SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 116: ART APPRECIATION
_____________________________________________________

WEEK 1
February 22, 2021

GE 116: Art Appreciation

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
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 COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : GE 116

TITLE : ART APPRECIATION
TARGET POPULATION : All students
INSTRUCTOR : MR. JOHN MARK S. SUMAGAYSAY, LPT

Overview:

In this world we see a lot of things that we can associate with art. These arts of all kinds
provide beauty and pleasure in our lives. By creating art, it expands our ability to interact with the
world and provides us with a new set of skills for self-expression and communication. Thus, we
always need beautiful things to look at, experience, and enjoy.

Finally, this book also intends to stimulate critical thinking among the students in the
Humanities as it allows them to have the freedom to express and articulate concepts through their
work of art especially in visual, performing, and literary. Hopefully, this will encourage them to
perform well on the subject as they use their God-given faculties to promote arts for the
betterment of themselves and of humanity.

Objective:

The learner will appreciate the universality and diversity of the aesthetic value of
masterpieces among our artists and their art works.

The following are the topics to be discussed

Week 1 INTRODUCTION OF THE CLASS

Week 2 HUMANITIES AND ARTS
Week 3 FUNCTIONS OF ARTS
Week 4 AESTHETIC ARTS AND CRAFTS
Week 5 PAINTINGS
Week 6 PRELIM EXAMINATION

Instruction to the Learners

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the Humanities and Arts, Function of
Arts, Aesthetic Art and Crafts, and Paintings. The lesson are characterized by continuity, and are arranged
in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit. For this reason, you are advised to read
this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given. Submission of task will be given during your
scheduled class hour.

GETTING STARTED:
Do you love arts? Do you want to know more about arts?

Then this Art Appreciation Module is for you!

Answer the following questions as precisely as you can.

1. For you, what is Art?

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2. How is art important to you?
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3. What is your talent? Why?

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4. How can you say that you are an artist?

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5. Describe the world 5-10 years from now, and how art will develop and improve modernly.
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 WEEK 1

HUMANITIES AND ARTS

Humanities is the study of arts. It is a branch of learning which concerns with the human
thought, feelings and relations. The study of arts is the study of mankind. Humanities has always
been concerned with the importance of human being, his feelings, and how he expresses those
feelings. However, it should be stressed that the humanities emphasize analysis and exchange of
ideas rather than the creative expression of the arts or the quantitative explanation of the
sciences.

Meaning and Significance

The term “Humanities” comes from a Latin word humanus, which means human, cultured
and refined. It generally refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre in which
human subjectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized. Generally, human
beings possess and show qualities like rationality, kindness and tenderness. These qualities of
humans gain different meanings based on one’s environment, values, beliefs and experiences
(Marcos, et al., 2010 and Menoy, 2009).

Humanities is an academic discipline that studies the human condition, using methods that are
primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches
of the natural sciences. These fields are the stories, the ideas, and the words that help us decide
what is important in our own lives and our world. By showing how others have lived and thought
about life, the Humanities help us decide what is important in our own lives and what we can do to
make them better.

By connecting us with other people, they point the way to answers about what is right or
wrong, or what is true to our heritage and our history. It also helps us address the challenges we
face together in our families, our communities, and as a nation.

The teaching of the humanities is intended to make the students realize that the mere
possession of knowledge is useless unless put to useful ends. It can regulate the type of behavior
that is considered appropriate to an individual (Marcos, et al., 2010). Moreover, the students
become aware that knowledge alone is meaningless unless it is accompanied by values,
sentiments, priorities, insights, inter-relationships and other transcendent realities (ibid.)

The Creation of Arts

The word “art” is derived from the Latin arti, which means “craftsmanship”, “skill”, “mastery
of form”, “inventiveness”. Art serves as a technical and creative record of human needs and
achievements. It usually refers to the so-called “fine arts” (e.g. pictorial, plastic, and building) and
to the so-called “minor arts” (everyday, useful, applied, and decorative arts). It is the process of
arranging elements in a way for you to use your senses and your emotions. It encompasses a
diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression. It includes music,
literature, film, photography, sculpture, and paintings. Art can be considered as a distinct character
and a reflection of a society.

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 As ability, art is the human capacity to make things of beauty and things that stir the human
spirit. As a process, art encompasses acts, such as drawing, painting, sculpture, designing
buildings and using the camera to create memorable works. As products, art is the complete work
like an etching, a sculpture, a tapestry, a portrait, a song (Marcos, et al., 2010). The work of art is
the product of imagination of the artist dependent on the materials or medium, subject, theme,
values, influences, period, beliefs, inspiration, and preparation (ibid).

On the other hand, the word “artist” comes from a French word artiste and Spanish artista,
which means “performer”. It refers to a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum
of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts and / or demonstrating an art. The term is
often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians and
other performers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist).

Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an

art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as a person who expresses him or herself through a
medium. The word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or
adept at, an artistic practice (ibid.)

An artist possess to an unusual degree of talents for interpreting ideas in artistic form
through the use of words, pigments, stone, notes, or in any other materials. When he sees or
learns something that impresses him, he expresses himself in one medium or another so that
others nay understand it, too.

Most often, the term describes those who create within a context of the fine arts or high
culture, activities such as drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking,
photography, and music- people who used imagination, talent, or skill to create works that may be
judged to have an aesthetic value.

