LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION (Inter-Agency Approach)

Prepared By: Mark Angelo Arasga

POLICE – the agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining
public order, and preventing and detecting crimes.

ORGANIZATION – a group of people who work together in an organized way for a shared purpose.

ADMINISTRATION – the determination of objectives and major policies of an organization.

POLICE ADMINISTRATION – an organizational process concerned with the implementation of the

objectives and plans, and internal operating efficiency of the police organization.
- Otherwise known as police in action, the cooperative human effort to achieve the purposes of
the Criminal Justice System.

POLICE ORGANIZATION – a structured group of highly trained personnel dealt with achieving goals and
objectives.

Goal - a desired result you want to achieve and is typically BROAD and LONG-TERM.

Objectives – defines the SPECIFIC, MEASURABLE actions.

Goals of Police Organization:

 To protect lives and properties
 To ensure public safety
 To maintain peace and order

Objectives of Police Organization

 To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law enforcers.
 To attain a low crime volume and crime rate.
 To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law violators.
 To attain maximum degree in the protection of lives and properties.

TERMINOLOGIES AND JARGONS:

1. Police Management – the art or manner of administering, controlling, or handling all the
various aspects of the police organization.

2. Police Politics – the study of public administration or affairs of the government in relation to
police matters. Maneuvering for power with the police organization.

3. Police Power – the power of the government to impose what is considered reasonable
restriction on the liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order and safety.
Legally speaking, it is the power of the government to enact laws or regulations relative to
persons and properly that may promote public health, public morals, public safety and the
general welfare and convenience of the people.

4. Organize – to form a police unit for the purpose of accomplishing a common objective. To
arrange systematically a group of police unit/s.

5. Organizing – the act of systematically arranging police units in hierarchical order to perform
specific functions thus achieve desired objectives.

6. Manage – To direct or conduct the affairs or interests of various police units. To control the
direction, operation, and business of a police unit or the police organization as a whole.
7. Police Accountability – the inherent responsibility of the police organization to be answerable
for the misconducts committed its members. It is the legal responsibility of the police officers
to face any consequence that may arise while exercising their powers, duties and functions.

8. Sworn Officer – personnel of the police department who took his oath of office and thus
possesses the power to arrest.

9. Superior Officer – an officer having supervisory responsibilities (either temporary or

permanent) over an officer of lower rank.

10. Subordinate – an officer belonging to the lower or inferior rank.

11. Commanding Officer – an officer who is in command of a police department, bureau, division,
district, or area / station.

12. Ranking Officer – an officer having the more senior / higher rank in a team or group of police
officers.

13. Commissioned Officer (PCO) – a police officer with a rank of police lieutenant and higher
(police captain, police major, police lieutenant colonel, police colonel, police brigadier
general, police major general, police lieutenant general, police general).

NOTE: R.A. No. 11200 – is the Act which provided for the Rank Classification in the PNP
amending for the purpose Section 28 of R.A. No. 6975.

14. Non-Commissioned Officer (PNCO) – a police officer with a rank of police executive master
sergeant and lower (police chief master sergeant, police senior master sergeant, police
master sergeant, police staff sergeant, police corporal, patrolman/patrolwoman).

15. Length of Service – the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was
administered to an officer; previous active services may be included or added.

16. On-Duty / Active Duty – the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of
his duty.

17. Special Duty – it is the form of duty requiring an officer to be excused from the performance
of his active regular duty.

18. Off Duty – the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.

19. Leave of Absence – a specified period during which an officer is excused from active duty or
direct participation in police work.

20. Sick Leave – a period wherein an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or
injury.

21. Suspension – a consequence of an act that temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege
of performing his duties as a result of violating a directive or other departmental regulation.

22. Departmental Policies / Rules – rules established by the police department directors /
administrators to control the conduct of the members of the police force.

23. Duty Manual – a book of instruction that describes the procedures and defines the duties of
officers designed to a specified post or position.
 24. Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate either general, special and
personal.

25. Report – it is usually a written communication unless otherwise specified to be verbal report.
Verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.

FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION (nature of duty)

1. Primary or Line Functions – functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization,
delivering the services and dealing with the public. Examples of the line functions of the police are
patrolling, traffic duties and crime investigation.

