SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 126: ART APPRECIATION
_____________________________________________________

WEEK 7

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 COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : GE 126

TITLE : Art Appreciation
TARGET POPULATION : All students
INSTRUCTOR : MS. KATE ANGELICA B. HERRERA

Overview:

In this world we see a lot of things that we can associate with art. These arts of all kinds
provide beauty and pleasure in our lives. By creating art, it expands our ability to interact with the
world and provides us with a new set of skills for self-expression and communication. Thus, we
always need beautiful things to look at, experience, and enjoy.

Finally, this book also intends to stimulate critical thinking among the students in the
Humanities as it allows them to have the freedom to express and articulate concepts through their
work of art especially in visual, performing, and literary. Hopefully, this will encourage them to
perform well on the subject as they use their God-given faculties to promote arts for the
betterment of themselves and of humanity.

Objective:

The learner will appreciate the universality and diversity of the aesthetic value of
masterpieces among our artists and their art works.

The following are the topics to be discussed

Week 7 SCULPTURE
Week 8 PHOTOGRAPHY
Week 9 TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Week10 DRAMA
Week 11 TYPES OF DRAMA
Week 12 MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Instruction to the Learners

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the Humanities and Arts, Function of
Arts, Aesthetic Art and Crafts, and Paintings. The lesson are characterized by continuity, and are arranged
in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit. For this reason, you are advised to read
this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given. Submission of task will be given during your
scheduled class hour.

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 WEEK 7
SCULPTURE

Sculpture comes from the Latin word sculpere which means “to carve”. The materials used
in sculpture are diverse and changing throughout history. It engages our senses differently than
paintings because it occupies space as a three-dimensional mass through carving, casting,
modeling or assembling materials.

Sculptors have generally sought to produce works of art that are as permanent as possible,
working in durable and frequently expensive materials such as bronze, stone, marble, limestone,
porphyry, and granite. More rarely, precious materials such as gold, silver, jade, and ivory were
used for chryselephantine works. More common and less expensive materials were used for
sculpture for wider consumption, including glass, hardwoods, ceramics, and cast metals.

Sculpture has long been one of the most popular forms of fine arts. In fact, sculpture was
considered an art form long before patrons of the art saw an inherent beauty in the other types of
arts. Sculpture was believed to be one of the best representation of human form and as such was
viewed as the ultimate artistic creation (Witcombe, 1997). Sculpture was used to document the
passage of time or environmental changes. Sculpture was also used to represent societal
concerns, such as religion, politics, and morality.

Historically, much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures, with a small group of
female Venus figurines such as the Venus of Willendorf (24,000-22,000 BC) found across central
Europe; the 30cm tall Lion man of the Hohlenstein Stadel of about 30,000 BCE has hardly any
pieces that can be related to it. With the beginning of the Neolithic in Europe figurative sculpture
greatly reduced, and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical
objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the Gudenstrup cauldron from the
European Iron Age and the Bronze Age Trundholm sun chariot.

One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in some form of association with religion.
Cult images (a human-made object that is venerated for the spirit that it represents) are common
in many cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of the deity that characterized
Ancient Greek art, like the Statue of Zeus at Olympia; the actual cult images in the innermost
sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were evidently rather small, even
in the largest temples, and the same is often true in Hinduism, where the very simple and ancient
form of the lingam is the most common.

Importance of Sculpture

Sculpture is the selective recreation of reality through the use of three-dimensional shape.
As a visual art, its purpose is to embody a concept by forming a visual equivalent of the concept.
This requires a visual integration that parallels a conceptual integration. Since shape is the major
characteristic sculptures are able to convey, the concepts being concretized must have an
element of shape involve.

In the widest sense of the term, sculpture is the art of representing, in bodily from, men,
animals, and other objects in stone, bronze, ivory, clay and similar materials, whether the objects
represented actually exist in nature or are the creation of the imagination of the artist. Sculpture,
like most forms of art, is created with the idea of expressing a view (personal, political, religious).

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 A sculpture, even if not particularly distinctive in and of itself, can also be considered art if it
has influenced other major artists or art pieces. In most cases, it interacts with nature and the
environment where it is placed. The play of sunlight throughout the day and the onset of twilight
until finally the shadows of darkness fall upon it, create different emotive looks for the sculpture,
causing it to be perceived differently by the viewer.

Likewise, statues and sculptures have always been an integral part of museums and art
history. Moreover, they become more and more popular as decoration items in private homes and
office facilities. Sculptures and miniatures have become more and more popular as decoration
items, and in the long term, valuable art investments.

