Module LEA 121 WEEK 1 6

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato
CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
___________________________________________________
LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION
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LEARNING MODULE
FOR
LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION
INTER-AGENCY APPROACH AS PROVIDED BY CMO #05 SERIES OF 2018
_____________________________________________________
WEEK 1
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COURSE OUTLINE
COURSE CODE : LEA 121
TITLE : LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION

AND ADMINISTRATION
TARGET POPULATION : First year Criminology Students
INSTRUCTOR : CHRIS V. PERALES, RCrim
Overview:
The course covers the organizational set-up of relevant various law enforcement
and public safety agencies, as legal mandate, functions and responsibilities, and its
functional relations, coordination and cooperation with other Law Enforcement and
public safety agencies.
GETTING STARTED:
(Week 1)
Specific Objectives: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able:
1. To understand the meaning and essence of police organization and
administration.
2. To know and understand the history of Police Force.
3. To determine the different theories of Police service.
Chapter: 1
INTRODUCTION
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‘’We all have the moral responsibility to serve and protect the Filipino people – today
and tomorrow – for the betterment of the future generation.’’
The Police Organization is one of the most complex institutions in the society today.
As the inherent mission of any such institution is to become capable in performing their
respective responsibilities, it is important that such organization have qualified personnel
with appropriate and steering towards meeting this purpose. Thus, the necessity to have
an established means of recruiting, selecting, appointing, training, detailing, assigning,
promoting and other required administrative actions is a must as a competitive career
advancement programs, security in the job and regulation of proper welfare and benefits
of its rank and file.
Personnel Administration refers to the management of the people in working
organizations. It is also sometimes called as personnel management, industrial relations,
employee relations, and manpower management. In the police organization, personnel
administration requires a daily supervision, delegation and control of multi-function
activities to meet the daily operational requirements of the personnel in meeting their
respective mandate to the government in particular and to all the members of the society
in general.
Personnel Administration also represents a major subsystem in the general
management system, in which it refers to the management of human resources, as
distinguished fro, financial or material resources. The term may be used to refer a
selected specific functions or activities assigned to specialized personnel officers or
departments. It is also used to identify the entire scope of management policies and
programs in the recruitment, allocation, leadership, and direction of manpower. It is
necessary to understand these systems in order to have a more appropriate manning of
qualified people to hold the appropriate position for their respective skills and
capabilities.
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Law enforcement Administration begins with the definition of the required
quantities of particular personal capabilities – that is to determine what is the mandate,
mission or objectives of a specific office, position or rank in order to have a clearer point
of view in making the correct decision that is beneficial to the organization and the public
as well.
Thereafter, people must be found, recruited, selected, trained or retrained,
negotiated with, counseled, led, directed, committed, rewarded, transferred, promoted,
and finally released or retired – most importantly is to study the existing policies in
relation to the stated administrative activities in order to determine if there are lapses
that needed to be corrected or their necessary adjustments that must be addressed.
Concept
THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
The word police comes from the Latin word Politia (‘civil administration), which itself
derives from the Ancient Greek ħőƛƪƧ, or ‘’polis’’, which means ‘’city’’. The term police
refer to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order; enforce the
law; protect lives and properties; and insure public safety – in its inception, the police
forms an important role in the development of human society will not materialized
without the security and order provided for by the police.
Regarded as the initiators of the criminal justice system, the police are the
society’s first line of defense against crime and criminality. Police are agents or agencies
authorized to use force and other forms of coercion and legal means to effect public and
social order.
Police or Law Enforcement is the agency of a community or government that is
responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic
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police mission of preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws was identical in
ancient societies as it is in sophisticated urban environments.
ORGANIZATION defined
 It is a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective.
It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed,
defining and delegating responsibility and authority establishing
relationships for the purpose of enabling people work effectively.
POLICE ORGANIZATION defined
 Police organization is a group of trained personnel in the field of public
safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives
that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and
property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.
HISTORY OF THE POLICE FORCE
The history of policing and its forms have existed for several thousand years,
with religious, political, or military police wielding power as early as the time of Babylon.
Early police were typically either military or semi-military organizations that
evolved from the personal bodyguards of rulers and warlords or from community
organizations in which citizens banded together for mutual protection. The duties of the
military type of police consisted of keeping the public order and enforcing the religious or
political mandates of those in power.
