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LEA-1 - Lecture notes

Human behavior and victimology (Bicol College)

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Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

Police – the internal organization or regulations of a state, the control and regulation of a community or a state through
the exercise of the constitutional power of the government.
- Refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, protect lives
and properties and ensure the public safety.
- One of the pillars of the Criminal Justice System that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law and order,
and preventing and combating crime within the society.
Origin of the word “POLICE”
 Politia – Roman word which means condition of a state, government, and administration.
 Politeia – Greek word which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a
o “polis”, a city.
 Police – French word which was borrowed by the Americans to describe a law enforcement officer.

Organizational Concepts and Principles

I. The Organization
1. Organization
 A group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives; a form of human association for
the attainment of a goal or objective.
 The process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating
responsibility and authority; and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work
effectively.
 Organizations are normally structured on a superior-subordinate relationship. Therefore, authority is a
universal element of all organizations. Leadership is a personal quality which exhorts willing
collaboration towards a common goal.
2. Police Organization. It is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and
property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.
3. Administration. It is an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and
internal operating efficiency that connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision-
making and maintenance of the internal order.
4. Police Administration. It is the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and
related statutes that focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized and
managed to achieve the goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively.

The Nature of Police Organization

A police organization is a complex bureaucracy. Mostly, it is multi-level organization which is organized in the
form of a pyramid like structure. At the top, we can find the administrator like the Chief, PNP while at the bottom, the
patrolman or line officers.
II. Management/Administrative Functions
• Planning – the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for
achieving those objectives. This is necessary to set goals and to develop strategies for organizing activities.
• Organizing – the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating
human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. It assists in deciding the tasks to be performed,
how to do them, how to organize the tasks and where to make decisions.
• Leading – involves the social and informal sources of influence that you use to inspire action taken by others.
• Staffing – this is important for employing different types of people and performing different activities such as
training, growth, evaluation, compensation, welfare etc.
• Directing – this requires that subordinates be given instructions and motivated to achieve their goals.
• Controlling – involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards. This is monitoring practices
to ensure that the workers perform the tasks as scheduled, and to correct any major deviations.

III. Functions in a Police Organization

1. Primary or Line Functions. These are functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, deliver the
services and deal directly with the public. Examples of the line functions of the police are patrolling, traffic
duties, and crime investigation.
2. Staff/Administrative Functions. These are the functions that are designed to support the line functions and
assist in the performance of the line functions. Examples of the staff functions of the police are planning,
research, budgeting, and legal advice.
3. Auxiliary Functions. These are the functions involving the logistical operations of the organization such as
training, communication, maintenance, records management, supplies and equipment management.
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IV. Organic Units in a Police Organization

1. Operational Units. Those that perform primary or line functions like patrol, traffic, investigation and vice control.
2. Administrative Units. Those that perform the administrative like personnel, finance, planning and training.
3. Service Units. Those that perform auxiliary functions such as communication and records management.

V. Organizational Units in the Police Organization

A. Functional Units
1. Bureau. It is the largest organic unit within a large department. The PNP is a bureau underthe Department of
Interior and Local Government Unit.
2. Division. It is the primary subdivision of bureau.
3. Section. It the functional unit within a particular division. This is necessary forspecialization.
4. Unit. It is the functional group within a section where further specialization is needed orsmallest functional
group within an organization.
B. Territorial Units
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty.
2. Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purpose, also called line beat.
3. Beat – an area designed for patrol purposes whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector – an area containing two or more beat, route or post.
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its ownstation.
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

VI. Organizational Structures. It is the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions,
departments and functions or work of the organization. It comprises the functions, relationships, responsibilities and
authorities of individuals within the organization.
Kinds of Organizational Structures
1. Line
 It is the oldest and simplest kind and is also called military.
 It is defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa.
 It depicts the line functions of the organization.
 It involves few departments.
 Orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out.
2. Functional
 It is structure according to functions and specialized units.
 It depicts staff functions of the organization.
 Responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above.
3. Line and Staff (PNP)
 It is a combination of the line and functional kind.
 It combines the flow the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that
service, advise and support them.
 It is generally more formal in nature and has many departments.

VIII. The Evolution of Policing System

A. Early Policing System
1. Kin Policing – the family of the offended individual was expected to assume responsibilityfor justice. The family
of the victim was allowed to exact vengeance.
2. Egypt – an ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them. Created the MEDJAYS, a form ofpolice force whose
duties include guarding of the tombs and apprehending thieves. Introduces the use of dogs as guards and
protectors.
3. Rome – created the first organized police force called VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILESURBANI (watchmen of the
city), which had the primary task of firefighting and policing.
 The vigils acted as night watch, apprehending thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting down
runaway slaves, and were on occasion used to maintain order in the streets.
 Created a special unit called as PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a special force of guards used by Roman
Emperors as the Emperors personal guards.