2. Staff / Administrative Functions – functions that are designed to support the line functions and
assist in the performance of the line functions. Examples of the staff functions of the police are
planning, research, budgeting and legal advice.

3. Auxiliary Functions – functions involving the logistical operations of the organization. Examples
are communication, maintenance, records management, supplies and equipment management.

ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. Operational Units – those that perform primary or line functions. Examples are patrol, traffic,
investigation and vice control.

2. Administrative Units – those that perform the administrative functions. Examples are
personnel, finance, planning, and training.

3. Service Units – those that perform auxiliary functions. Examples are communication and
records management.

FUNCTIONAL UNITS

1. Bureau – the largest organic unit within a large department. The PNP is a bureau under the
DILG.
2. Division – the primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section – functional units within a particular division. This is necessary for specialization.
4. Units – functional group within a section where further specialization is needed.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

1. Line – the oldest and simplest kind; also called military.

 Defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa
 Depicts the line functions of the organization
 Orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out
 It involves few departments

2. Functional

 Structure according to functions and specialized units

 Depicts staff functions of the organization
 Responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above
 3. Line and Staff

 A combination of the line and functional kind.

 Combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that
service, advise, and support them.
 Generally, more formal in nature and has many departments.

PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

 Principle of Unity of Objectives – an organization is effective if it enables the individuals to

contribute to the organization’s objectives.

 Principle of Organizational Efficiency – organization structure is effective if it is structured

in such a way to aid the accomplishment of the organization’s objectives with a minimum
cost.

 Functional Principle – refers to division of work according to type, place, time and
specialization.

 Scalar Principle – shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an
unbroken chain of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.

Unity of Command – dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding the unit
to ensure uniformity in the execution of orders.

Span of Control – the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively
supervise.

Delegation of Authority – conferring of certain specified authority by a superior to a

subordinate.

Command Responsibility – dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible

for the effective supervision and control of their personnel and unit.

NAPOLCOM MC No. 95-03 – “Institutionalization of the Doctrine of Command

Responsibility” at all levels of Command in the PNP.

E.O. No. 226 – “Institutionalization of Doctrine of Command Responsibility in all

Government offices.

 Line and Staff – implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a workable pattern.
The line organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of the objectives while the
staff is responsible for support, advisory or facilitative capacity.

 Principle of Balance – states that application of principles must be balanced to ensure the
effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization’s objectives.

 Principle of Delegation by Results – states that authority delegated should be adequate to

ensure the ability to accomplish expected results.

 Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility – explains that the responsibility of the

subordinates to their superior for performance is absolute and the superior cannot escape
responsibility for the organization on activities performed by their subordinates.
  Principle of Parity and Responsibility – explains that responsibility for action cannot be
greater than that implied by the authority delegated nor should it be less.

 Authority Level Principle – implies that decisions within the authority of the individual
commander should be made by them and not be returned upward in the organizational
structure.

 Principle of Flexibility – which means that the more flexible the organization, the more it can
fulfill its purpose.

THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE SERVICE

A. Home Rule Theory – policemen are regarded as servants of community who rely for the
efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people.

o Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace and
security.
o It exists in United States, England and Philippines.

B. Continental Theory – policemen are regarded as servants of the higher authorities.

o The people have no share or have little participation with the duties nor connection
with the police organization.
o It exists in France, Italy and Spain – countries with a decentralized form of
government.

C. Old Concept – police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive machinery.

o This philosophy advocates that the measurement of police competence is the

increasing number of arrests.
o Throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than trying to prevent them from
committing crimes.

D. Modern Concept – regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system, an
organ of crime prevention.

o Police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes.

o Broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for its mission the
welfare of the individual as well as that of the community in general.

THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

A. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (600-1006 AD)

1. Tun Policing System – a system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all
male residents were required guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a
leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the
100 families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They
possessed judicial power as well as police authority.

2. Hue and Cry – provides for methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant
shout to all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
 3. Trial by Ordeal – a judicial practice wherein the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined
by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word “ordeal” was
derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

B. NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1066 – 1225 AD)

1. Shire Reeve
o “Shires” a division of 55 military areas in England under the Regime of France.
o “Rieve” (the head-man) – the military leader (lieutenants of the Army) who is in
charge of the Shires.
o Two constabuli or the “keeper of the horse” was appointed to each village to aid the
rieve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable.
o Shire-Rieve – it is from the word “Sheriff” came. A person which absolute powers that
no one could question his / her actions.