Rome, under Emperor Augustus, had one of the earliest forms of organized policing.
 In 7 B.C. Augustus divided Rome into 14 regions (wards), each divided into vici
(precincts) overseen by vicomagistri responsible for fire protection, among other
administrative and religious duties.
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 In A.D. 6, after a particularly bad fire, Augustus expanded the city’s fire brigade
into a corps, consisting of seven squads, or cohorts, of 1,000 freedmen each.
Each cohort was responsible for fire and, especially at night, police protection in
two regions.
 To further impose order on the often violent streets of his city of nearly
1,000,000, Augustus created three cohorts of police, part of the army of the state,
who were placed under the command of the urban prefect. These cohorts could,
in turn, call upon the emperor’s own bodyguard (the Praetorian Guard) for
assistance.
On the later part of the 13th century the police as a structured municipal subdivision,
separate from the military began to exist. Military and semi-military police forces
developed independently in many countries of the world.
 In Japan, the shogun, ruler of 17th century feudal system, devised an
elaborate police system in which each castle town had a military samurai warrior
who served as town magistrate, judge, and chief of police. He appointed other
sword-carrying samurai (yoriki and doshin) to serve as a patrolling police force.
 In the early 1700s the Russian tsars also established a police system to enforce
their laws. Tsar Nicholas I later extended the powers of this police force and
turned it into an early form of state political police-the dreaded okhranka. After
the Russian Revolution, this force gave rise to V.I. Lenin’s powerful and highly
organized Cheka, the political police that served as a model for Mussolini’s
OVRA and Hitler’s Gestapo.
In the Philippines, the Spanish regime adopted a police system in which the
maintenance of peace and order as well as the enforcement of laws are an integral part
of the military system for the defense of the colony.
 In the year 1712, the Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized as
a mounted riflemen or cavalry whose duties expanded in 1781 from a
special commission as government custodian of the tobacco monopoly to a
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distinct group charged with the duties of a harbor, port, border and river
police.
 In January 8, 1836, by virtue of a Royal Decree, the Rural Police known as
the Guardrilleros were established in each town. The law provided that five
percent (5%) of able bodied male inhabitants of each province was to be
drafted in the police service for a three years tour of duty.
 In February 12, 1852, the Guardia Civil was organized with the dual function
of a soldier and a policeman whose duties ranges from the suppression of
brigandage by means of patrolling unsettled territories, detention of petty and
local insurrection, the enforcement of tax collection and was armed as the
Spanish infantry to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsula Troops of their
work in policing towns.
The establishment of the Guardia Civil gave the Spanish colonizers a tremendous
control through a centralized police administration which enabled the supreme head to
determine the policies to be pursued in law enforcement and the maintenance of peace
and order.
Months before the period of Philippine Independence under the regime of
Revolutionary President Emilio Aguinaldo, the Spanish organized police force easily
collapsed. A Police system was organized to be a pseudo-military group capable of
modification to suit the general military campaign and to inform the objectives of the
revolutionary government.
After the collapse of the Philippine Revolutionary government, the Americans
established an Insular Police Force later known as the Philippine Constabulary which
became the institution for preserving the peace, enforcing the law and maintaining order.
Under the support of the military authorities, the municipal force was inclined and
subjective to military methods of organization and discipline since they were established
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along semi-military lines. The municipal police become to existence as an appendage of
the municipal government in calm towns.
On September 8, 1966, Republic Act No. 4864 was enacted known as the Police
Act of 1966. This law provided the legal guideline in undertaking at a national level
reform which contributed to the improvement of police efficiency and performance. To
implement its objectives the National Police Commission was created.
During the Martial Law Regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, the
Integrated National Police was organized by virtue of PD 765 in August 8, 1975. It
was composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the INP forces as
components under the Department of National Defense.
Republic Act 6975 which was enacted December 13, 1990 created the Philippine
National Police, among others like the Bureau of Fire Protection, the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College under the
reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government. The law paved the
way for the achievement of a Philippine police force which is civilian in character national
in scope as it is the mandate of the Philippine Constitution to ‘’promote peace and
order, ensure public safety and further strengthen local government capability
aimed towards the effective delivery of the basic service to the citizenry through
the establishment of a highly efficient and competent police force that is national
in scope and civilian in character’’.
NATIONAL IN SCOPE
 Means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose
jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of the Philippine archipelago.
 All uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the PNP are national
government employees.
CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER
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 Means that that the PNP is not a part of the military, although it retains
some military attributes such as discipline.
Republic act 8551, known as ‘’The PNP Modernization Act of 1998’’ pave the
way to have national police that is civilian in nature and accountable to the public to who,
it was sworn to protect and to serve as it is the ‘’policy of the State to establish a highly
efficient and competent police force which is national in scope and civilian in character