Types of Sculpture

a. Bust

A bust is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of the human figure, depicting a
person’s head and neck, as well as a variable portion of the chest and shoulders. The piece is
normally supported by a plinth. These forms recreate the likeness of an individual. These may be
of any suitable material (such as marble, bronze or clay).

b. Statue

A statue is a sculpture in the round representing one or more people or animals (including
abstract concepts allegorically represented as people or animals), normally full length, as opposed
to a bust, and at least close to life-size, or larger. Its primary concern is representational.

c. Architectural

Architectural sculpture is the term for the use of sculpture by an architect and/ or sculptor in
the design of a building, bridge, mausoleum or other such project. The sculpture is usually
integrated with the structure, but freestanding works that are part of the original design are also
considered to be architectural sculpture.

Mediums and Techniques

Sculptors primarily use four basic techniques. The processes are either subtractive
(material is removed or carved out or additive (material is added). Sculpture embraces such varied
techniques that materially condition the character of the work such as modeling, carving, casting,
and assembling.

a. Carving

Carving involves cutting or chipping away a shape from a mass of stone, wood, or other
hard material. Carving is a subtractive process whereby material is systematically eliminated from
the outside in. It is a procedure in which the artist cuts away materials until the desired form is
reached. Various tools are used, defending on the materials to be carved and the statue to which
the work has progressed.

1. Stone Carving- It is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the

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controlled removal of stone. Carving stone into sculpture is an activity older than civilization itself.
Stone has been used for carving since ancient times for many reasons.

2. Wood Carving- It is a form of working wood by means of cutting tools: the carving knife- a
specialized knife used to pare, cut, and smooth wood; the gouge- a tool with a curved cutting edge
used in a variety of forms and sizes for carving hollows, rounds and sweeping curves; the
chopping saw- a small saw that is used to cut off chunks of wood at once; and the chisel – a large
and small, whose straight cutting edge is use for lines and cleaning up flat surfaces.

b. Casting

Sculptures that are cast are made from a material that is melted down- usually a metal- that
is then poured into a mold. The mold is allowed to cool, thereby hardening the metal, usually
bronze. Casting is an additive process. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid
material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and
then allowed to solidify.

1. Glass casting- It is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a
mold where it solidifies.

2. Slip casting- It is a technique for the mass production of pottery, especially for shapes not
easily made on a wheel. A liquid clay body slip is poured into plaster molds and allowed to form a
layer, the cast, on the inside cavity of the mould.

c. Modeling

Modeled sculptures are created when a soft or malleable material is built up (sometimes
over an armature) and shaped to create a form. Modeling is an additive process. It is the working
of plastic materials by hand to build up form. Clay and wax are the most common modeling
materials, and the artist’s hands are often employed in shaping. Modeling is an ancient technique,
as indicated by prehistoric clay figures from Egypt and the Middle East.

Assembling and Constructing

Sculptors gather and join different materials to create assembled sculpture. Assembling is
an additive process. This method had its origin in collage, a painting technique devised by Pablo
Picasso and the French artist Georges Braque in 1912, in which paper and foreign materials are
pasted to a picture surface. Picasso also made three-dimensional objects such as musical
instruments out of paper and scraps of diverse materials, which were termed constructions.

Basic Sculpture Terms

a. Armature- a support upon which clay or other materials may be used in building or fashioning
an image. A skeleton-like framework used to support constructions of clay or papier-maché,
usually made of stiff wire.

b. Assemblage- three-dimensional assembly of various materials to make an image. A piece of

art made by combining a collection of three dimensional objects into a whole. It is usually made
from scraps, junk, or various man-made or natural objects.

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c. Base- the portion of the work on which the sculpture rests.

d. Craftsmanship- the skill with which one uses tools and materials.

e. Plaster of Paris- a fine white powder which sets hard when mixed in water, mixed 2 to 1.

f. Relief- a form of sculpture in which the image projects from a background.

g. Freestanding- a sculpture intended to be viewed from all sides.

h. Manipulation- a process to shape by skilled use of the hands, modeling.

i. Mobile- a three-dimensional, moving sculpture, that hangs from the ceiling. A type of sculpture
in which objects are suspended and balance so that they are moved by currents of air.

j .Modeling- a sculpture technique intended to shape a pliable material like clay.

k. Casting- sculptural technique in which liquid materials are shaped by pouring a liquid, such as
melted metal, clay, wax, or plaster, into a mold and letting it harden.

l. Mold- a negative 9hollow) form that is filled with a material such as plaster or metal and
removed when the material hardens into the shape of the mold. A mold can be used to make
copies of an object.

m.Chisel- a sculptural tool used in the subtractive process. Chisels are used by sculptors for
carving stone, wood, and other materials.

n. Replica- an exact copy or reproduction of an artwork, sometimes made on a smaller scale than
the original.

o. Statue- a carved modeled, or sculpted three-dimensional figure, especially of a person or

animal, that stands up by itself.

End of seventh week

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 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR`
GE 126: ART APPRECIATION

_____________________________________________________

WEEK 8

PHOTOGRAPHY

The word photography is derived from two Greek words photos or phos, for “light”, and
graphe, for “lines” or “drawing”. Therefore, Photography is described as “drawing with light”. It is
the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other
electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as
photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor (sensor, 1973). It was first coined
by Sir John Herschel in a lecture before the royal society of London, on March 14, 1839. It has
become a powerful means of communication and a mode of visual expression that touches
human life in many ways (Eder, 1945).