2. Travelling Judge – judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judge by the
Shire-Rieve and task to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of
the division of the police and judicial powers.

3. Leges Henrici – an act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
o Offenses were classified as against the King and individual
o Policeman becomes public servant
o The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system
called “citizen’s arrest.”
o Grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.

4. Magna Carta – another law enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
o No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned except by legal judgment
o No person shall be tried for murder unless there is a proof of the body of the victim

5. Frankpledge system – a system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male

residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the people.

C. WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYTEM (1285 – 1500)

1. Statute of 1295 – the law that marked the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the
closing of the gates of London during sundown.

2. Justice of Peace – three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given
authority to pursue arrest, chastise and imprison violators of law. They handled felonies,
misdemeanors and infractions of city or villages ordinances. This was later abolished about 75
years later.

3. Courts of Star-Chamber (1487) – a special court designed to try offenders against the state.
The room setup is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the
power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the
part of the judges.

D. MODERN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM

 In 1829, SIR ROBERT PEEL introduced the Metropolitan Police Act passed by the Parliament of
England the milestone of England’s police force. Sir Robert Peel became famous and was considered as
the Father of Modern Policing System.

Peels Concepts of Policing are:

o The police should be organized along military lines.
o The police should be placed under screening and training.
o The police should be hired on a probationary basis.
o The police should be deployed by time and by area.
o Police headquarters should be accessible to the people.
o Police Record keeping is essential.

Principles of Law Enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel

o Prevention of crime is the basic mission of the police.
o Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
o A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
o Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases.
o Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
o Physical force is used only as a last resort.
o The police are the public and the public are the police.
o The police represent the law.
o The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.

EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

The institution of police in the Philippines formally started during the Spanish period. The
establishment of the police force was not entirely intended for crime prevention or peacekeeping, rather it
was created as an extension of the colonial military establishment.

A. SPANISH PERIOD

1. Carabineros De Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the
regulations of the Department of State; this was armed and considered as the mounted
police.
2. Guardrilleros / Cuadrillo – this was a body of rural police organized in each town and
established by the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836; this decree provided that 5% of the
able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization
for three (3) years.
3. Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February
1852 to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular Troops of their work in policing towns.

B. AMERICAN PERIOD

The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General
Howard Taft as its first Governor-General. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of
Manila was organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis for
the celebration of the anniversary of Manila’s Finest every January 9.

1. Act No. 175 – entitled An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an
Insular Constabulary enacted on July 18, 1901.
2. Captain Henry Allen – the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.
3. Act No. 183 – created the Manila Police Department enacted on July 31, 1901.
4. Capt. George Curry – the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1901.
5. Act No. 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine
Constabulary, enacted on October 3, 1901.
 6. Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four
services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940.

C. POST-AMERICAN PERIOD

1. R.A. No. 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on
September 8, 1966, created the Police Commission (POLCOM); later, POLCOM was
renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).

D. MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

1. P.D. No. 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975
established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary
(PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry
of National Defense transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to the
Ministry of National Defense.

E. POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME

1. Executive Order No. 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the
operational supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their locality; issued
on July 10, 1985.

2. Executive Order No. 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP
from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission.

3. R.A. No. 157 – created the National Bureau of Investigation; enacted June 19, 1947 and later
reorganized by R.A. No. 2678.

4. R.A. No. 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior Local Government Act of
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine
National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the
Philippine Public Safety College.

5. R.A. No. 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain
provisions of R.A. No. 6975.

6. R.A. No. 9708 – law amending the provisions of R.A. No. 6975 and R.A. No. 8551 on the
minimum education qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion
system; approved on 12 August 2009.

7. R.A. No. 11200 – law which provided for the new rank classification of the PNP.

Other Related Laws:

 E.O. No. 727 s. 1981 – Peace and Order Council shall replace the existing Police Advisory
created pursuant to Letter of Instructions No. 337, dated November 17, 1975 and shall serve
as the focal point for the effective coordination of the activities and functions of the five pillars
of the Criminal Justice System.