Creativity is an artist’s trait developed in the course of his life to express his feelings. His
continuing reaction to the emerging conditions of the nature and social life gives birth to new ideas
and methods. The creation of arts by an artist is processed in three major phases (Sanchez, 2011)
namely: Creation of Ideas; Creation of the Materials; and Creation of Forms.

a. The Creations of Ideas- Artists are usually impressionable persons. A particular experience
may impress an artist so much that he decides to use it as basis for a picture, a poem, a song, a
play or a dance. A painter for example, paints a picture from a scene where most people do not
think beauty existed or a composer may write a song on the developing romance between a man
and a woman, or on the pains of a brokenhearted.

b. The Creation of the Materials- The artist uses different medium to give form to an idea. For
example, a painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses wood, metal or stone; an author uses words;
and a composer who uses musical sounds to determine the notes.

c. The Creation of Forms- Artists have developed different forms to express the ideas they work
on. In this phase, the artist must decide whether the form grows out of the idea or the problem
which prompted it; whether it has been given is individualized and unique; whether the work has
unity; and whether the organization in itself calls forth an aesthetic response from us.

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The History of Art

The history of art covers the entire history of mankind since prehistoric times. Art has
always been a result of man’s intellectual and emotional connection with the world. It aimed to
produce a message which will either provoke an unexplainable consciousness within the hearts of
its viewers or incite wisdom among the minds of the curious. Due to its extensive role for man, art
has long been studied in a variety of ways, with some scholars adapting the vantage point of mere
aesthetics while some venture into comparative analyses.

During ancient times, different forms of art were created and performed as a sign of
communication to the unknown being. Adoration, may it be of a deity, a ruler, or an event, played a
part in each society’s formation of artistry. It shows how cultural and religious factors played little
to the development of the art forms that have made the ancient society so famous until now. By
portraying events through the means of pottery and painting, such were immortalized without the
need to be written down as literature (Adams, 2007).

Prehistoric people often represented their world and perhaps their beliefs through visual
images. Art emerged with the appearance and dispersion of fully modern people through Africa,
Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americans. Paintings, sculptures, engravings, and later, pottery
reveal not only a quest for beauty but also complex social systems and spiritual concepts.

Animals are to be found everywhere in prehistoric art being the favorite subjects of hunters,
herdsmen, and breeders. We can recognize species and breeds that still exist today. These
pictures also furnish us with precious contemporary documents of animals now extinct from the
region of the paintings, such as the cave lion, bear, sabre-toothed tiger, mammoth, Ilomoicerus
(large-horned buffalo) and giant deer.

There are elaborate paintings of animals most often depicted were horses, bison,
mammoth, reindeer, aurochs, wild boar, fish, eels, birds, and other animals valued for food and
raw materials such as fur, leather, antlers, and ivory.

Prehistoric art, in general, can be seen as the representation of a symbolic system that is
an integral part of the culture that creates it. It is therefore not readily intelligible or accessible to
other cultures. The symbols often appear ambiguous, and it is likely that they have also changed
in meaning within the same culture that originally produced them (Honour, et al., 2005). Many
archeologists have identified Stone Age art, namely: petroglyphs (rock carvings and engravings);
pictographs (pictorial imagery, symbols); prehistoric sculpture (totemic statutes, ivory carvings);
and megalithic arts (petroforms or any other works associated with the formation of stones).

In modern times, art history has emerged as a discipline that specializes in teaching people
how to evaluate and interpret works of art based on their own perspective. It is only during this era
when all the various schools of artistic thoughts have emerged to detach the wholeness of art.
Cubism, Realism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and many more allowed for artistic freedom to take center
stage. Here, the personal began to turn into a collaborative effort as artists joined forces to take a
stand for their favored style.

At present, art has emerged as a discipline that specializes in teaching people how to
evaluate and interpret creative works based on their own perspective. However, art has also
frequently been criticized for its subjectivity because the definition of what is beautiful varies from
individual to individual. Learning to evaluate what you see by building on the art forms you already

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know can develop your aesthetic understanding.

Stone Tools: A Key to Arts

Stone is composed of minerals and can be classified into material types according to how
they formed: Mineral growth, Sedimentary, Metamorphic and Volcanic. Sedimentary rocks are
formed through the deposition and compression of particulate matter. Metamorphic rocks are
changed from the effects of extreme temperature and pressure. Volcanic rocks are cooled from
molten igneous magma (Prindle, 1994).

Stone tools were the instruments by which early man developed and progressed. All human
culture is based on the ingenuity and brainpower of our early ancestors in creating sophisticated
tools that enable them to survive. The first stone tools (eoliths- which are now believed to be
naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation) and other types of organic
materials (wood, bone, ivory, and antler) were made about two million years. The oldest human
tools were simple stone chopper, such as those unearth at Olduvai George in Tanzania.

According to Paleoanthropologists (people who study the origins and predecessors of the
present human species, using fossils and other remains), Paleolithic Man produced four types of
tools in producing an art namely: pebble tools (with a single sharpened edge for cutting or
chopping); Bifacial tools (hand axes); Flakes tools; and Blade tools.

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 ACTIVITY #1
(To be submitted next week)

Discussion Points and Exercise Questions

Direction: Answer the following questions cogently but honestly. Write your answers in the space provided.
Each number answer corresponds 20 points.