Early photographs were called sun pictures because sunlight itself was used to create the

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image. Mankind has been a maker of images at least since the cave paintings of some 20,000
years ago. However, with the invention of photography, a more realistic image could now be
recorded in exact detail within a fraction of a second.

Importance of Photography

Photography has an extremely important role today. It is used in advertising, magazines,

science and research, newspapers, books, and television to convey information and advertise
products and services. Thus, without it, our lives would certainly not be as exciting. Photographs
can also be objects of art that explore the human condition and provide aesthetic pleasure.

Today photography is widely recognized as a fine art. Photographs are displayed in art
museums, prized by collectors, discussed by critics, and studied in art history courses.
Photographs are produced through an image forming device called a camera. The term camera
comes from the Latin word camera obscura which means “dark chamber”, an early mechanism for
projecting images.

History of Digital Photography

Digital photography is a form of photography that uses an array of electronic photo

detectors to capture the image focused by the lens< as opposed to an exposure on photographic
film. The captured image is then stored as a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing,
and digital publishing.

Digital photography is one of several forms of digital imaging. Digital images are also
created by non-photographic equipment such as computer tomography scanners and radio
telescopes. Digital images can also be made by scanning conventional photographic images.

The technique in photography originated during early-to-mid 1600s. It started from the
camera’s predecessor, the camera obscura, which actually means “dark room” in Latin. It is a box
with a pinhole at the front, and a glass screen at the opposite end.

In the 1820s, a French scientist named Joseph Niépce was looking for a way to improve
lithography, a printing technique. He discovered a way to copy engravings onto glass using a
variety of materials (mainly bitumen, a light-reacting asphalt). When light shined through paper, it
burned an image into a dark bitumen, which created an almost identical image from the original.
Because of this discovery, Niépce captured the first in 1826, which was called “View from the

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Window at Le Gras”.

In the year 1900, photography became available to everybody. Photography’s fame started
with George Eastman, who was the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company. The first camera
available to the public was the Kodak no. 1, Kodak’s very first camera.

In December 1975, the first recorded attempt at building a digital camera was made by
Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6kg), recorded
black and white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels),
and took 23 seconds to capture its first image.

In 1988, the first true digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was
produce by the Fuji DSIP. It recorded to a 16MB internal memory card that used a battery to keep
the data in memory.

In 1990, the first commercially available digital camera was Dycam Model. It also sold as
the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image sensor, stored pictures
digitally, and connected directly to a computer for download (Said, 1990).

Rule of Thirds Composition

One of the major factors that differentiate a great photograph from an ordinary one is
composition, or how objects/ subjects are placed in the shot. The “Rule of Thirds” is a powerful
compositional technique for making photos more interesting and dynamic. It is compositional rule
which is recommended for painting and photography.

The Rule of Thirds is a “rule of thumb” or guideline which applies to the process of
composing visual images such as paintings, photographs and designs (Meech, 1991). The
guideline proposes that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two
equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines, and that important
compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections.

The Rule of Thirds states that an image is most pleasing when its subjects or regions are
composed along imaginary lines which divide the image into thirds-both vertically and horizontally.
It is applied by aligning a subject with the guide lines and their intersection points, placing the
horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to flow from section to
section.

Likewise, using the Rule of Thirds helps produce nicely balanced easy on the eye pictures.

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Also, as you have to position things relative to the edges of the frame, it helps get rid of ‘tiny
subject surrounded by vast empty space’ syndrome. The Rule of Thirds is fairly structured but
there are a great many methods you can employ which rely on your ability to ‘see’ things and
incorporate them into your composition.

End of eight week

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 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 126: ART APPRECIATION
_____________________________________________________

WEEK 9

TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY

The various types of photography are a clear indication of why this much loved art form has
reached epic proportions in terms of popularity; either as a hobby or as a hobby or as a
profession. A photograph is definitely worth a thousand words, and it has the power to convey a
whole new meaning of a particular situation.

The following are some photography styles that enjoy a prominent position in the creative industry.

1. Aerial photography

Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position.
The term usually refers to image in which the camera is not supported by a ground-based
structure. Cameras may be hand-held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by a
photographer, triggered remotely or triggered automatically. Platforms for aerial photography
include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, kites, poles,
parachutes, and vehicle mounted poles.

2. Commercial photography

Commercial photography is photographic work done for commercial purposes, such as for
magazine advertising corporate publications, brochures, restaurant menus, etc. On a basic level,
commercial photography involves a client that wants to sell or promote something for which they
need photographs taken. Commercial photographs fall into many categories:

a. Product photos- Photos may be taken of a product a business is trying to sel, such as a car or
a piece of furniture.

b. Property photos- Some businesses, like sports teams or real estate firms, may need aerial
photography to show their stadium or property in an attractive way.