 E.O. No. 773 s. of 2009 – Further Reorganizing the Peace and Order Council (POC),
particularly Section 3 (b) states that Sub-National Councils shall identify strategies which will
enrich peace and order and public safety within their respective areas of responsibility.
  E.O. No. 292 – Instituted the Administrative Code of 1987.
a. Signed on July 25, 1987
b. Has 7 Books
c.

F. IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING

1. Brig Gen Rafael Crame – the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.
2. Col. Antonio Torres – the first Filipino chief of the Manila Police Department in 1935.
3. Col. Lamberto Javalera – the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the
Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1945.
4. P/Dir. Gen. Cesar Nazareno – the first chief of the Philippine National Police.

HIGHLIGHTS OF R.A. NO. 6975 AS AMENDED BY R.A. NO. 8551 AND R.A. NO. 9708

A. THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)

* Formerly the Department of Local Government (DLG)
* Reorganized under R.A. No. 6975

1. ORGANIZATION:
o consist of:
a. the Department proper
b. existing bureaus and offices of the DILG
c. local government units (LGUs)
 provincial governors
 city and municipal mayors
d. The National Police Commission
e. The Philippine Public Safety College
f. Philippine National Police
g. Bureau of Fire Protection
h. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

o The PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under R.A. No. 6975
o Headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the President and who shall serve at
the pleasure of the President
o The Secretary shall be assisted by two (2) Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant
Secretaries
o Undersecretary for Peace and Order
o No retired or resigned military officer or police official may be appointed as Secretary
within one (1) year from date of retirement or resignation.
o The Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the National Police Commission
o Refer to the organizational chart of DILG

2. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG

o Assist the President in the exercise of general supervision over local governments;
o Advise the President in the promulgation of policies, rules, regulations, and other
issuances on the general supervision over local governments and on public order
and safety;
o Establish and prescribe rules, regulations, and other issuances implementing laws on
public order and safety, the general supervision over local governments and the
promotion of local autonomy and community empowerment and monitor compliance
thereof;
o Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local governments, law enforcement
and public safety;
 o Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs, and projects to promote peace and
order, ensure public safety, and further strengthen the administrative, technical and
fiscal capabilities of local government offices and personnel;
o Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet local emergencies during
arising from natural and man-made disasters;
o Establish a system of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local
executives and the Department, to ensure effective and efficient delivery of basic
services to the public;
o Organize, train and equip primarily for the performance of police functions, a police
force that is national in scope and civilian in character.

3. RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

o Under R.A. No. 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines was in charge with
external security while the DILG was in charge with internal security.
o Under R.A. No. 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines is now in charge with both
internal and external security with the PNP as support through information gathering
and performance of ordinary police functions.

4. NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

o An agency attached to the DILG for policy coordination
o Shall exercise administrative control and operational supervision over the PNP

Composition:
 Consist of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners and the Chief
of PNP as ex officio member
 Shall serve a term of office of six (6) years without reappointment or
extension
 Three of the four regular commissioners shall come from civilian sector and
not former members of the police or military
 The fourth regular commissioner shall come from the law enforcement sector
either active or retired; Provided, That an active member of a law
enforcement agency shall be considered resigned from the said agency once
appointed to the Commission
 At least one (1) of the four regular commissioners shall be a woman
 From among the three (3) regular commissioners from the civilian sector, the
Vice Chairperson shall be chosen
 The Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive Officer of the Commission
 Refer to the organizational structure of the NAPOLCOM

Qualifications of the Regular Commissioners

 Citizens of the Philippines
 Lawyers with at least five-year experience in handling criminal or human
rights case; or
 Holders of master’s degree in public administration, sociology, criminology,
criminal justice, law enforcement and other related disciplines

Temporary or Permanent Incapacity of the Chairperson

In case of absence due to the temporary incapacity of the chairperson, the Vice
Chair shall serve as Chairperson until the Chairperson is present or regains capacity to
serve. In case of death or permanent incapacity or disqualification of the chairperson, the
acting chairperson shall also act as such until a new chairperson shall have been
appointed by the President and qualified.