1. Do you think of yourself as a creative person? If you do why/ if you don’t, why not?

2. Are you more creative and most productive when you are feeling happy? Do you suffer if you are not?

3. Which is more interesting Painting or Photography? Why?

Assessment Tool: Holistic Rubric

Select from 1-5, wherein 1 is the lowest and 5 would be the highest score.

Score

1. Clarity in Defining the Topic ____________________

2. Reasoning _____________________
3. Technical Writing Skills ____________________
4. Organization _____________________
Total Score _____________________

GE 116: Art Appreciation

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 End of first week
---------------------------------------------Nothing Follows--------------------------------------

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR`
GE 116: ART APPRECIATION

_____________________________________________________

GE 116: Art Appreciation

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Page 9 of 32
 WEEK 2
March 1, 2021

WEEK 2

FUNCTIONS OF ARTS

Arts have been part of us from the very beginning. Since Prehistoric period, peoples first
sang and danced for their ancestors, hunters first painted their quarry on the walls of caves,
parents first acted out the stories of heroes for their children, the arts have described, defined, and
deepened human experience.

All peoples everywhere have abiding need for meaning- to connect time and space,
experience and event, body and spirit, intellect and emotion. People create art to make these
connections, to express the otherwise inexpressible. A society and a people without the arts are
unimaginable, as breathing would be without air. Such a society and people could not long
survive. Arts also serve several functions which are outcome to its purpose (Menoy, 2009),
namely:

1. Individual Function- The artists perform arts because of their passion of their respective art
forms. A singer performs a concert for free because of his personal advocacy and the love in
singing.

2. Social Function- Man associates with others through his art performance that arouses social
consciousness. This association is demonstrated by the choral singing, group dancing, public art
exhibits and other practices.

3. Economic Functions- Arts are emerging as a potent force in the economic life of people and
assume an important role as a direct and indirect contributor to state economies. Influencing
human capital and cultural resources to generate economic vitality through crafts is therefore
important.

4. Political Functions- Art provides a forum of ideas that will lead to employment, prestige,
status, and power.

5. Historical Functions- Arts serve to record historical figure and events.

6. Cultural Functions- Art is expression, not of mere things or ideas, but of concrete experience
with its values, and for its own sake. Its value is in the sympathetic mastery and preservation of
life in the mind.

7. Physical Functions- Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to protect their
occupants and make their life inside more meaningful.

8. Aesthetic Functions- Any artwork means beauty. Art is an image of the good, and has value in
so far as through expression it enables us to experience edifying emotions or to contemplate

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noble objects.

Purpose of Art

Creativity or imagination is the main basis of an art. Art is created when an artist creates a
beautiful object, or produces a stimulating experience that is considered by his audience to have
artistic merit (Adajian, 2011). A work of art is the visual expression of an idea or experience,
formed with skill, through the use of a medium (Frank, 2011).

Art allows expression of the individuality of the artist. Through artistic endeavors, people
can share what is important to them with others and can learn about the values of feelings of
those sharing art with them. Some of the purposes of art are the following (Marcos, et al., 2011):

1. Create Beauty- Artist has considered nature as the standard of beauty.

2. Provide Decoration- Works of art have been used to create pleasing environment.
3. Reveal Truth- Artist have pursued truth and attempted to reveal about how the world looks.
4. Immortalize- An artist can defy mortality by creating a work that will keep his talents in the
people’s consciousness.
5. Express Values- Art has been used to express hopes to symbolize great religious event.
6. Commemorate Experience- Art serves to convey the personal experiences of an artist and
record his impression in his work.
7. Create Harmony- An artist makes use of composition to put order in the diverse content of his
work.

Classifications of Arts

a. Visual Arts
These refer to those forms of art that create works which are primarily visual in nature
(forms perceived by the eyes). Examples of these arts include:

1. Painting- It is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a
brush or other object.
2. Sculpture- It is a three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials
(typically stone such as marble- or metal, glass or wood).
3. Architecture- It is the art of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures.
4. Drawing- It is a visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-
dimensional medium.
5. Photography- It is an art of creating portraits by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive
medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors.

b. Performing Arts
These refer to those forms of art that use the artists own body, face, and presence as a
medium. Examples of these arts include:

1. Theatre (Drama) - It is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the
experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.
2. Music- It is an art form the medium of which is sound and silence.
3. Dance- It is an art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form
of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
4. Film- it is a moving pictures (art form that records performances visually).

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5. Installation Art- It is the merging of multiple genres into a coherent three-dimensional, multi-
sensory work.
6. Opera- Art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called
a libretto) and musical score.
7. Stagecraft- It is a technical aspect of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is
not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and
procurement of costumes, makeup, and procurement of props, stage management, and recording
and mixing of sound.

c. Literary Arts
These arts are primarily centered on creative writing and the other composition processes
which intended to be read. These include prose and poetry (e.g. novels, short stories, sonnet,
ballad, epic, essay).

The Importance of Arts in Educational Institutions

According to the National Art Education Association (1994), knowing and practicing the arts
disciplines are fundamental to the healthy development of student’s minds and spirits. Arts are
inseparable from the very meaning of the term education. We know from long experience that no
one can claim to be truly educated who lacks basic knowledge and skills in the arts. Listed below
are the reasons for this declaration.