administered and controlled by a national police commission.
On the other hand, Republic Act of 9708 further increases the morale and welfare
of the personnel of Philippine National Police by removing all types of cases filed against
the police officer in relation to the performance of their respective function – commonly
known as service-related cases, administrative, civilly or criminally – be no longer a bar
to their promotion. This is a big leap to the road map of increasing the rights and
upgrading the protection of the police officer.
GETTING STARTED:
(Week 2)
Specific Objectives: At the end of this lessons, the student should be able:
1. To understand the evolution of Police System.
2. To know the important Filipino personalities in the evolution of Philippine policing
and different personalities during the Spanish regime.
3. To determine the development of every police force.
EVOLUTION OF POLICE SYSTEM
 Greek word POLITEIA (government of a city), used to describe the
group of civil officers.
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 Romans changed it to POLITIA.
 French changed it to POLICE referring to people enforce the law.
 The English and the Americans borrowed the same to describe a Law
Enforcement Officer.
Anglo-Saxon Period (600-1066 AD)
1. FRANKPLEDGE System
2. TUN POLICING
3. HUE AND CRY
4. ROYAL JUDGE SYSTEM
5. TRIAL BY ORDEAL
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
 Male over 12 years old join nine (9) of his neighbors to form a TYTHINGMEN –
a group of men whose duty was to apprehend any person who offends another
and deliver that offender for trial.
TUN POLICING
 All male residents were required to guard the town to preserve peace and order,
protect the life and properties of the people and other factors that disturbs the
peace and order.
HUE AND CRY
 The complainant or victim goes to the middle of the community and shout to call
all male residents to assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly.
Consequently, all the male residents will go after the criminal and apprehend
him.
ROYAL JUDGE SYSTEM
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 The royal judge conducted criminal investigation and gave punishment fitted to
the crime committed.
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
 A suspect was required to place his hands over boiling water or oil. If he would
not get hurt, he will be acquitted but when hurt, he would be considered guilty.
Norman Period (1066-1285)
1. SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM
2. LEGIS HENRIE
3. KEEPERS OF THE PEACE
4. MAGNA CARTA
SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM
 SHIRE means a district while REEVE means the ruler who made laws, pass
judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a group of constables, the
forerunner of the constabulary.
 The term Shire-Reeve eventually became Sheriff, the title of the chief of
constables or police officers in a certain town.
 The TRAVELLING JUDGE was held responsible in deciding cases that
were taken from Shire-Reeves due to some abuses.
LEGIS HENRIE
This law was enacted during the time of King Henry I, which imposed the following
features:
1. Law violations were classified as offenses against the King
2. Policemen became public officials.
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3. The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest.
4. Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
KEEPERS OF THE PEACE
 In 1195, King Richard of England issued a proclamation entitled KEEPERS OF
THE PEACE, requiring the appointment of Knights to keep the King’s peace by
standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and
leaving the cities and towns.
MAGNA CARTA (Great Charter)
 On June 15, 1215, MAGNA CARTA (Great Charter) was sealed by King John of
England. This became a law upon the demand of the Knights of the Round
Table.
 The Knights forced King John to sign the document which declared the following:
1. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed, outlawed, or bowed
except by legal judgment of his peers.
2. No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of
the victim.
3. There should be national and local government as well as the national and
local legislation.
WESTMINSTER PERIOD (1285-1500)
STATUTE OF WINCHESTER (1285) was enacted for law and order.
 This law introduced the system of WATCH AND WARD.
 STATUTE OF 1295 was enacted, which began the closing of the gates of
London during sunset. This started the observation of curfew hours.
 JUSTICE OF THE PEACE was a position given to a respected citizen,
who has the power to arrest, pursue and imprison the offenders.
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 STAR CHAMBER COURT was established as special court that tried
offenders against the state.
Modern Period in England
FRENCH POLICE SYSTEM
 During the 17th century in France, King Louis XIV maintained a small central
police organization consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of
numerous paid informants, supplied the government with details about the
conduct of private individuals.
 In Paris, the position OFFICERS DE PAIX was formed in 1791. This was
the origin of the term Peace Officers.
 The French were the first to establish uniformed police officers – they
were called SERGENT de VILLE (servant of the city).
AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM
 Followed the model developed in England, New York, Boston and Philadelphia
organized their night watchmen, which was similar to the bellmen created in
London during the reign of King Charles II.
 These night watchmen were known as RATTLEWATCH because they
carried rattle while on duty to inform the public of their watchful presence.
Development of American Police force
 In 1638, night-watch was initiated in Boston, Massachusetts.
 In 1658, rattle-watch was organized in New York.
 Night watch started in Philadelphia in 1700.
 In 1722, New Haven had a police regulation that “No watchman will have
the liberty to sleep.”
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 In 1800, it became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16
years old were required to serve without pay.
 New York City Police began to adopt a full police uniform in 1856.
 In 1833 was the advent of daytime police with pay.
Development of state police force in America
 Texas Rangers were organized in 1835.In 1865,
 Massachusetts organized a force of state constables.
 The Pennsylvania State Police came into existence in 1905.