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c. Architectural photos- Architectural photography may be needed by a commercial builder or
architect.

d. Food photos- Photographs of food are seen everywhere from fast food menus to ads in
culinary magazines.

e. Fashion photos- Photographs which appear in magazines, on billboards, on TV, and many
other places.

3. Art photography

Art photography refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative
vision of the photographer as artist. It is done to express the artist’s perceptions and emotions and
to share them with others (McDarrah, 1999). It stands in contrast to photojournalism, which
provides a visual account for news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of
which is to advertise products or services.

4. Documentary Photography

Documentary photography usually refers to a popular form of photography used to

chronicle significant and historical events. It is typically covered in professional photojournalism, or
academic pursuit. The photographer attempts to produce truthful, objective, and usually candid
photography of a particular subject, most often pictures of people. Documentary photography
generally relates to longer term projects with a more complex story line, while photojournalism
concerns more breaking news stories.

5. Macro Photography

Marco photography is extreme close-up photography, usually of a very small subjects, in

which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life size (Clark, 2011). “Macro”
lenses specifically designed for close-up work, with a long barrel for close focusing and optimized
for high reproduction ratios, are one of the most common tools for macro photography (Saxby,
2010).

6. Sport Photography

Sports photography refers to the genre of photography that covers all types of sports. In the
majority of cases, professional sports photography is a branch of photojournalism, while amateur
sports photography, such as photos of children playing association football, is a branch of
vernacular photography. Dedicated sports photographers usually work for newspapers, major wire
agencies or dedicated sports magazines. Basically, equipment used for sports photography is a
Digital Single Lens Reflex camera (DSLR), with high shutter speeds.

7. Food Photography

Food photography is a still life specialization of commercial photography, aimed at

producing attractive photographs of food for use in advertisements, packaging, menus or
cookbooks. Professional food photography is a collaborative effort, usually involving an art
director, a photographer, a food stylist, a prop stylist and their assistants.

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8. Underwater Photography

Underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water. It is

usually done while snorkeling or swimming. Successful underwater imaging is usually done with
specialized equipment and techniques. However, it offers exciting and rare photographic
opportunities. Animals such as fish and marine mammals are common subjects, but
photographers also pursue shipwrecks, submerged cave systems, underwater “landscapes”, and
portraits of the fellow divers.

9. Wedding Photography

Wedding photography is the photography of activities relating to weddings. It encompasses

photographs of the couple before marriage (for announcements, portrait displays, or thank you
cards) as well as coverage of the wedding and reception. A contemporary wedding photographer
will usually provide some or all of the following:

a. Indoor photography at a church, temple, or other private venue during the ceremony and
reception.
b. Outdoor photography (often at a park, beach, or engagement photos).
c. Photojournalistic shots (pose and candid) of the wedding couple and their guests at the
religious or civil ceremony, and the reception that follows.
d. Formal portraiture in the studio (for either the wedding and/ or the engagement photos).
e. Digital services, such as digital prints or sliders shows.
f. Albums (either traditional matted albums or the more contemporary flush mount type of album).

10. Nude Photography

Nude photography is a style of art photography which depicts the nude human body as a
study. Nude photography should be distinguished from glamour photography, which places more
emphasis on the model and her/ his sexuality, and treats the model as the primary subject. Nude
photography should also be distinguished from erotic photography, which has a sexually
suggestive component. Nude photography is also distinguished from pornographic photography,
which is of a sexually explicit nature.

Nude photography is generally composed image of a person in a still position. As an art

form, nude photography is a stylized depiction of the nude body with the line and form of the
human figure as the primary objective. Photographers sometimes use extremes of light and
shadows falling across the body to show texture and structure of the body

11. Wildlife Photography

Wildlife photography is regarded as one of the more challenging forms of photography. As

well as needing sound technical skills, such as being able to expose correctly, wildlife
photographers generally need good field craft skills. Some animals are difficult to approach and
thus knowledge of the animal’s behavior is needed in order to be able to predict their actions.
Photography of some types of wildlife requires specialist equipment, such as macro lenses for
insects, long focal length for birds and underwater cameras for marine life.

12. Portrait Photography

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 Portrait photography or portraiture is photography of a person or group of people that
displays the expression, personality, and mood of the subject. Like other types of portraiture, the
focus of the photograph is usually the person’s face, although the entire body and the background
may be included.

