Sheet1

1- When a number of elements or components are connected

in a sequence to perform a specific function, the group of
elements that all constitute a System

2- In a System the output and inputs are interrelated in such a

manner that the output quantity or variable is controlled by
input quantity, then such a system is called Control System.
The output quantity is called controlled variable or response
and the input quantity is called command signal or excitation.

3- Two major types of Control Systems are 1) Open loop Control

System 2) Closed Loop Control Systems

Open loop Control Systems:

The Open loop Control System is one in which the Output
Quantity has no effect on the Input Quantity. No feedback is
present from the output quantity to the input quantity for
correction.
Closed Loop Control System:
The Closed loop Control System is one in which the feedback is
provided from the Output quantity to the input quantity for the
correction so as to maintain the desired output of the system.
4- The Feedback in Control System in one in which the output is
sampled and proportional signal is fed back to the input for
 automatic correction of the error (any change in desired
output) for further processing to get back the desired output.

5- The role of Feedback in control system is to take the sampled

output back to the input and compare output signal with
input signal for error (deviation from the desired result). 
Negative Feedback results in the better stability of the system
and rejects any disturbance signals and is less sensitive to the
parameter variations. Hence in control systems negative
feedback is considered.

6- Positive feedback is not used generally in the control system

because it increases the error signal and drives the system to
instability. But positive feedbacks are used in minor loop
control systems to amplify certain internal signals and
parameters

7- Open Loop Control System:

Control System in which output quantity has no effect on the
input quantity is called Open Loop Control System. Open Loop
Control System has no facility to correct automatically the error
generated in the output. From output of the system no
feedback is given back to the input for correction. In Open loop
control system the output can be varied by varying the input.
But due the external disturbance system output may change.
Any variation in the output from the desired once again
attained by varying the inputs manually.
Advantages:

 Open loop system is simple and economical

 Construction of open loop system is easier
 Open loop systems are generally stable

Disadvantages:

 Open loop systems are inaccurate and

unreliable
 The changes in the outputs due to external
disturbance are not corrected automatically

8- Closed Loop Control System:

Control system in which the output has an effect on the

input quantity in such a manner that the input quantity will
adjust itself based on the output generated is called Closed
loop Control System. Open loop control system can be modified
in to closed loop control system by providing a feedback. This
feedback automatically corrects the changes in the output due
to external disturbance. Hence closed loop control system is
called automatic control system.
Advantages:

 Closed loop control systems are more accurate

even in the presence of non-linearities
 The sensitivity of the system may be made small
to make the system more stable
 The closed loop systems are less affected by
noise.

Disadvantages:

 Closed loop control systems are costlier and

complex
 The feedback in the closed loop system may lead to
oscillatory response
 The feedback reduces the overall gain of the
system
 Stability is the major problem in the closed loop
system and more care is needed to design a stable
closed loop system

9- Answer b
10- Answer a
11- Answer a