1. Arts are worth studying. Arts have served to connect our imaginations with the deepest
questions of human existence.
2. Arts are used to achieve a multitude of human purposes. Arts help to present issues and ideas,
to teach or persuade, to entertain, to decorate or please. Becoming literate in the arts help
students understand and do these things better.
3. Arts are integral to every person’s daily life. Our personal, social, economic, and cultural
environments are shaped by the arts at every turn.
4. Arts offer unique sources of enjoyment and refreshment. Arts explore relationships between
ideas and objects and serve as links between thought and action. Their continuing gift is to help
us see and grasp life in new ways.
5. Arts help students develop attitudes. Arts teach self-discipline, reinforce self-esteem, and foster
the thinking skills and creativity so valued in the workplace. They teach the importance of
teamwork and cooperation.

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 ACTIVITY #2
(To be submitted next week)

Discussion Points and Exercise Questions

Direction: Answer the following questions cogently but honestly. Write your answers in the space
provided. Each number answer corresponds 20 points.

1. How do you determine whether a certain artwork is a creative work of an artist? Explain.

2. What talent/s would you like to improve as a person? Explain why.

3. Which of the following classification of arts (Visual, Performing, Literary) do you think you
belong? Why?

Assessment Tool: Holistic Rubric

Select from 1-5, wherein 1 is the lowest and 5 would be the highest score.

Score

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1. Clarity in Defining the Topic ____________________
2. Reasoning _____________________
3. Technical Writing Skills ____________________
4. Organization _____________________
Total Score ____________________

End of second week

---------------------------------------------Nothing Follows--------------------------------------

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 116: ART APPRECIATION
_____________________________________________________

GE 116: Art Appreciation

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Page 14 of 32
 WEEK 3
March 8, 2021
WEEK 3
Aesthetics Arts and Crafts

Aesthetics is derived from the Greek word eisthetis which means “perception”. It is a
branch of philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty. It is first used during the 18 th century
by the German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten. This term also refers to the principles
governing the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in visual art (Rader, 1979).

On the other hand, the term “craft” comes from a German word kraft which means “power”
or “ability “. It denotes a skill, usually employed in branches of the decorative arts (e.g. ceramics)
or in an associated artistic practice. Craft work is skilled work (meaning: any kind of craft must
involve the application of a technique). Craft implies the application of human skills through the
use of a hand. The concept of craft is historically associated with the production of useful objects
and art. It tends to produce things which are useful for various human purposes, and though they
may be pretty in any number of ways, craft objects tend to exhibit their prettiness around a
purpose external to the object itself.

Arts and crafts started during the 19 th century as design reform and social movement. Its
proponent was motivated by the ideals of William Morris, who proposed that in pre-industrial
societies, such as the European Middle Ages, people had achieved fulfillment through the creative
process of handicrafts.

William Morris was born on March 24, 1834 in Walthamstow, England. He was known for
his pattern designs, particularly on fabrics, wallpapers, fantasy fiction and proponent of
medievalism and socialism. His vision in linking art to industry by applying the values of fine art to
the production of commercial design was a key stage in the evolution of design as we know it
today. As a champion of socialist ideals, he believed that a designer should have a working
knowledge of any media that he used. He died on October 3, 1896 at the age of 62 years old in
London, England.

Design Principles
The Arts and Crafts style started as a search for aesthetic design and decoration and a
reaction against the styles that were developed by machine-production. These Arts and Crafts
objects were simple in forms which tended to emphasize the qualities of the materials used
(patterns are inspired by British flora and fauna).

The Arts and Crafts style was partly a reaction against the style of many of the items shown
in the Great Exhibition of 1851 in England, which were ornate, artificial and ignored the qualities of
the materials used. An art historian, Nikolaus Pevsner has said that exhibits in the Great
Exhibition showed “ignorance of that basic need om creating patterns, the integrity of the surface.

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Categories of Arts and Crafts
The term crafts also refer to the products of artistic production that require a high degree of
tacit knowledge that are highly technical, require specialized equipment and /or facilities to
produce and involve manual labor. These can be categorized as textile craft: wood, metal or clay
crafts: paper or canvas crafts: and plants crafts.

A. Textile Crafts
1. Weaving- It is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns or
threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
2. Sewing- It is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a
needle and thread.
3. Cross-Stitch- It is a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped
stitches in a tiled, raster like pattern are used to form a picture.
4. Tatting- It is a technique for handcrafting a particularly durable lace constructed by a
series of knots and loops.
5. Shoemaking- It is the process of making footwear.
6. Crochet- It is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other material
strands using a crochet hook.
7. Lace- It is an openwork fabric, patterned with open holes in the work , made by
machine or by hand.
8. Macrame- It is a form of textile-making using knotting rather than weaving or knitting.
9. Millinery- It is the designing and manufacture of hats.
10. String art- It is characterized by an arrangement of colored thread strung between
points to form abstract geometric patterns.

B. Wood, Metal or Clay Crafts

1. Carpentry- It refers to works with timber to construct, install and maintain buildings,
furniture, and other objects. Chip carving.
2. Jewelry- It is a form of personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces,
earrings, and bracelets.
3. Marquetry- It is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer (thin slices of wood) to a
structure to form decorative patterns, designs or pictures.
4. Pottery- is the material from which the potteryware is made, of which major types include
earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.
5. Sculpture- It is process which has focused on carving and modeling, generally in stone,
metal, and wood.
6. Wood Turning- It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden objects on a
lathe (a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations
such as cutting, sanding, knurling to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of
rotation.
7. Fretwork- It is an interlaced decorative design that is either carved in low relief on a solid
background, or cut out with a coping saw, jigsaw or scroll saw.