13. Nature Photography

Nature photographers are very much sought after by media houses. Works of these
creative geniuses can be seen in magazines like National Geographic. Nature photography
encompasses various other types of photography, such as:

a. Landscape Photography: These photographs mainly highlight the natural beauty of any place.
It includes areas of wilderness, desserts, mountains, or even waterfalls.

b. Wildlife Photography: Photographers that specializes in wildlife photography spend many

hours in the wilderness to capture some of the most amazing shots of animals against a natural
backdrop.

c. Underwater Photography: Underwater photography is an interesting art form that explores a

whole new world beneath the deep blue seas.

d. Seascape Photography: Capturing nature in her many moods would be interesting for all
lovers of the environment. A photographer who is dedicated to seascape photography should
always lie in wait for the beauty of the sea to unfold.

e. Cloudscape Photography: This style of photography is completely dedicated to capturing

various images of cloud formations. Black and white photography in particular can be creatively
used for this branch of photography.

14. Forensic Photography

Forensic Photography is also known as crime scene photography. The job of the
photographer is mainly to capture images for an accurate representation of the scene of crime. In
these cases, a photographer will have to cover all the possible angles of the particular scene for
investigation purposes.

Important Parts and Features of a Camera

A camera is made up of many parts, but there are a few in particular that we want to look at
as they are the most important (Dachis, 2011). The most common parts of a camera are the body,
lens, sensor, flash card, and battery.

a. Battery Pack- It is an accessory for an SLR/DSLR which allows the camera to hold multiple
batteries to extend the battery life of the camera. Digital camera batteries are specifically designed
for each digital camera brand and model.

b. Body- It is the housing for the camera. While it has little effect on the quality of your photos, it
does affect things like ease of use and comfort.

c. Viewfinder- It is the hole in the back, of the camera that a photographer looks through to aim the

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camera. Some viewfinders use a mirror inside the camera to look through the lens (TTL).

d. F-Stop Control- On automatic cameras, the F-Stop control is on the camera. For older manual
cameras, the F-Stop is controlled on the lens. The F-Stop controls allow you to set the size of the
aperture within the lens.

e. Flash card- It is where you save your images, and it’s a component most people don’t think
about too much when buying a camera, aside from choosing an amount of storage that suits their
needs.

f. Hot Shoe Mount- It is a point on the top of most SLR cameras where an external flash can be
connected. It is called a “hot shoe” because it has electrical contact points and guide rails that fit
over the bottom of the flash like a shoe.

g. Lens- It is the eye of the camera, and it’s a very complex instrument. Different lenses can
provide many different features, so it’s important to know the differences between them.

h. Lens Ring Mount- On cameras that allow interchangeable lenses, there is a metal ring on the
front of the camera where the lens will attach. This ring contains electrical contact points to
connect the lens controls to the camera body. There is a small button or lever to the side of this
mount called the “lens release button” that releases the lens from the body.

i. Shutter- Mechanism that blocks or allows light rays to hit a light sensitive material. The shutter is
opened, or released, by the shutter release button.

j. Shutter Speed Control- It is the point on your camera where you set the amount of time the
shutter will remain open. On automatic cameras, this is generally accessed through a menu and
displayed on a screen on the back of the camera. It is measured in fractions of a second but is
generally shown as the denominator only.

k. Sensor- It is basically the digital equivalent of film, in the sense that- like film- the sensor is
exposed to light that comes through the lens and it records that exposure. The exposure is then
processed and saved to flash memory or CFC (Compact Flash Card).

l. Shutter Release- It is a button that raises a shutter inside the camera for a specified amount of
time to allow light to expose the film.

Other Basic Terms in Photography

a. Aperture diaphragm- It is a metal blades that close and open, allowing more or less light to pass
through a lens.

b. Auto-exposure- A type of exposure determined by a computer.

c. Cable release- It is a long wire connected to the camera, which allows photographer to take a
picture from a farther distance.

d. Depth of field- It determines how blurry out of focus areas are.

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e. Diffused light- Light rays scattered, usually because of something such as fog or clouds in the
way of the rays’ path.

f. Film- It is a material that is sensitive to light, made out of tiny crystals which react when light
rays hit it.

g. Ground glass- It is a piece of glass found in view camera that serves as the viewfinder.

h. Lithography- It is an early printing technique used around the early to mid-1800’s.

i. Natural Light- It is a non-artificial light, typically from the sun.

j. Overexposed Film- A film that received too much light.

k. Pinhole camera- It is a box with film on one end, and a small hole on the other.

l. Point-and-shoot camera- It is a compact, usually inexpensive camera especially suited for

candid shots, because of its site.

m. Process- It is the creation of a visible image from unexposed film. This is usually done in a
darkroom or on dedicated developing equipment.

n. Proper Exposure- It is an exposure that is not too dark, nor too bright.

o. Roll film- It is a long strip of film placed in a canister. This is used by SLRs, point-and-shoots,
and medium format cameras.

p. Rule of thirds- It is a way of composing your scene by splitting it into thirds.

q. Sheet film- It is a type of film that is placed in that is placed in the camera individually. This is
the standard type of film found in view cameras.

r. SLR- It means Single Lens Reflex, a camera whose viewfinder is the actual picture taking lens.

s. Underexposed Film- A film that didn’t receive enough light.

t. Image Editor- It is an image manipulation tool, a software package that alters a picture by
adjusting such things as its brightness, contrast, and color balance.

u. V filter- It refers to the lens filter that protects ultraviolet light from reaching your camera.