Removal from Office

 The members of the Commission may be removed from office for cause. All
vacancies in the Commission, except through expiration of term, shall be filled up for the
unexpired term only: Provided, That any person who shall be appointed in this case
shall be eligible for regular appointment for another full term.

5. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

 Organized pursuant to R.A. No. 6975, as amended by R.A. No. 8551 and
9708.
 Law enforcement agency under the operational control of the DILG and
administrative supervision of the NAPOLCOM
 It is an organization that is national in scope and civilian in character, as
provided by Section 6, Article 16 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

1987 Philippine Constitution

“The State shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be
national in scope and civilian in character…”

 Headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of Director General, appointed
by the President and who shall serve a term of office of four (4) years.

NATIONAL IN SCOPE
 Means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose
jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of the Philippine archipelago
 All uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the PNP are national
government employees

CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER
 Means that the PNP is not a part of the military, although it retains some
military attributes such as discipline.

1. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP

 Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and
properties
 Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public
safety
 Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring
offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution;
 Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in
accordance with the Constitution and pertinent laws;
 Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law,
informing the person so detained of all his rights under the Constitution;
 Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance
with law;
 Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and
issue licenses to operate security agencies and security guards and private
detectives, for the purpose of their professions.

2. ORGANIZATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE PNP

 Shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs:
Deputy Chief for Administration
Deputy Chief for Operations
 The Chief PNP and the two (2) deputy chiefs shall be appointed by the
President
 No officer who is retriable within six (6) months shall be appointed Chief
 The PNP shall be composed of a national office, regional offices, provincial
offices, district offices, and city or municipal police stations
  Refer to organizational structure of the Philippine National Police

3. MANNING LEVELS
Section 27 of R.A. No. 6975 provides (police-to-population ratio)
 1:500 – nationwide average
 1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio

4. KEY POSITIONS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING RANKS IN PNP

 Chief – highest position in the PNP
 Deputy Director General ranks
DDG for Administration – second in command
DDG for Operation – third in command
Chief for Directorial Staff – fourth in command

 NCR Director – with the rank of Police Major General

 Regional Director – with the rank of Police Brigadier General
 Provincial Director – with the rank of Police Colonel
 NCR District Director – with the rank of Police Brigadier General
 Chief of Police – with the rank of Police Major

5. STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PNP

 Police officers are employees of the national government and shall
draw their salaries from the national budget
 They shall have the same salary grade level as that of public
school teachers
 Police officers assigned in Metro Manila, chartered cities and first
class municipalities may be paid financial incentives by the local
government unit concerned subject to availability of funds

6. GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE PNP (RA NO. 6975

AS AMENDED BY R.A. NO. 8551 AND R.A. NO. 9708)
1. A citizen of the Philippines
2. A person of good moral conduct
3. Must have passed psychiatric/psychological, drug, and physical tests to be
administered by the PNP or by NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital
for purpose of determining physical and mental health
4. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of
learning
5. Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by the commission
 NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination
 R.A. No. 6506 (Licensed Criminologist) as amended by R.A. No.
11131
 R.A. No. 1080 (Bar and Board Examinations of Baccalaureate
Degree)
 PD No. 907 (Granting Civil Service Eligibility to College Honor
Graduates)
 Civil Service Professional Examination

6. Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military employed or

dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the government
7. Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime
involving moral turpitude
8. Height: Male = 1.62 meters (5’4”) / Female = 1.57 meters (5’2”)
9. Weight of not more or less than 5 kilograms from the standard weight
corresponding to his / her height, age and sex.
 10. Age: 21 to 30 years old

NOTE: Section 30 (j) of R.A. No. 6975, as amended by section 14 of R.A No.
8551, was further amended by R.A. No. 9708:
“…PNP members who are already in the service upon the effectivity of
Republic Act No. 8551 shall be given five (5) years to obtain the minimum
educational qualification preferably in law enforcement related courses, to be
reckoned from the date of the effectivity of this amendatory Act: Provided,
furthermore, That for concerned PNP members rendering more than fifteen
(15) years of service and who have exhibited exemplary performance as
determined by the Commission, shall no longer be required to comply
with the aforementioned minimum educational requirement.