C. Paper or Canvas Crafts

1. Bookbinding- It is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded
or unfolded sheets of paper or other material.
2. Card Making- It is the craft of hand-making greeting cards.
3. collage- It is a technique where the artworkis made from an assemblage of different
forms, thus creating a new whole.

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 4. Origami- It is traditional Japanes art of paper folding.
5. Papier-maché- It is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes
reinforced with texttiles, bound with an adhesive.
6. Scrapbooking- It refers to a typical memorabilia which include photographs, printed
media, and artwork.
7. Rubber Stamping- It is a craft in which some type of ink made of dye or pigment is
applied to an image or pattern that has been craved, molded, laser engraved or vulcanized,
onto a sheet of rubber.

D. Plants Crafts
1. Corn Dolly Making- It is a form of straw work made as part of harvest customs ofEurope
before mechanization.
2. Floral Design- It is the art of using plant materials and flowers to create a pleasing and
balanced composition.
3. Pressed flower craft- consists of drying flower petals and leaves in a flower press to
flatten and exclude light and moisture.

Principles in Understanding Artistic Composition

Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing
principles to create forms that inform. Techniques are the ways artists go about applying
the principles of composition.

a. Principle of Harmony
Visual harmony is achieved when all of the art elements within a work of art interact
well. Many times, this can be accomplished by using similar types of shapes, lines or colors
within a work of art. A harmonious work of art mightuse only organic or only geometric
shapes and lines to create a unified composition. Colors could also be used to create a feel
of unity within the piece. Using all cool or all warm colors would help to produce a
harmonious work of art.

b. Principle of Variety
A strong composition will also demonstrate the principle of variety. Variety is
accomplished by using differing lines, shapes and colors within an artwork to make key
areas stand out. Variety can be used to pull the eye to a focal point within the artwork.
Artists can use this idea to direct a viewers eye to a place within the art that he or she
wants to emphasize.

c. Principle of Balance
It refers to the equilibrium of opposing visual forces. It is created in a work of art
when textures, colors, forms, or shapes are combined harmoniously. It also refers to the
way in which visual weight is distributed throughout a composition. Compositions can
displays either symmetrical or asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance refers to a
composition in which the visual weight is perfectly and evenly distributed each side of the
artwork. A symmetrical composition can be divided down the center and each side will be
close to a mirror image of the other.

d. Principle of Movement
Movement refers to the way that an eye moves throughout a work of art. An artist
creates visual movement to drive the eye to the focal point of the artwork. It can be directed

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 by lines, contrasting shapes, or colors within the artwork. In this work of art, our eye moves
up through the pattern in the rippling surface of the water to the two paddlers.

e. Principles of Emphasis
Emphasis refers to the need of an artist to craete a focal point within a composition.
The focal point is the most important part of a work of art and the viewers eye should be
drawn to that area. Emphasis can be achieved by using a combination of elements to
create visual movement to the focal point. Using contrasting colors can also help to
emphasize a focal point.

f. Principle of Proportion
It is created when the sizes of elemnts in a work of art are combined harmoniously.
Artists must make sure that the relative sizes of items within a composition make logical
sense. In most cases, artists try to make all of the parts in a composition relate logically to
each other, and artists strive to depict the human form within the proper proportion.

g. Principle of Rhythm
Rhythm refers to the use of visual repetition within a work of art. Repeating visual
elements can create visual energy and interest. Rhythm can also be referred to as pattern.
Patterns within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors, line or shapes in specific
areas. Rhythm can be used to create texture and variety within a work of art.

Motivated Functions of Art

Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the
artist or creator. These may be to bring about political change, to comment on an aspect of
society, to convey a specific propaganda, or simply as a form of communication (Holly,
2020).

1. Art for political change. One of the defining functions of early twentieth century art has
been to use visual images to bring about poliyical change.

2. Art for entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular emotion or mood, for the
purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries
of Motion Pictures and Video Games.

3. Art for healing. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical
psychologists as art theraphy. The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but
rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought.

4. Art for propaganda (Commercialism). Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda, and
thus can be used to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art
thatb tries to sell a product also influences mood and emotion.

5. Art for communication. Art has intent or goal directed toward another individual, this is a
motivated purpose. An illustrative art, such as scientific illustration, is a form of art as
communication. Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art.

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 ACTIVITY #3
(To be submitted next week)

Discussion Points and Exercise Questions

Direction: Answer the following questions cogently but honestly. Write your answers in the space provided.
Each number answer corresponds 20 points.

1. Is Art simply a reflection of our personal values? Support your answer.

2. What is the relationship between Art and Crafts?

3. Is artistic skill learned or natural?

4. Why is Art considered as a “distinct character and a reflection of a society”?

5. What do you think are the needed materials in creating a good work of art? Explain.

Assessment Tool: Holistic Rubric

Select from 1-5, wherein 1 is the lowest and 5 would be the highest score.
Score

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1. Clarity in Defining the Topic ____________________
2. Reasoning _____________________
3. Technical Writing Skills ____________________
4. Creative and Aesthetic Appeal of the Presentation _____________________
Total Score _____________________

End of third week

---------------------------------------------Nothing Follows--------------------------------------

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 116: ART APPRECIATION
_____________________________________________________

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 WEEK 4
March 15, 2021

WEEK 4
PAINTINGS
According to the definition of Merriam Webster, painting is the practice of applying colors or
other medium to a flat surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but
other objects can be used such as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or
concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as
well as objects. It is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders.

Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing,
composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and
conceptual intention of the practitioner (Mayer, 1970).
- Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting),
photographic, abstract, can be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or can be
political in nature.
- Painting is an unspoken and largely unrecognized dialogue, were paint speaks silently in
masses and colors and the artist responds in moods.
- Paint records the most delicate gesture. It tells whether the painter sat or stood or crouched
in front of the canvas.
- Paint is a cast made of the painter’s movements, a portrait of the painter’s body and
thoughts (Elkins, 1998).

Elements of Painting
In every creative medium, be it music, art, dance, poetry, prose, or theatre, the goal is
unity. For the artist, unity results from the selection of appropriate devices peculiar to the medium
and the use of certain principles to relate them. A unique style emerges when an artist recognizes
his or her personal preferences of dominant design elements and consciously or unconsciously
emphasizes these dominant elements (Ocvirk, et al., 2008; Gatto, 2000).

a. Line
It is a continuous marking made by a moving point. It outlines shape and can contour areas
within those outlines. It can suggest movement (vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and curved). Each
line has its own meaning: vertical lines stress action, strength, dynamism; horizontal lines means
serenity, calmness, stability; diagonal line express tension, movement; curved lines appear
softness, flexibility, gentleness.

b. Color
It is the result of wavelengths of light reflecting off objects. Objects absorb certain
wavelengths and reflect others. It is composed of three distinct qualities: hue, saturation, and

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value. Hue is simply the name of a color. Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors. Their
mixture produces the secondary colors: green, orange, and purple. Further mixing produces six
more, the tertiary colors. Saturation refers to the purity, intensity (vividness) of a color. When we
speak of the redness of red, we mean its highest saturation. Value (also known as shading) refers
to the lightness or darkness of a color, the mixture in the color of white and black.

c. Texture
In the visual arts, texture is the perceived surface quality of a work of art. It is an element of
two-dimensional and three-dimensional design and is distinguished by its perceived visual and
physical properties. Use of texture, along with other elements of design, can convey a variety of
messages and emotions.

d. Perspective
Perspective is an art technique for creating an illusion of three-dimensions (depth and
space) on a two dimensional, flat surface. It is what makes a painting seem to have form,
distance, and look real (Evans, 2002). The real goal of perspective in art is that of creating a
viewpoint for your audience that will best communicate your subject and serve its particular
message.

The meaning of perspective used in art involves creating an appearance of depth. This
emphasis on distance stems from it being a difficult and impressive effect to achieve, especially
upon paper that is completely flat. Being three-dimensional, though means that an object has
height and width, and depth.

First understand that our viewpoint is simply that position we see things from. Perspective
basically means the same as “viewpoint” and “position”. There are also three viewpoints to look for
in a painting namely: foreground, middleground, and background. The foreground is the visual
plane that appears closer to the viewer. The middleground is the part between the foreground and
the part which is farthest away is called the background. The scale of these components often
correlates to the dominance in an image. The foreground is often the most dominant due to the
larger perceived scale of the images objects.

e. Shapes
An artist uses shapes to express ideas. They may be circles, triangles, rectangles, ovals, or
squares. It is an area with a defined boundary created by a variation of color, value or texture of
the areas adjacent to it. When arranged close together they help add energy to painting.

f. Symbols
Artists often include symbolic objects in their paintings. A symbol can be defined as
something which has a special meaning or a special message. It is used to express such ideas

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like life, death, hope, etc. A painting may have hidden meanings within it as expressed in the
symbols the artist uses.

The Color Wheel and its Categories

Color is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called
red, green, blue, and others. It is derived from the spectrum of light (distribution of light power
versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Its
categories and physical specifications are also associated with objects, materials, light sources,
etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra.

A color wheel (also known as color circle) is a visual representation of colors arranged
according to their chromatic relationship. Begin a color wheel by positioning primary hues
equidistant from one another, then create a bridge between primaries using secondary and tertiary
colors. A color circle, based on red, yellow and blue, is traditional in the field of art. Sir Isaac
Newton developed the first circular diagram of colors in 1666.

Basic colors like red, yellow and blue are known as primary colors. Primary colors at their
basic essence are those colors that cannot be created by mixing others. On the other hand,
orange, green and purple are known as secondary colors. A secondary color is made by mixing
two primary colors. Tertiary colors are those colors achieved by a mixture of primary and
secondary hues or colors. Other colors can also be categorized based on the following.

a. Complementary Colors- These colors sit opposite each other on the color wheel. Because
they are opposites, they tend to look especially lively when used together. When you put
complementary colors together, each color looks more noticeable. Red and green are examples of
complementary colors.
b. Analogous Colors- These colors sit next to each other on the color wheel. They tend to look
pleasant together because they are closely related. Orange, yellow-orange, and yellow are
examples of analogous colors.

c. Neutral Colors- These colors don’t usually show up on the color wheel. Neutral colors include
black, white, gray, and sometimes brown and beige. They are sometimes called “earth tones”.

d. Warm Colors- These colors are made with red, orange, yellow, or some combination of these.
Warm colors tend to make some you think of sunlight and warmth. Colors of the sunset give a
feeling of brightness and heat.