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 End of ninth week
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National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 126: ART APPRECIATION
__________________________________________________

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 WEEK 10
DRAMA

The word “Drama” comes from a Greek word drao, meaning “to do” or “to act”. The
enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes
collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception (Banham, 1998). It is a work
to be performed by actors on stage, radio, television, or in a play. It is often combined with music
and dance (Clark, 1965).

Drama on stage often reflects the drama of everyday life. It concentrates life, focuses it,
and holds it up for examination. Since plays are written with the intention of performance, the
reader of the plays are written with the intention of performance, the reader of the play must use
his/her imagination to enact the pay as he/ she reads it. Readers of the play need to imagine not
just feelings or a flow of action, but how the action and the characters look in the theater, on a
stage, before a live audience.

Drama is a play that is acted out. It shows people going through some eventful period in
their lives, seriously or humorously. The speech and action of a play recreate the flow of human
life. A play comes fully to life only on the stage. On the stage it combines many arts those of the
author, director, actor, designer, and others. Dramatic performance involves an intricate process of
rehearsal based upon imagery inherent in the dramatic text (Bain, et al., 1973).

What makes a good Drama?

Drama is one of the oldest forms of self-expression and exists in all cultures. Children have
a natural propensity to play act. Drama activities are a great way to use this natural urge of
children to pretend and role-play, to enhance their learning.

A dramatist should start with characters. The characters must be full, rich, interesting, and
different enough from each other so that in one way or another they conflict. From this conflict
comes the story.

a. Put the characters into dramatic situations with strongly plotted conclusions.
b. The plot should be able to tell what happens and why.
c. The beginning, should tell the audience or reader what took place before the story leads into the

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present action.
d. The middle carries the action forward, amid trouble and complications.
e. In the end, the conflict is resolved, and the story comes to a satisfactory, but not necessarily a
happy conclusion.
f. It should be filled with characters that real people admire and envy and the plots must be filled
with action.
g. It should penetrate both the heart and mind and shows man as he is, in all his misery and joy.

Elements of Drama

Drama is a favorite of entertainment for many people. The following are its elements.

1. Audience
The essential feature of an audience involves the fact that they have, at a single instant, a
common experience; they have assembled for the explicit purpose of seeing a play. Drama not
only plays before a live audience of real people who respond directly and immediately to it, but
drama is also conceived by the author with the expectation of a specific response.

2. Dialogue

Each word uttered by the character furthers the business of the play, contributes to its effect
as a whole. Therefore, a sense of dignity must be established by the characters,i.e., what is said
is appropriate to the role and situation of a character. Also the exposition of the play often falls on
the dialogue of the characters. Remember exposition establishes the relationships, tensions or
conflicts from which later plot developments derive.

3. Plot
The interest generated by the plot varies for different kinds of plays. The plot is usually
structured with acts and scenes.

a. Open conflict plays: rely on the suspense of a struggle in which the hero, through perhaps fight
against all odds, is not doomed.

b. Dramatic thesis: foreshadowing, in the form of ominous hints or symbolic incidents, conditions
the audience to expect certain logical developments.

c. Coincidence: sudden reversal of fortune plays depicts climatic ironies or misunderstandings.

d. Dramatic irony: the fulfillment of a plan, action, or expectation in a surprising way, often
opposite of what was intended.

4. Stagecraft

The stage creates its effects in spite of, and in part because of, definite physical limitations.
Settings and action tend to be suggestive rather than panoramic or colossal. Both setting and
action may be little more than hints for the spectator to fill out.

5. Convention
The means the playwright employs are determined at least in part by dramatic convention.

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a. Greek Drama: Playwrights of this era often worked with familiar with. Since the audience was
familiar with certain aspects of these, the playwrights used allusion rather than explicit exposition.
In representing action, they often relied on messengers to report off-stage action.

b. English Drama: Minor characters play an important role in providing information and guiding
interpretation. The confidant, a friend or servant, listens to the complaints, plans and
reminiscences of a major character. Minor characters casually comment among themselves on
major characters and plot development.

c. Realism: Toward the end of the nineteenth century, realistic depiction of everyday life entered
the genre of drama, whereas the characters may be unconventional and their thoughts turbulent
and fantasy-ridden.

d. Contemporary: Experimentation seems to be the key word here. A narrator replaces the
messenger, the chorus and the confidant. Flashbacks often substitute for narration. Many
contemporary playwrights have abandoned recognizable setting, chronological sequence and
characterization through dialogue.