Development of US Federal Police Force
 In 1829, Post Office inspection system began.
 Investigation on crimes against the government started in 1861.
 Detective forces were formed sometime in 1868 to investigate problems
on revenue services, immigration and smuggling.
 In 1895, Federal government attention focused on lotteries, drug
regulations and transportation regulations.
 Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor Vehicle Act were enacted in 1910.
 In 1934, National Kidnapping Act, Banking Act, and Racketeering Act
were passed by the United States Congress.
IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
POLICING
1. BGEN RAFAEL CRAME
 the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary on December 17, 1917
2. COL ANTONIO TORRES
 the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935
3. COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA
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 the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine
Independence from the United States of America in 1946
4. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO
 the first chief of the Philippine National Police.
DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
CAPT. HENRY ALLEN
 the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.
CAPT GEORGE CURRY
 the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1901.
(WEEK 3)
Specific Objectives: At the end of this lessons, the student should be able to
understand the following:
1. To understand the fundamental theories of police service.
2. To understand the concepts which pertain to the efficiency of police service.
3. To understand the all types of Police Organizational Structures
FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
1. HOME RULE THEORY
 Policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely for
the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the
people.
 Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation of
public peace and security.
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
 Policemen are regarded as state or servants of the higher authorities.
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 The people have no share or have little participation with the duties nor
connection with the police organization.
There are two prevailing concepts which pertain to the efficiency of police service, they
are as follows:
1. OLD CONCEPT – also called Reactive Method
 Police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive
machinery.
 This philosophy advocates that the measurement of police competence is
the increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities
rather than trying to prevent them from committing crimes.
2. MODERN CONCEPT – also called the Proactive Method
 Regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system,
an organ of crime prevention.
 Police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes.
 Broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for its
mission the welfare of the individual as well as that of the community in
general.
The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational
units:
Functional Units
1. Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It
comprises of numbers of divisions.
2. Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an
organization.
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Territorial Units
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a
designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a
spot location for general guard duty.
2. Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE
BEAT.
3. Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its
own station.
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of
designated districts.
Key Terminologies
1. Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police department who have oath and who
possess the power to arrest.
2. Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or
permanently, over officers of lower rank.
3. Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the department, a
bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
4. Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior rank/higher rank in a team
or group.
5. Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office
was administered. Previous active services may be included or added.
6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of
his duty.
7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.
8. Special Duty - the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be
excused from the performance of his active regular duty.
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9. Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any
valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.
10. Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of
illness or injury.
11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer
from the privilege of performing his duties as result of violating directives or other
department regulations.
12. Department Rules - rules established by department directors/supervisors to
control the conduct of the members of the police force.
13. Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers
assigned to specified post or position.
14. Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either a.
General Order, b. Special, or c. Personal
15. Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal
reports; verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.
Types of Police Organizational Structures
Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental
type of organization, is the simplest and perhaps the oldest type; but it is seldom
encountered in its channels of authority and responsibility extends in a direct line from
top to bottom within the structures, authority is definite and absolute.
While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some
inherent weaknesses which, for many organizations, make its use impractical. Perhaps
its greatest advantage is that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the work into
units of eighth person with a person in charge who has complete control and who can be
hold directly responsible or accountable for results, or lack of them.
Functional Organization
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The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day
organizations, except at or near the top of the very large organizations. Unlike the line
type of structure, those establishments organized on a functional basis violate the prime