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e. Cool Colors- These colors are made with blue, green, purple, or some combination of these.
Cool colors might make you think of cool and peaceful things, like winter skies and still ponds.

ACTIVITY #4
(To be submitted next week)

Discussion Points and Exercise Questions

Direction: Answer the following questions cogently but honestly. Write your answers in the space provided.
Each number answer corresponds 20 points.

1. What are the differences between oil and acrylic paints?

2. What are the secondary colors? How are they formed?

3. What is the real goal of perspective in art? Explain.

Assessment Tool: Holistic Rubric

Select from 1-5, wherein 1 is the lowest and 5 would be the highest score.
Score

GE 116: Art Appreciation

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Page 24 of 32
1. Clarity in Defining the Topic ____________________
2. Reasoning _____________________
3. Technical Writing Skills ____________________
4. Creative and Aesthetic Appeal of the Presentation _____________________
Total Score _____________________

End of fourth week

---------------------------------------------Nothing Follows--------------------------------------

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

___________________________________________________

LEARNING MODULE
FOR
GE 116: ART APPRECIATION
GE 116: Art Appreciation
SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Page 25 of 32
 _____________________________________________________

WEEK 5
March 22, 2021

WEEK 5

PRIMARY COLORS: SYMBOLISM AND MEANING

Color can influence our emotions, our actions and how we respond to various people,
things and ideas. Much has been studied and written about color and its impact on our daily lives.

Red Color
Red is the warmest of all colors. Red is the color most chosen by extroverts and one of the
top picks of males. On the negative side, red can mean temper or anger. In China, red is the color
of prosperity and joy. Brides wear red and front doors are often painted red. Red is Tuesday’s
color. Red roses symbolize passionate love. Ruby rings should be worn on the left hand. Red is
the color of Mars. This planet is known as the “God of war”.

Red is associated with fiery heat and warmth. It can also mean danger (burning). It is the
color of blood, and as such has strong symbolism as life and vitality. It brings focus to the essence
of life and living with emphasis on survival. Red is also the color of passion and lust. Red color is
important to human life because it is believed that:

a. It increases enthusiasm and interest;

b. It gives more energy;
c. It reinforce action and confidence; and
d. it protects us from fears and anxieties.

Blue Color
Blue is the coolest color- the color of the sky, ocean, sleep, twilight. A pure blue is the color
of inspiration, sincerity and spiritually. Blue is often the chosen color by conservative people. Blue
is the calming color. That makes it a wonderful color to use in the home, especially for babies.
Blue is so soothing that is good choice for pajamas. Dark blue is the color of truth and moderation.

Blue gives a feeling of distance. Artists use it to show perspective. This is a good way to
understand the energy of the color blue- it allows us to look beyond and increase our perspective
outward. It contains a cool vibration that is helpful to communication. Blue color is important to
human life because it is believed that:

a. It is a sign of calmness and relaxation;

b. It opens the flow of communication;
c. It broadens our perspective in learning new information; and

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d. It implies solitude and peace.

Yellow Color
Pure, bright and sunny yellow is the easiest color to see. People who are blind to other
colors can usually see yellow. Yellow is full of creative and intellectual energy. It symbolizes
wisdom. Yellow means joy and happiness. People of high intellect favor yellow.

Like the energy of a bright sunny day, yellow brings clarity and awareness. The shade of
yellow determines its effect: Yellow-green can mean deceit, and creates a disoriented feeling.
Orange-yellow imparts a sense of establishment. Clean light yellow clears the mind, making it
active and alert. Yellow color is important to human life because it is believed that:

a. It helps us in making decisions;

b. It relieves us from burnout, panic, nervousness, exhaustion;
c. It sharpens our memory and concentration skills; and
d. It protects us from depression.

Color symbolism can vary dramatically between cultures. Research has also shown that
most colors have more positive associations with them than negative (Courtright, 2001). Color
also means many different things to different people and cultures. It could represent feelings,
people, countries, cultures, and color symbolism. Color symbolism can vary dramatically between
cultures (Dreyfuss, 1984).

Basic Color Symbolism Chart

(Based from the Western Culture)

Color Cultural Symbolism

Red Excitement, energy, passion, love, desire, speed, strength, power, heat,
aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, violence, intense, and passionate.

Brown Earth, hearth, home, comfort, endurance, simplicity, and comfort.

Yellow Joy, happiness, betrayal, optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine,
summer, gold, philosophy, dishonesty, cowardice, jealousy, covetousness, deceit,
illness, hazard, and friendship.

Green Eternity, family, harmony, health, peace, posterity, nature, environment, good luck,
youth, vigor, jealousy, envy, and misfortune.

Pink Love and romance, caring, tenderness, acceptance and calm.

Beige and Quiet, pleasantness, calmness and simplicity.
ivory
Blue Peace, tranquility, cold, calm, stability, harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence,
conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, loyalty, sky, water, technology,
depression, appetite suppressant.

Purple Royalty, nobility, spirituality, ceremony, mysterious, transformation, wisdom,

enlightenment, cruelty, arrogance, mourning.

Lavender Femininity, grace and elegance.

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 Orange Energy, balance, enthusiasm, warmth, vibrant, expansive, demanding of attention.