6. Genres

There are various types of novels, i.e., Western, romance, science fiction, etc. as there are
different genres of plays. While it is difficult at times to place many latter day plays into a specific
genre, seeing the attributes will enable the reader to understand the particular play better.

a. Tragedy: In classic tragedy and the modern problem play, tragedy is a play in which a central
character faces and is finally defeated by some overwhelming threat or disaster. The hero or
heroine is an active participant in the event through a tragic flaw, a shortcoming of the protagonist,
i.e., pride, rashness, indecision.

b. Comedy: Different kinds of comedy illustrate different ways a playwright may leaven grim truth
with humor or temper the playful with the serious. It is a play that bestows on its characters good
fortune, or more popularly, a happy ending. It may deal with the loves and jealousies of the youg,
and the reluctance of the elders to give their blessings or the necessary funds.

7. Characterization

A playwright’s success ultimately depends on his/her ability to create a character that an

actor can “bring to life”. The playwright’s ability to match the Protagonist against an Antagonist of
some complexity and vitality can make the difference between success and failure. The
protagonist is the main character in a story, novel, drama, or other literacy work, the character that
the reader or audience empathizes with. The antagonist opposes the protagonist. In the most
archetypical narratives, this boils down to bad guy vs. good guy.

Other Dramatic Elements

These dramatic elements are considered at the core of all drama. They can be used in
isolation or simultaneously and are manipulated by the performer for dramatic effect.

1. Focus

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 Focus is often used interchangeably with the terms concentration and engagement,
assisting the performer in the portrayal of believable characters. This also implies memorization of
text (including word, moves and gestures). It requires channeling (focusing) of all the performer’s
energies into achieving the given goals or objectives of a character in a scene.

2. Tension

Tension can sometimes be used as an interchangeable term with conflict. But where it
differs, lies in the development of suspense in a performance. As the audience anticipates certain
outcomes in the plot, the tension builds. The plot, leading to a crisis or climax.

3. Timing

Timing in performance refers to dramatic timing of movements and gestures. When

performing, the use of our body must be carefully considered. Timing can be manipulated to
create contrast in a scene or simply to demonstrate robotic, stylized and non-naturalistic
movements. Rhythm and pace are affected by timing.

4. Rhythm

Rhythm refers to the timing and pace of the drama. It also means the beat or tempo of the
performance. As a rule, rhythm should never be the same throughout the drama, regardless of its
length. Rhythm can follow the emotional state of one or more characters or the atmosphere of the
performance at particular moments.

5. Contrast

Without the careful use of contrast a performance is boring and lacks tension. An obvious
example of contrast is a sad scene followed by a happy one. But contrast, can be created in
subtler and sophisticated ways, such as manipulating the drama to create a change in setting, use
of space or rhythm.

6. Mood

Mood id the feeling or tone of a performance. It refers to ambiance or aura and is often
created through a combination of several dramatic and stagecraft elements working in harmony
with each other. The mood of a performance is closely linked with everyday feelings such as pity,
anger, desire or frustration. Mod in drama can be created via sound, lighting, movement, setting,
rhythm, contrast, conflict and etc.

7. Space

This refers to the effective use of available space in a performance. Different levels of
space are utilized by the performer, such as sitting, bending over, lying down or crawling. The use
of space also implies clearly communicating to the audience where the action is taking place. This
may include any changes in location that may occur in the performance.

8. Language

The use of language in performance can be verbal vocal or non-verbal. Language is the

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spoken text. It is the written script realized in performance. While normally spoken by the actor,
language can also be chanted or sung. The choice of language in performance is crucial, as it is
forms a major means of communicating the story of the drama to the audience. Exactly how the
actor in performance uses language is usually determined by the expressive skill of voice.
However, language can also be non-verbal, commonly referred to as body language.

9. Sound

Modern theatrical practice relies on sound to assist in a number of ways. It can be useful in
creating atmosphere or mood. Actors and their bodies can construct effective sound in
performance. Small props can also create sound effects that can be used live during a show.
Other uses of sound involve the implementation of technology, such as instrumental recordings
and sound effects on CDs and mp3 players (though this use of sound is technically a stagecraft
element In the theatre, not a dramatic element.

10. Symbol

Essentially, symbolism implies a greater meaning than the literal suggestion. Props are the
easiest to work with because objects in everyday life are symbols in society. Symbols can also be
found in the use of color. Color association can be worthwhile symbols with costumes, sets and
props. But the most sophisticated use of symbol occurs with the application of gesture and
movement.

11. Conflict

As a rule, conflict should always be considered an essential ingredient for all dramatic
performance. Conflict can be between two or more characters, or simply one (inner conflict).
Conflict on stage can be verbal, physical or on verbal.

12. Climax

A crisis is a key moment of dramatic tension and conflict and conflict in the play, usually
between two or more characters and having serious implications for the outcome of the plot. The
ultimate crisis, or highest peak, is usually called the climax and often (but not always) occurs torad
the end of a performances.