7. SPECIFIC QUALIFICATIONS THAT MAY BE WAIVED

Conditions on Waivers for Initial Appointment to the PNP

 The age, height and weight for initial appointment to the PNP may be waived
only when the number of qualified applicants falls below the approved
national / regional quota.
 The Commission en banc may grant age, height and weight waiver. The
NAPOLCOM Regional Director may grant height waiver to a member of an
indigenous group.
 Waiver of the age requirement may be granted provided that the applicant
shall not be less than twenty (20) nor more than thirty five (35) years of age.
 Waiver of the height requirement may be granted to a male applicant who is
at least 1 meter and 57 cm (1.57m) and to a female applicant who is at least
1 meter and 52cm (1.52m). Provided, that the minimum height requirement
for applicants who belong to indigenous group duly certified by the Office of
the Muslim Affairs (OMA) or the National Commission on Indigenous People
(NCIP) shall be at least 1.52m for male and 1.45m for female.
 An applicant who is granted a weight waiver shall be given reasonable time
not exceeding six (6) months within which to comply with the said
requirement. Failure to attain the required weight shall cause the termination
from the service.

Factors to be considered in the Grant of Waivers

 Outstanding accomplishments or possession of special skills in law

enforcement, police work, martial arts, marksmanship and similar skills;
 Special talents in the field of sports, music and others;
 Extensive experience or training in forensic science and technical services.

Selection Criteria under the Waiver Program

 Applicants who possess the least disqualifications shall take precedence

over those who possess more disqualifications.
 The requirement shall be waived in the following order: Age, Height, Weight
(AHW)

NOTE:
The appointment under the waiver program is temporary. PNP members
who failed to comply with specific requirements shall be dismissed.
 PNP members under the waiver program but is dismissed for failure to
comply with the requirements can REAPPLY provided he now have the minimum
requirements.

8. APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PNP PERSONNEL

 Police Patrolman / Patrolwoman to Police Executive Master Sergeant –
appointed by the Regional Director for regional personnel or by the Chief,
PNP for the national headquarters.
 Police Lieutenant to Police Lieutenant Colonel – appointed by the Chief,
PNP.
 Police Colonel to Police Lieutenant General – appointed by the President
upon recommendation of the Chief, PNP subject to confirmation by the
Commission on Appointments.
 Police General – appointed by President from among the senior officers
down to the rank of Police Colonel subject to the confirmation of the
Commission on Appointments.

9. KINDS OF APPOINTMENT

 PERMANENT – when an applicant possesses the upgraded general

qualifications for appointment in the PNP.

 TEMPORARY – Any PNP personnel who is admitted due to the waiver of the
educational or weight requirements. Any member who will fail to satisfy any
of the waived requirements with the specified time periods shall be dismissed
from the service.

Pursuant to NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No. 2007 – 009, a newly

recruited PO1 (Patrolman / Patrolwoman) shall be appointed in temporary status
in twelve (12) months pending compliance with the Field Training Program
involving actual experience and assignment in PATROL, TRAFFIC and
INVESTIGATION.

FOUR MAJOR APPROACHES IN MANAGEMENT

1. Classical Approach

a. Scientific Management – (Frederick Taylor, 1856 – 1915) This is focused on methods

of increasing work productivity. The motivation is primarily on economic rewards. It
has a distinct hierarchy of authority comprising specialized personnel. It is sought to
discover the best method of performing specific task. Workers are taught the best
procedures, with pay tied to output and they would produce the maximum amount of
work. It adheres to the formal organizational structure.

b. Bureaucratic Management – (Max Webber) This approach has a means of lessening

the cruelty, nepotism, and subjective managerial practices common in the early
stages of the Industrial Revolution.

Characteristics of Bureaucratic Management:

1. Division of labor based on competence
2. Hierarchy of authority
3. Uniform application of rules
4. Maintenance of interpersonal relationships
5. Rationalized selection and promotion
 c. Administrative Management – (Henri Fayol) it emphasizes broad administrative
principles applicable to higher levels the organization.

The principles of efficient management it embodies are the following:

1. Division of work
2. Authority and responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar Chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of personnel tenure
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps
2. Human Relations Approach – It focuses on the predicted pattern of behavior thus the
occurrence of the human relations movement emphasizing the informal aspect of the
organization.