rule that men perform best when they have but one superior. The functional
responsibility of each “functional manager” is limited to the particular activity over which
he has control, regardless of who performs the function.
Line and Staff Organization
The Line and Staff organization is a combination of the line and functional types.
It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers, the research
and development specialists, etc. Channels of responsibility is to “think and provide
expertise” for the line units. The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice
from the staff specialists.
In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with recognized
limitations such as coordination between line and staff personnel can be achieved
without undue friction. Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is the
greatest and most frequent source of friction and a barrier to effective coordination. The
advantage of this kind would be - it combines staff specialist or units with line
organization so that service of knowledge can be provided line personnel by specialist.
GETTING STARTED:
(WEEK 4)
1. To identify classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary Function.
2. To understand the elements of organization.
3. To understand the principles of police organization.
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Classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary Function
Whatever their method of grouping internal activities, all bureaucratic agencies
segregate the function of line, staff, and auxiliary personnel. The reasons for this
tripartite classification are best explained by examining each of the functions.
Line Functions: Line functions are the “backbone” of the police department;
they include such operations as patrol, criminal investigation, and traffic control, as well
as supervision of the personnel performing those operations. Line functions are carried
out but “line members,” including the patrol officer, the detective, the sergeant, the
lieutenant, the captain, and the chief of police. Line members are responsible for:
 Carrying out the majors purposes of the police department.
 Delivering the services provided by the department.
 Dealing directly with the department’s clientele.
 Making final decisions with respect to the activities they perform.
Staff Functions: Staff functions are those operations designed to support the
line functions, Staff members are necessarily advisors who are typically assigned to
planning, research, legal advice, budgeting, and educational services. Staff members
are often civilians with specialized training who serve within the department but do not
deal with daily operation son the street. Their main function is to study police policies
and practices and to offer proposals to the chief executive of the department. Staff
personnel tend to be:
 Highly specialized.
 Involved in an advisory capacity
 Detached from the public
 Not directly responsible for the decisions made by department executive.
Auxiliary Functions: Auxiliary functions involve the logistical operations of the
department. These include training, communications, jailing, maintenance, record
keeping, motor vehicles, and similar operations.
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ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATON
Specialization
The grouping of activities and segregation of line, staff, and auxiliary functions
are large-scale examples of specialization within a bureaucratic organization.
Specialization of an individual level is also important in all organizations, since it
must be expected that some members will know more, perform better and contribute
more in one area of activity than in others, Disparities in job ability among persons may
be the result of physical attributes, mental aptitude, skills, interests education, training,
motivation, or adaptation, among other factors.
Specialization Defined: Specialization is the assignment of particular workers to
particular tasks. Thus, it can be thought of in terms of either jobs or people.
Specialization of people (specialists) is the designation of particular persons as
having expertise in a specific area of work. Here, specialization signifies the adaptation
of an individual to the requirements go some technical tasks through training,
conditioning or extensive on-the-job experience.
Example: Areas of police specialization include undercover works, c rime scene
operations, legal advising, computer work, planning, community relations, drug reaction,
gang activities, or SWAT operations.
Hierarchy of Authority
If all persons within an organization were given the freedom to do what they like
(and to refuse to do what they dislike), there would be little likelihood of accomplishment.
Any collaborative effort such as that in a police department thus requires a system of
checks and controls on individual behavior. Hence, the department must have a person
or persons with authority to direct the actions of workers and ensure compliance with
standards in order to achieve the department’s goals.
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Hierarchy defined: A hierarchy represents the formal relationship among
superiors and subordinates in any given organization. It can be visualized as a ladder,
with each rung (or rank) representing a higher or lower level of authority.
Each rank or position on a hierarchical ladder has specific rights, while at the
same time owing specific duties to the positions above and below it. Any particular
position of the ladder is expected to direct and control the activities of the ranks, while
obeying the directions and instructions received from higher ranks.
Authority Defined: Authority is the right to command and control the behavior of
employees in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. A hierarchy thus serves
as the framework for the flow of authority downward (and obedience upward) through
the department.
Example: Authority can be illustrated by the situation in which a subordinate
abstains from making his or her choice among several courses of action and instead
automatically accepts the choice made by the supervisor regardless of whether one
personally agrees.
Authority Roles: Authority within an organization must be viewed in terms of
prescribed roles rather than of individuals. A particular position within an organization
carries the same authority regardless of who occupies that position. While the
personality of the occupant may change the style or manner in which authority is