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 End of tenth week
---------------------------------------------Nothing Follows--------------------------------------

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 116: ART APPRECIATION
_____________________________________________________

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 WEEK 11
TYPES OF DRAMA

1. Tragedy- In general, tragedy involves the ruin of the leading characters. It meant the
destruction or death.

2. Comedy- It is a lighter drama in which the leading characters overcome the difficulties which
temporarily beset them. It is a light play with a happy ending.

3. Problem Play- It is a drama of social criticism discusses social, economic, or political problems
by means of a play.

4. Farce- When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for human
values, it becomes farce.

5. Comedy of Manners- Comedy which wittily portrays fashionable life.

6. Fantasy- Plays sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the author gives free reign
to his fantasy, allowing things to happen without regard to reality.

7. Melodrama- Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human values, but its object is
to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment without any literary value.

Drama of Historical Interest

1. Ancient Drama- Drama existed in religious ceremonies for the worship of the different gods.

2. Medieval Drama- During this period the Greek and the Roman dramatists were imitated in Italy,
France, Germany, and England. Masks and costumes become popular also during this time.

3. Modern Drama- It was during the last two decades of the 19 th century and the first half of the
20th century that witnessed a great variety of trends in a stage play. Romanic fantasy, symbolism,
expressionism, impressionism, comedy, and poetic drama reached new heights during this period.

Benefits in Drama and the Role of Artists

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 Drama, as a form of self-expression, exists in every culture in the world. Being a distinct
skill in itself, it is a subject that is offered in many colleges and universities. However, being
versatile and flexible, drama can be used in other areas of the curriculum as well, in the form of
activities. These activities can also be a great way to warm-up before taking part in a play or used
as exercises to tune oneself (Putatunta, 2012).

Other benefits of drama are as follows:

1. Develops imagination, creativity, and flexible ways of thinking.

2. Develops focus, concentration, and the ability to pay attention to detail.
3. Helps to master body language, blending body movement and facial expression, coupled with
spoken language to convey oneself.
4. Helps to explore inner values, feelings, and thoughts.
5. Develops the ability to interact and work with others.
6. Helps in building self-confidence and self-esteem.

Likewise, in drama, artists are expected to perform task assigned to them. Thus, to make a
Drama more realistic, the artist should respect his/her play, his/her part, his/her fellow artist, and
his/her audience. He/ she should have imagination enough to create character for us instead of
merely exploiting his/her own personality. He/ she should have technical equipment in his/her
voice, facial expression, bodily poise, gesture, and by-act that enables him/her to project the
character as he/ she conceives it.

Drama Forms

Drama forms are composed within specific drama structures that define, shape, and
differentiate ways in which drama is explored. Drama forms often follow an established design.
Dramatic structures are movement, speech, improvisation, and scene work.

a. Movement

1. Clowning- The act of clowning draws upon skill-based exaggerated movements and gestures,
in order to create humor for the audience.

2. Dance- A choreographed dance is a prepared, rehearsed series of movements with or without

music. Its execution is creative, free, and exploratory, with or without music. It tells a narrative
through movement. Stories to music involve general movements to communicate a narrative to
the audience.

3. Mask Work- it is the exploration of movement using masks to bring focus to the physical
expression of the body.

4. Mime- It is pantomime acting without words and is done through facial expression, gesture, and
movement. Communication is rendered through the silent acts of the actor. One who performs in
this convention is a mine.

5. Stage Fighting- It is a choreographed movement designed to stimulate fighting between actors.

6. Tableau- It is a silent and motionless scene created by actors to draw focus to the main theme

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of the drama. The use of this genre is intended to draw upon audience reflection or to intensify the
emotion of the scene.

b. Improvisation

1. Character in Role- It is a person role-playing a character in a particular situation.

2. Improvisational Drama- It is spontaneous style of theatre in which there is no set script and
where scenes are created without advance preparation.
3. Role Play- it is an activity in which individuals assume identities other than their own.
4. Spontaneous Stories- It is a verbal warm-up activity in which narratives are created.

c. Speech

1. Choral Work- It refers to the ensemble speech or singing. Chanting could be also be used.
2. Monologues- It is a long speech by a single character.
3. Radio Drama- It is a drama that is intended to be listened to instead of viewed.
4. Reader’s Theatre- It is a performance created by actors reading a script.
5. Recitation- It is the oral presenting of a scripted piece of work. It often involves monologues,
rhymes, ballads, etc.
6. Soundscape- It is the use of various overlapping sounds to create an atmosphere.
7. Storytelling- It refers to relating stories to an audience.

d. Scene Works

1. Collective Creation- It is the group process of writing an original script.

2. Docudrama- It is the use of dramatic devices to illustrate a real-life situation through
performance.
3. Puppetry- It includes a broad range of props that almost anything brought to life by human
hands to create a performance. Types of puppets include rod, hand, and marionette.
4. Story Theatre- It refers to a theatrical performance of an existing story where every line of the
story is spoken by the characters.

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