The level of production is set by norms, not by physiological capacities. Non-economic

rewards and sanctions significantly affect the behavior of the workers and largely limit the
effect of economic incentive plans. Often workers do not act or react as individual but as
members of a group.

3. Behavioral Science Approach – The approach deals with human behavior and studies its
subject matter in a scientific manner. It utilized scientific method as the foundation for testing and
developing theories about human behavior in organization that can be used to guide and develop
managerial policies and practices.

4. Contemporary Approach – The movement towards quality management. It embodies the

following theories:
a. System Theory – all parts of the system are interrelated and interdependent to form
the whole. It is viewed as either closed or open. Open if it interacts with its environment
and closed if it does not.

b. Contingency Theory – It recognizes many internal and external environmental

variables affect organizational behavior.

c. Theory Z (Total Quality Management) – It focused on the Japanese management

practices. A customer-oriented approach and emphasizes on both human resources and
quantitative methods in an attempt to strive towards continuous improvement.

ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT

1. Authority – comes from law, delegation and tradition.

2. Responsibility – the state of being accountable.
Authority must be commensurate with responsibility.

PLANNING – It is the determination in advance how the objectives of the organization will be attained.

a. It is the process of deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, and who is to do it.
 b. The mental process of finding adequate solutions to management problems and the
preparation of an outline of things to be done and how they will be done to achieve
results.

 Plan – a documented method by which things should be done.

 Strategy – this refers to a broad design or method or a plan to attain a stated
goal or objective.
 Tactic – specific design, method or a course of action to attain a particular
objective in consonance with strategy.
 Procedures – these are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain
what is desired.
 Policy – this is a course of action which could be program of actions adopted
by an individual, group, organization, or government or the set of principles
on which they are based.
 Case Operational Plan (COPLAN) – it has a definite target or specific
activity conducted in relation to an intelligence project under which it is
affected
It refers to a preparatory plan on how to carry out a case
operation which is the last resort to pursue intelligence
objectives when normal police operations fail.
 Command Post / Holding Area – the area where case references, briefings
and debriefings are being conducted by the responding agencies.
 Dragnet Operation – This is a police operation purposely to seal off the
probable exit points of fleeing suspect from the crime scene to prevent their
escape.

PLANNING APPROACHES

1. Synoptic Planning – the rational comprehensive approach and tradition in planning.

This is the most appropriate for police agencies because it is based on a problem-
oriented approach to planning.

2. Incremental Planning – in this planning approach, the problems are seen as too
difficult when they are grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken one
at a time and broken down into gradual adjustment over time.

3. Transactive Planning – this approach involves the interaction with the people who
are to be affected by the plan hence surveys and interpersonal dialogue are
conducted.

4. Advocacy Planning – the beneficial aspect of this approach includes greater

sensitivity to the unintended and negative side effects of the plan.

5. Radical Planning – this involves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the
immediate future.

POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING – this is the process of formulating coordinated sequence

of methodical activities and the allocation of resources to line units of police organization in order
that it can attain its mandated objective or mission.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANNING / LEVEL OR HIERARCHY OF PLANNING

1. Strategic / Long Range Planning – it relates to plans which are strategic or long
range in application it determines original goals and strategy.
 It refers to the process of determining how to pursue the organizations long term
goal with the resources expected to be available.

2. Intermediate or medium range planning – it relates to plans which determines

quantity and quality of efforts and accomplishment.

3. Operational or short-range planning – it refers to the production of plans which

determines the schedule of special activity and are applicable from one week to less
than a year duration.

It refers to the process of determining how specific tasks can be accomplished on

time with available allocated resources.

RESPONSIBILITY IN PLANNING

o Supervisor – has the basic responsibility in planning

o Head of Police Force – responsible in broad planning
o Planning is delegated to staff officers in practice
o Chief of Police – has the responsibility in operational planning

TYPES OF PLANS
1. Policy / Procedural Plan – these are standard operating procedures that guide
members in the field and routine operations and in some special operations.

A. Field Procedures – procedures intended to be used in all situations of all

kinds shall be outlined as guide to officers and men in the field. Procedures
that relate to reporting, to dispatching, to raids, stopping suspicious persons,
receiving complaint, touring beat, and investigation of crimes.