exercise, it should increase or decrease the basic obligations of the occupant toward
those in subordinate positions.
Example: The authority of a police chief stems from the role that a chief
executive must play – whether he or she is referred to as chief, superintendent,
commissioner, or some other title, and regardless the size or location of the department
he or he commands.
Span of Control
A span of control is the maximum number of subordinates at a given position that
superior can supervise effectively.
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Determining the Span of Control
Effective organization requires that only a manageable number of subordinates
be supervised by one person at any given time. This number will, of course, vary – not
only from one organization to another (depending on each organization’s definition of
“effective supervision”) but also within each organization depending on the number of
task and the size of personnel available at a given time.
Delegation of Authority
Delegation is the conferring of an amount of authority by a superior position onto
a lower-level position. The person to whom authority is delegated becomes responsible
to the superior for doing the assigned job. However, the delegators remain accountable
for accomplishment of the job within the guidelines and quality standards of the agency.
Unity of Command
Traditional theories of organization insisted that each employee should have only
one supervisor of “boss”, and considered this principle of “unity of command” the
backbone of any organizational structure. Thus, a patrol officer, for example, would
always receive orders from one sergeant and would always report to that same
sergeant. If the officer was instructed or advised by a detective, garage sergeant, or any
other administrator (with the possible exception of the chief), the officer is expected to
check with his or her sergeant before taking any action.
Formal Communication
Basically, communication is the process of sharing understanding and
information on common subjects. More precisely, it is an intercourse between, through
or more people by means of words, letters symbols, or gestures for the purpose of
exchanging information. Procedures, channels, and standardized languages are
essential to effective communication within such large organization.
Page 24 of 34
While the eight elements previously discussed are crucial to any police
organization, they would remain fragmented without some means of integrating them
into a meaningful and practical whole. The integrating element is communication.
Through communication, personnel are kept informed of the objectives of the
organization, of the means selected for achieving them, and of the information
necessary for the continuing operation of the department. Effective communication
would ensure a common understanding of department goals, policies, and procedures
and this helps to bind the agency together.
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
Police organizations are either formal or informal. Formal organizations are
highly structured while informal organizations are those without structures.
Every formal police organization whether small or large are governed by the following
principles:
1. Principle of Unity of Objectives - an organization is effective if it enables the
individuals to contribute to the organization’s objectives.
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency – organization structure is effective if it is
structured in such a way to aid the accomplishment of the organization’s
objectives with a minimum cost.
3. Scalar Principle – shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines
an unbroken chain of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of
authority. The scalar principles are:
a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command - This principle of
organization suggests that communications should ordinarily go upward
through established channels in the hierarchy. Diverting orders,
directives, or reports around a level of command usually has disastrous
effects on efficiency of the organization.
Page 25 of 34
b. The Span of Control of a supervisor over personnel or units shall not
mean more than what he can effectively direct and coordinate. In span of
control, levels of authority shall be kept to a minimum.
c. The Delegation of authority shall carry with it a commensurate authority
and the person to whom the authority is delegated shall be held
accountable therefore.
d. The Unity of Command -explains that subordinates should only be
under the control of one superior.
4. Functional Principle – refers to division of work according to type, place, time
and specialization.
5. Line and Staff – implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a
workable pattern. The line organization is responsible for the direct
accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is responsible for support,
advisory or facilitative capacity.
6. Principle of Balance – states that the application of principles must be balanced
to ensure the effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization’s objectives.
7. Principle of Delegation by Results – states that authority delegated should be
adequate to ensure the ability to accomplish expected results.
8. Principles of Absoluteness of Responsibility – explains that the responsibility
of the subordinates to their superior for performance is absolute and the superior
cannot escape responsibility for the organization on activities performed by their
subordinates.
9. Principle of Parity and Responsibility – explains that responsibility for action
cannot be greater than that implied by the authority delegated nor should it be
less.
10. Authority Level Principle – implies that decisions within the authority of the
individual commander should be made by them and not be returned upward in
the organizational structure.
Page 26 of 34
11. Principle of Flexibility – means that the more flexible the organization, the more
it can fulfill its purpose.
GETTING STARTED:
(WEEK 5 & 6)
1. To identify classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary Function.
2. To understand the elements of organization.
3. To understand the principles of police organization.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
Grouping of Similar Task
Tasks, similar or related in purpose, process, method, or clientele, should be
grouped together in one or more units under the control of one person. Whenever,
practicable, every function of the police force shall be assigned to a unit.