B. Period of Evolution of the Policing System

1. Anglo Saxon (Ancient England) Period of Policing System (600-1066 A.D.)
a. Tun Policing System
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• This policing system required all male residents to guard the town (tun), to preserve peace and
order, protect life and property of the people and suppress other factors affecting peace and
order.
• Ten families in town equaled a Tithing, each tithing elected a leader who was known as the
Tithingman. Since 10 tithing amounted to 100, the leader of 100 families was named Reeve.
• Both the Tithingman and Reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as
police authority.
b. Hue and Cry Policing System. A village law started in Britain which provide methods of apprehending a
criminal by an act of the complainant or victim goes to the middle of the community to shout to call all
male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
c. Trial by Ordeal. A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience. The word “ordeal” was derived from the
Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision”.
d. Frankpledge Policing System. A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents
over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people.
2. Normal Period of Policing System (1066-1285)
a. Shire – Reeve System
 King Norman divided the kingdom into 55 military districts known as shire – reeves.
 Shire – used to refer to a district
 Reeve – used to refer to the ruler of the district who made laws, rendered judgment, and
imposed penalties.
 Two “Constabuli” or “The keeper of the house” were appointed to each village to aid the reeve
in his duties. It became the source of the word constable.
 The term shire – reeve is said to be the origin of the word “sheriff”
b. Travelling Judge – was held responsible in deciding cases that were taken from Shire-Reeves due to
some abuses.
c. Legis Henrie
 This law was passed during the time of King Henry I which imposed the ff.
 features:
  Law violation were classified as offenses against the King.  Policemen
were considered as public officials.
  The police and the citizens were given the power to conduct arrest.  Grand jury
was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
e. Magna Carta (Great Charter)
 It was sealed by the King John of England on June 15, 1215 which became a law upon the
demand of the Knights of the Round Table. It declared the following:
 No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed, outlawed, or bowed except by legal
judgment of his peers.
 No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
 There should be national and local government as well as the national and local
legislation.
f. Keepers of the Peace
  It was issued by King Richard of England in 1195. It requires the appointment of knights to
keep the King’s peace. The knights were posted on bridges and gates to check the people
entering and leaving the town or cities.
3. Westminster Period of Policing System (1285-1500)
a. Statute of Winchester (1285) – It was enacted for law and order. This law introduced the watch
(constable at night) and ward (at night) system.
b. Statute of 1295 – The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of
the gates of London during sundown or sunset.
c. Justice of the Peace – This was a position given to a respected citizen, who has the power to arrest,
pursue and imprison offenders.
d. Star Chamber Court (1485) – A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set –
up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force
testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.
4. Modern Period of Policing System (17th – 19th Century)
a. Night Watchmen or Bellmen – It was created by a law passed by King Charles II in1663. They were
employed to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
b. Bow Street Runners (Thief Catchers)
 It was organized by Henry Fielding, Chief Magistrate of Bow Street in London in 1748.
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 Later, he formed the Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus
secure the travelers from highway bandits.
 Bow Street Runners (thief catchers) – a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by
his brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
c. London Metropolitan Police
 Organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829).
 The largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of
London Police and the British Transport Police).
 Finest police force around the world.
 First modern organized police force.
 The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Scotland Yard, now known as the
New Scotland Yard.
 Sir Robert Peel – recognized as the father of modern policing system.
5. French Police System
a. During the 17th century, King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organization consisting of
some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with the
details about the conduct of private individuals.
b. Officer de Paix (1791) – it was the origin of the term peace officers.
c. Sergent de Ville (Servant of the City) – these were called the first uniformed police officers.
d. Other contributions:
 Conceiving street signs
 Assigning house numbers
 Installing street lighting
 Creating emergency and rescue services
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority to arrest.
6. American Police System
a. Rattle watch – night watchmen in the U.S patterned after bellmen of England. They carried rattle while
on duty to inform the public of their watchful presence.
b. New York Police Department
 Created in 1845 in New York, USA
 Recognized as the first modern style police department in the US  The largest police force in
the world.
 Modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of London
c. Boston Police Department
 The oldest police department in the US
 The first night watch was established in Boston in 1631
 Formally founded in May 1631
August Vollmer – recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contribution in the development of the
field of criminal justice in the US. Author of the book, Police Administration, which served as the basic guide in the
administration of the police organization in the US. He was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.

Evolution of Police Service in the Philippine Setting

Spanish Period
1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico – was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying out the policies of the
Spanish government. The members were armed and considered as the mounted police.
2. Guadrilleros/Cuadrillo – they were rural police organized in each town and established by the Royal Decree on
January 8, 1836. This decree provided that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be
enlisted in the police organization for three (3) years.,
3. Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Spanish Crown government on February 12,
1852. It relieved the Spanish Peninsular Troops of their works in policing town.
Japanese Occupation
 The Japanese Military Police, known as KEMPETAI were held responsible in maintaining peace and order in
Manila and adjacent urban areas. Kempetai ruled the urban areas until Gen. Douglas McArthur returned on
February 7, 1945.
 The Manila Police Department, which was created during the First American Occupation, was renamed into
Metropolitan Constabulary under the Bureau of Constabulary.
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American Period
The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70 of
the Taft Commission. This was the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every 9 th of January.
1. Insular Police Force – was established on November 30, 1890 during the Filipino-American War (1898-1901)
upon the recommendation of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War.
2. Insular Constabulary - was created on July 18, 1901 by virtue of Organic Act No. 175 title das “An act providing
for the organization and Government of an insular constabulary”. It was proposed by Vice Governor Luke E.
Wright which recommended the creation of an Insular Force. This proposed ordinance was approved by the
Second Philippine Commission. On August 8, 1901, the Insular Constabulary was established under the general
supervision of the Civil Governor for maintaining peace, law and order in all the provinces of the Philippines.
3. Manila Police Department (MPD) – was organized on July 31, 1901, by virtue of Act No. 183 of the Philippine
Commission.
 The 1st Chief of Police of Manila Police Department was Capt. George Curry, a US Army officer appointed
by the TAFT COMMISSION on August 7, 1901.
 Capt. Columbus Piatt was the last American Chief of Police of MPD before World War II broke out.
4. On October 3, 1901, the Insular Constabulary was changed to Philippine Constabulary (PC) by virtue of Act No.
255.
 Brig/Gen. Henry T. Allen was the 1st Chief of the Philippine Constabulary. He was the PC Chief from 1901-
1907 such that he was called as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines. The PC was manned
mostly by Filipinos but officers were mostly Americans.