B. Headquarters Procedures – these are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer,

matron, and other personnel, concerned which may reflect in the duty
manual. Procedures that involve coordinated action on activity of several
offices, however, shall be established separately as in the case of using
telephone for local / long distance calls, the radio teletype, and other similar
devices.

2. Tactical Plans – procedure for coping with specific situations at known locations.
Included in this category are plans dealing with an attack against the PNP police
headquarters against lawless elements. Plans shall likewise be made for blockage
and jail emergencies and for special community events, such as larger public
meeting, athletic contest, parade religious celebrations, carnivals, demonstration and
other street affairs.

3. Operational Plans – this pertains to plans of divisions; they are prepared to

accomplish each of the primary police tasks such as patrol, investigation, traffic
control, vice control, juvenile control.

4. Extradepartmental Plan – plan designed to guide the organization of the community

to assist in accomplishing the police objectives in the field of juvenile and delinquency
prevention, traffic control, and organized crimes. It will assist in coordinating
community effort, in promoting public support and in combating organized crimes.

5. Management Plans – it includes budget planning; accounting procedures;

specifications; personnel; organization.
 a. Budget Planning – present and future money needs for personnel, equipment
and capital investments must be estimated, and plans for supporting budget
requests must be made if needed appropriations are to be obtained.

b. Accounting Procedures – shall be established and expenditures resorts shall

also be provided to assist in making administrative decisions and in holding
expenditures within appropriations.

c. Specifications and Purchasing Procedures

SUPERVISION
 Refers to the leadership and direction of employees towards the objective of getting work
done accomplishing the organization’s objectives. It consists of directing and controlling work,
training and developing employees in knowledge, work, skills, habits and attitudes, and will to
work coordinating efforts of workers, reviewing and evaluating the work results, methods,
techniques and attitudes of groups and individuals.

Supervisor – a person who oversees the work of the rank and file workers, a manager
whose subordinates are non-management employees called the workers and the man in the
middle between the workers (subordinates) and higher-level managers.

 The linking pin in connecting the higher-level manager, group of supervisors

under the same higher-level management, and the subordinates under the
supervisor.

Balanced Supervision – a real leader forces himself to put the proper emphasis on each
of his responsibilities, hence, he is practicing BALANCED SUPERVISION.

OTHER AGENCIES:

A. PDEA

 PDEA was created by virtue of R.A. No. 9165. PDEA is headed by a Director General with a
rank of Undersecretary who is appointed by the President. He is assisted by two (2) Deputy
Director Generals with the rank of Assistant Secretary – one (1) for Operations and one (1)
for Administration. They are also appointed by the President.

 RA No. 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002) – signed by PGMA on June 7,
2002 and took effect on July 4, 2002.

 Ret. Police Deputy Director General Anselmo Avenido – first head of PDEA; appointed by
PGMA on July 19, 2002.

 DDB – the policy making and strategy formulating body in the planning and formulation of
policies and programs on drug prevention and control. The Board is composed of –

1. 3 Permanent Members:
 One (1) designated as Chairman with the rank of Secretary (with the term of
6 years) and the two (2) other regular members as undersecretaries (one
with 4-year term and the other with 2-year term but succeeding appointment
will serve six (6) years and until their successors shall have been duly
appointed and qualified.
 2. 12 Ex-Officio Members
 Secretary or representative of the following departments:
a. DOJ. DOH, DND, DOF, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd
b. CHED Chairman, NYC
c. Director General of PDEA

 E.O. No. 218 – strengthens the support mechanism for the PDEA. Office of the President,
PNP and other agencies which were performing drug law enforcement and prevention
functions prior to the enactment of R.A. No. 9165 shall organize anti-drug task force to
support the PDEA. (Existing drug enforcement units under PNP and other agencies were
abolished by virtue of R.A. No. 9165)

Intelligence Officer 1 – lowest rank

Investigation Agent 5 – highest rank

 QUALIFICATIONS
1. 21 – 35 years old
2. 5’2” in height male / 5’ in height female
3. Baccalaureate degree holder
4. Eligible for Career Service Second Level Position (CS Professional / Board
Examination Passer / Qualified by CSC / under special laws)


Ian Larkin – said “money is highly motivational for people” However, “monetary rewards are not a one
size that fits all kind of thing.”