a. According to Function - The force should be organized primarily according
to the nature of the basis to be performed. It should be divided into groups so
that similar and related duties may be assigned to each.
b. According to Time Frame - The elements are divided into many shifts or
watches according to the time of the day. This is the most elementary form of
police organization. Any large functional unit can also be organized according
to time if the demand exists.
c. According to Place of Work - A territorial distribution of a platoon,
accomplished by assigning patrolman on beats, is necessary to facilitate the
direction and control of the officers and to ensure suitable patrol service at
every point with in the jurisdiction. Patrolman on street duty is usually under
Page 27 of 34
the supervision of a patrol sergeant. When the number of patrolmen is great,
it may be desirable to divide them into squads assigned to specific sectors of
jurisdiction, with a sergeant in charge of each squad.
d. According to Level of Authority -A police department is always divided
according to the level of authority. Example, there will be some patrolmen,
sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains, and so on. Vertical
combinations of superior officers, with each rank at a different level of
authority from any other, from channels through which operations may be
directed and controlled can be adopted in certain cases to ensure
coordination.
Specialization Based on Need
Specialized units should be created only when overall departmental capability is
thus significantly increased.
Specialization is a principle of organization which is the result of the division of the force
into separate units. The degree of specialization is determined by the size and
sophistication of the department and by the extent to which unit has exclusive
responsibility for the performance of each group of the operational task.
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) ORGANIZATION
The PNP is composed of a national headquarter, regional headquarters,
provincial headquarters, district headquarters or municipal stations. At the national level,
the PNP maintains its national headquarter in Camp Crame, Metropolitan Manila which
houses the directorial staff, service staff and special support units.
PNP Staff and Support Units
Page 28 of 34
A. The Chief of the Philippine National Police has the rank of Police Director
General in the Armed Forces of the Philippines with a four-star rank. He is
assisted by a Personal Staff composed of:
 The Inspector General
 Aide-de-Camp
 Command Police Non-Commissioned Officer
B. Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Administration.
C. Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Operations
D. The Chief of Directorial Staff is assisted by a Secretary, Directorial Staff.
The two Deputies and the Chief of Directorial Staff have the rank of Police
Deputy Director General, equivalent to a three-star rank in the Armed Forces of the
Philippines.
Directorial Staff (Functional Staff)
 Directorate for Personnel - Record Management
 Directorate for Intelligence
 Directorate for Operations
 Directorate for Investigation
 Directorate for Logistics
 Directorate for Plans
 Directorate for Comptrollership
 Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Directorate for Human Resources and Doctrine Development
 Directorate for Research and Development
Administrative Support Units
 Logistic Support Service Legal Service
Page 29 of 34
 Medical and Dental Service
 Computer Service
 Crime Laboratory Support Service
 Engineering Service
 Headquarters Support Service
 Finance Service
 Communications-Electronics Service
 Captain Service
Operational Support Units
 Criminal Investigation Command
 Narcotics Command absorbed into the PDEA
 Traffic Management Command
 Intelligence Command
 Special Action Force Command
 Security Command
 Civil Security Force Command
 Maritime Command
 Police Community Relations Command
 Aviation Security
The Powers and Functions of the PNP
1. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
2. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
Page 30 of 34
3. Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring
offenders to justice, and assist in their prosecution.
4. Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance
with the Constitution and pertinent Laws.
5. Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law,
informing the person so detained of all his/her rights under the Constitution;
6. Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with
law;
7. Supervise and control the training and operation of security agencies and issue
licenses to operate security agencies, and to security guards and private
detectives for the practice of their profession; and
8. Perform such other duties and exercises all other functions as may be provided
by law. One of these is the Forestry law wherein the PNP is primary enforcer in
coordination with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR).
The Old Rank Classification of the PNP Personnel equivalent to
Military Ranks
POLICE RANKS MILITARY RANKS
A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
Director General (DG) General
Deputy Director General (DDG) Lt General
Page 31 of 34
Director (DIR) Maj General
Chief Superintendent (CSUPT) Brig.Gen.
Senior Superintendent (SR SUPT) Colonel
Superintendent (SUPT) Lt Colonel
Chief Inspector (CINSP) Major
Senior Inspector (SR INSP) Captain
Inspector (INSP) Lieutenant
B. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
Senior Police Officer IV (SPO IV) Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III (SPO III) Tech. Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II (SPO II) Staff Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I (SPO I) Sergeant
Police Officer III (PO III) Corporal
Police Officer II (PO II) Private 1st Class
Police Officer I (PO I) Private
C. Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are classified above
the Senior Police Officer IV and below the Inspector rank in the PNP.
The OldPNP Rank Classification – New PNP Ranks Classification
Page 32 of 34
South East Asian Institute of Technology, Inc.
NATIONAL HIGHWAY, BRGY. CROSSING RUBBER, TUPI, SOUTH COTABATO
Tel. No. (083) 226-1202 EMAIL ADDRESS: seaitinc@yahoo.com
Old PNP Ranks
Director General
Deputy Director General
Director
Chief Superintendent
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
SPO4
SPO3
SPO2
SPO1
PO3
PO2
PO1
New PNP Ranks
“Committed to the total development of the students.”

