nomicsand social questionsof general iinterest given by membersof
the administration, governingbody, or committees,of the museum.
These lectures,at which distinguishedmen of science or states-
men usually take the chair, are intendedequally for employersand
workmen,for laymen and specialists,and by the report of them
given in the monthlyreview,Le Musee Social, theyreach a wider
circle still.
The review,just mentioned,formsone of the especial publica-
tions of the museum. It containssresultsof some of its investiga-
tions and foreignmissions,reportsof its foreign correspondents,
studies made by membersof its own Paris staff,and also all kinds
of news about the work of the institutionitself. The impartiality
that characterizesthis journal is exemplary. The reader is here
offeredabsolutely neutral informationwithout any admixture of
dogmaticdisputationand polemics. A great part of the fiveor six
thousand copies printedare sent free of charge, or in exchange,
or at a very moderateprice,to trade unions, co-operativesocieties,
newspaperoffices,libraries,and writerson technicalsubjects. Up
to the end of I898 this interestingpaper appeared only at irregular
intervalsunder the title Circulaires. The governingbody of the
museumexpresses a hope, in its latest financialreport,that "it will
be able gradually to increase the importanceof the periodical to
such an extentthat it will reallybe a completereview of the social
movement." The museum also publishes many smaller and larger
class works underthe collectivetitle,Bibliothequedu Musee Soicial.
Many of theseare the resultof the investigationsand studiesunder-
takenfortheinstitute."It also publishesthe essays thathave gained
prizes in the competitionson which Count Chambrunspentso much
money. The value of these prizes is not to be despised. He set
aside the sum of about twenty-five thousand francs each for three
competitions, the subjects of which were settledby himself:profit-
sharing; workmen's and employers'associations; and workmen's
insurance clubs. Of the twenty-threeworks sent in on profit-
5For example, "The Economic Rise of Germany," "The English Trade
Unions," "The Rural Population of the German Empire," "Provision for Social
Needs in Italy," "North American Trusts," "The Social Transformation in
Modern Germany,""The German Workman," "The German Co-operative Move-
ment," "Socialism in France," "Social Evolutions in Australia," etc.
234 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

sharing three receivedprizes and four were printed. Of nineteen

workson the second subject fiveobtainedprizes and were published
in I9oo. The thirdaward has not yet takeinplace.
One especiallypraiseworthyundertakingof the museum is the
distributionof money premiums among deserving workmenand
workmen'sassociations. On May 3, I896, twenty-eight artisansof
over sixtyyears of age, who had gained the greatestmerit,or had
served at least thirtyyears in one firm,receivedpension-booksen-
titlingthem to life-longannuitiesof 200 francs. The nominations
are made by firmswhich are known for the good arrangements
theymake forthe welfareof theiremployees,and the finalselection
restswiththe committeeof the museum. During the last few years
therehas been inopresentationof premiums,perhapsbecause Cham-
brun,who was wontto defraythe necessaryexpensesout of his own
purse, is dead, and the income of the institutehe founded-about
IO,OOO francsa year-is not sufficient for such objects.
Without doubt we have in this museum a magnificentcenter,
capable of yet furtherdevelopment,for the theoreticaland practical
investigation] of social questions. It is also strictlyimpartialin its
character,forit forcesno definiteline of actionon anyone,but rather
helps a man to findhis way in the path thathe has chosen for him-
self. Especially satisfactoryand significantis the factthatthe work
of the institute,far frombeing merelypassive, is of a most active
character. Of its own accord it has at differenttimes and places
startedvery positive social work, which has developed along most
humanitarianlines. Thus it is owing to its influencethat the
Friendly societies have combinedto formpowerfulregional asso-
ciations. It takes a prominentpart in the popularhigh-schoolmove-
ment, and directs the complete organizing of trade unions. It
strivesby all means in its power to justifyits double task as social
iinstructorand educator; and it has succeeded, and will probably
succeed even more.
From all that has been said it is quite comprehensiblethat in
Budapest,where some of the latest effortsfor a social museumare
being made, people are thinkingof the Paris instituteas the model
to be imitated. The suggestionmade four years ago by Mandello,
professorin the universityof that town,in an essay entitledSocial
Museums and Labor Statistics,forthe foundingof such a museum,
was taken up two years afterwardby Moritz Gelleri, directorof
the Association for National Industries. The association laid Gel-
 MODERN LABOR MUSEUMS 235

leri's plan, very well worked out and adapted to suit the needs of
Hungary, beforethe government,with a petitionthat it should be
carried out, and the result has been that the museum was opened
in I903.
In New York an institutionafterthe Paris model is already in
existence, the American Institute for Social Service, under the
directionof Mr. W. H. Tolman, the secretaryof the League for
Social Service. Notwithstandingthe death of Count Chambruin,
the establishmentof branchesof the Musee Social is withinsight
in the large French provincial towns. In Lyons the first steps
have already been taken, and a districtinstitutewill be opened
there next year and will carry on its work on exactly the
same lines as the metropolitanmuseum. Even a newspaperof its
own is proposed by the preliminaryboard of management. The
Imperial Russian Technical Society in Moscow has resolved to es-
tablisha labor museumthere. The programof this new institution,
as stated in an account given in Le Musee Social, indicatesa wide
scope of activityalong those diverselines whichhave been followed
in othercommunitiesby similar institutionsof which briefaccount
has already been given in this paper. The movementwas started
by Herr Lendenzow, who has given the sum of 5o,ooo rubles as a
firstendowment. This sum has since been largely added to by
others.
LEOPOLD KATSCHER.
BERLIN.