Grey Security, reliability, intelligence, staid, modesty, dignity, maturity, solid,

conservative, practical, old age, sadness, bring, silver symbolize calm.

White Reverence, purity, birth, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision,

innocence, youth, winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage (Western cultures), death
(Eastern culture), cold, clinical

Black Power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil,
unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, anonymity, underground,
good technical color, mourning, death (Western culture).

Mediums in Painting
Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that pigment is suspended or
embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity,
miscibility, solubility, drying time, and others (Martin, 2004).

1. Oil- It is a type of slow drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a
drying oil, commonly linseed oil.

2. Pastel- It is an art medium i the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a
binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art
media, including oil paints; the binder is of a nuetral hue and low saturation.

3. Acrylic- It is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. It
can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry.

4. Watercolor- is the medium or the resulting artwork in which the paints are made of
pigments suspended in water-suloble vehicle. It is usually transparent, and appears
luminous because the pigments are laid down in a relatively pure form with few types of
filter obscuring the pigment colors.

5. Ink- It is a liquid that contains pigments and/ or dyes and is used to color a surface to
produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing with a pen, brush, or quill.

6. Encaustic- It is heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/ paste is
then applied to a surface- usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are
often used.

7. Fresco- Is any of several related mural painting types, executed on plaster on walls,
ceilings or any other type of flat surface. The word fresco comes from the Italian word
äffresco’which derives from the Latin word for “”fresh”.

8. Gouache- It is a water based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to
be used in a opaque painting method.

9. Enamel- It is a paint that air dries to a hard, usually glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces
that are outdoors or otherwise subject to variations in temperature.

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 10. Spray paint- It is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is
released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button.

11. Tempera- It is a pigment bound by yolk. It is a permanent, fast-drying paiting medium

consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium.

Classifications of Painting Styles

Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques and
methods that typify an individual artist’s work. It can also refer to the movement or school that an
artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously
involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. Such
classifications include the following:
a. Western Styles

Abstraction
Abstraction is a process by which higher concepts are derived from the usage and
classification of literal (“real” or “concrete”) concepts, first principles, or other methods. “An
abstraction” is the product of this process- a concept that acts as a super-categorical noun for all
subordinate concepts, and connects any related concepts as a group, field, or catrgory.
Abstraction may be formed by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable
phenomenon, typically to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose.

Expressionism
Expressionism is an emotional realism. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or
emotional experience rather than physical reality. It was originated in Germany at the beginning of
the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective,
distoring it radicallyor emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.

Baroque
Baroque art is characterized by dynamism (a sense of motion), which is augmented by
extravagant effects (e.g. strong curves, rich decoration). Baroque painting is the painting
associated with the baroque cultural movement. The movement is often identified with Absolutism,
the Counter Reformation and Catholic Revival, but the existence of important Baroque art and
architecture in non-absolutist and Protestant states throughout Western Europe underscores its
widespread popularity. Among the greatest painters of the Baroque period are Caravaggio,
Rembrandt, Rubens, Velasquez, Poussin, and Vermeer.

Modernism
Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural
movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the
late 19th century and early 20th century. The term encompasses the activities and output of those
who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and
daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social and political conditions of an
emerging fully industrialized world.

b. Modern styles

Realism

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 Realism painting was generally practiced before the invention of a camera, where artists
depicted landscapes and humans with as much attention to detail and precision as possible. The
artist’s main goal is to describe as accurate and truthful as possible what is observed through the
senses (Sanches, 2011).

Symbolism
Symbolism is an art that represents the subject symbolically. For instance, the “Spolarium”
painting of Juan Luna depicts the suffering of the Filipino people from the hands of the Spaniards.
Many works of art included by some writers who cover the Symbolist era were actually produced
in the middle of the century, or even before.

Fauvism
Fauvism is described as an art that used brilliant primary colors in favor or color illumination
on subjects like pictures of comfort, joy and leisure. It comes from the French word fauves,
meaning “wild beasts” (this name refers to a small group of painters who in Paris exhibited works
notable for the bold and expressive use of pure color).

Cubism
Cubism is a form of abstraction wherein the object is first reduced to cubes and then
flattened into two dimensional shapes. It has been considered th most influential art movement of
the 20th century in Paris pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Baroque that revolutionized
European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and
architecture.

Surrealism
Surrealism is a type of art wherein the artist creates dreamlike paintings that is filled with
mysterious objects. It is the oppoite of abstraction that attempts to portray the conscious mind
through unconventional means. Surrealists had their forerunners in italian Metaphysical painters in
early 1910s.

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 ACTIVITY #5
(To be submitted next week)

Discussion Points and Exercise Questions

Color Symbolism Identification

Direction: Identify one example of cultural symbolism of the colors and explain each symbol. Write your
answers on the boxes provided.

Color Cultural Symbol Explanation

Blue

Red

Yellow

Purple

Green

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Assessment Tool: Holistic Rubric

Select from 1-5, wherein 1 is the lowest and 5 would be the highest score.
Score

1. Clarity in Defining the Topic ____________________

2. Reasoning _____________________
3. Technical Writing Skills ____________________
4. Creative and Aesthetic Appeal of the Presentation _____________________
Total Score _____________________

End of fifth week

---------------------------------------------Nothing Follows------------------------------------

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