South East Asian Institute of Technology, Inc.
NATIONAL HIGHWAY, BRGY. CROSSING RUBBER, TUPI, SOUTH COTABATO
Tel. No. (083) 226-1202 EMAIL ADDRESS: seaitinc@yahoo.com
Police General
Police Lieutenant General
Police Major General
Police Brigadier General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Lieutenant
Police Executive Master Sergeant
Police Chief Master Sergeant
Police Senior Master Sergeant
Police Master Sergeant
Police Staff Sergeant
Police Corporal
Patrolman/Patrolwoman
“Committed to the total development of the students.”

Module LEA 121 WEEK 1 6

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SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION

INTER-AGENCY APPROACH AS PROVIDED BY CMO #05 SERIES OF 2018

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

COURSE CODE : LEA 121

TITLE : LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION

TARGET POPULATION : First year Criminology Students

INSTRUCTOR : CHRIS V. PERALES, RCrim

public safety agencies.

1. To understand the meaning and essence of police organization and

2. To know and understand the history of Police Force.

3. To determine the different theories of Police service.

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

and tomorrow – for the betterment of the future generation.’’

respective responsibilities, it is important that such organization have qualified personnel

an established means of recruiting, selecting, appointing, training, detailing, assigning,

promoting and other required administrative actions is a must as a competitive career

of its rank and file.

Personnel Administration refers to the management of the people in working

organizations. It is also sometimes called as personnel management, industrial relations,

employee relations, and manpower management. In the police organization, personnel

administration requires a daily supervision, delegation and control of multi-function

Personnel Administration also represents a major subsystem in the general

management system, in which it refers to the management of human resources, as

selected specific functions or activities assigned to specialized personnel officers or

programs in the recruitment, allocation, leadership, and direction of manpower. It is

necessary to understand these systems in order to have a more appropriate manning of

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

quantities of particular personal capabilities – that is to determine what is the mandate,

Thereafter, people must be found, recruited, selected, trained or retrained,

negotiated with, counseled, led, directed, committed, rewarded, transferred, promoted,

that needed to be corrected or their necessary adjustments that must be addressed.

THE POLICE ORGANIZATION

without the security and order provided for by the police.

Police or Law Enforcement is the agency of a community or government that is

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

ancient societies as it is in sophisticated urban environments.

 It is a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective.

It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed,

defining and delegating responsibility and authority establishing

relationships for the purpose of enabling people work effectively.

POLICE ORGANIZATION defined

 Police organization is a group of trained personnel in the field of public

safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives

property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.

HISTORY OF THE POLICE FORCE

Early police were typically either military or semi-military organizations that

political mandates of those in power.

(precincts) overseen by vicomagistri responsible for fire protection, among other

administrative and religious duties.

LEA 121: LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

into a corps, consisting of seven squads, or cohorts, of 1,000 freedmen each.

developed independently in many countries of the world.

 In Japan, the shogun, ruler of 17th century feudal system, devised an

sword-carrying samurai (yoriki and doshin) to serve as a patrolling police force.