LEA 1 – LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

I. THE ORGANIZATION

A. Organization

• A group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives; a form of human association
for the attainment of a goal or objective. The process of identifying and grouping the work to be
performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority; and establishing relationships for the
purpose of enabling people to work effectively.

• A system of coordinated activities (All organizations are composed of parts and relationships. The
parts of organization are the activities or functions being performed and they are organized when they
assume certain logical relationships) of a group of people working in a concentrated manner towards a
common goal under an authority and leadership. Cooperation towards a common goal is important in
an organization and it is strictly a human phenomenon.

Organizations are normally structured on a superior-subordinate relationship. Therefore, authority is a

universal element of all organizations.

Leadership is a personal quality which exhorts willing collaboration towards a common goal.

B. Police Organization.

It is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the achievement
of goals and objectives that the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property,
enforcement of the laws and prevention

C. Administration.

It is an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and internal
operating efficiency that connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision-
making and maintenance of the internal order.

D. Police Administration.

It is the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related statutes
that focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized and managed in
order to achieve the goals of law enforcement must effectively, efficiently and productively.

IL FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

A. Primary or Line Functions.

These are functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, deliver the services and deal
directly with the public. Examples of the line functions of the police are patrolling, traffic duties, and
crime investigation.

B. Staff/ Administrative Functions.

These are the functions that are designed to support the line functions and assist in the performance of
the line functions. Examples of the staff functions of the police are planning, research, budgeting, and
legal advice.

C. Auxiliary Functions.
These are the functions involving the logistical operations of the organization such as communication,
maintenance, records management, supplies and equipment management.

III. ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

A. Operational Units.

Those that perform primary or line functions like patrol, traffic, investigation and vice control.

B. Administrative Units.

Those that perform the administrative functions like personnel, finance, planning and training.

C. Service Units.

Those that perform auxiliary functions such as communication and records management.

IV. FUNCTIONAL UNITS

A. Bureau.

It is the largest organic unit within a large department. The PNP is a bureau under the Department

of the Interior and Local Government.

B. Division.

It is the primary subdivision of a bureau.

C. Section.

It is the functional unit within a particular division. This is necessary for specialization.

D. Unit.

It is the functional group within a section where further specialization is needed.

V. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

It is the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions, departments and
functions or work of the organization. It comprises the functions, relationships, responsibilities and
authorities of individuals within the organization.

Kinds of Organizational Structures

1. Line

It is the oldest and simplest kind and is also called military.

It is defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa.

It depicts the line functions of the organization

It involves few departments.

Orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out.

2. Functional

It is a structure according to functions and specialized units.

It depicts staff functions of the organization.

Responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above.

3. Line and Staff

It is a combination of the line and functional.

It combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that service,
advise, and support them.

It is generally more formal in nature and has many departments.

The Philippine National Police follow the line and staff kind of organizational structure.

VI. THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD POLICE

POLITEIA – a Greek word which means government of the city

POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the State or Government

POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language

A. PERIOD OF EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (600-1006 Ad)

a. Tun Policing Systern. A system of policing that emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all
male residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people. Ten families in a town is called tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was
known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100 families, the leader of the 100 families was
named Reeve. Both the tithingman and Reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as
well as police authority.

b. Hue and Cry. Provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant’s shout in
order to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

c. Trial by Ordeal. A judicial practice wherein the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience. The word “ordeal” is derived from the
Medieval Latin word “Judicium Dei” which means “Judgement of God”

2. Normal Period of Policing System (1066-1225 Ad)

a. Shire-Reeve

*Shire - a division of fifty-five (55) military areas in England when it was under the Regime of France.

*Rieve (the head-man) - the military leader (lieutenants of the army) who was in charge of the Shires.

*Constabuli or The Keeper of the Horse - appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties. Jt is
where the word constable ‘was derived.

*Shire-Rieve -A person with absolute powers that no one could questions his or er actions. It is where
the word sheriff was derived.

b. Travelling Judge. The judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being decided by the Shire-
Rieve and tasked to travel through an area and hear and decide criminal cases. This was the first
instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.

c. Leges Henrici Primi or Laws of Henry I. It is an act that was enacted during this period, to wit:
* offenses were classified as against the king and individual;

* policeman becomes public servant;

* the police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s
arrest”; and

* Grand Jury was created to inquire on the acts of the case.

d. Magna Carta. The law enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to
sign the same, to wit:

* no freeman shall be taken or imprisoned except by legal judgement; and

* no person shall be tried for murder unless there is a proof of the body of the victim.

e. Frankpledge System. It is a system of policing whereby a group of ten (10) neighboring male residents
whose ages are over twelve (12) years old were required to guard the town in order to preserve peace
and protect the lives and properties of the people.

3. Westminster Period of Policing System (1285-1500)

a. Statute of 1295. The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours which demanded the closing of
the gates of London during sunset.

b. Justice of the Peace. Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority
to pursue an arrest, chastise and imprison violators of the law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors
and infractions of cities or villages ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years later.

c. Courts of the Star-Chamber (1487). It is a special court designed to try offenders against the state. The
room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to
force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the
judges.

4. Modern Period of Policing System

In 1829, Sir Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act which was passed by the Parliament of
England. This period was the milestone of England’s police force. Sir Robert Peel became famous and
was considered as the Father of Modern Policing System.

Peel’s Concepts of Policing

1. The police should be organized along military lines.

2. The police should be placed under screening and training.
3. The police should be hired on a probationary basis.
4. The police should be deployed by time and by area.
5. Police headquarters should be accessible to the people.
6. Police-Record keeping is essential.

Peel’s Principles of Law Enforcement

1. The police are the public and the public are the police.
2. The police represent the law.
3. The police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
4. The police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
5. The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.
6. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
 7. Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases.
8. Prevention of crime is the basic mission of the police.
9. Physical force is used only as a last resort.

B. EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

The institution of police in the Philippines formally started during the Spanish period. The establishment
of the police force was not entirely intended for crime prevention or peacekeeping, but it was also
created as an extension of the Spanish colonial military establishment.

1. Spanish Period

a. Carabineros. It was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department
of State. They were armed and considered as the mounted police.

b. Guadrilleros/Cuadrillo. They were rural police organized in each town and established y the Royal
Decree on January 18, 1836. This decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants of each
province were to be enlisted in this police organization for three years.

c. Guardia Civil. This was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on February 12, 1852 to
partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns.

2. American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as
its first governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
pursuant to Act No 70 of the Taft Commission. This was the basis for the celebration of the anniversary
of the Manila’s Finest every 9" of January.

The following are the highlights during the American Period:

a. Organic Act No 175. Vice Governor Luke E. Wright proposed the passage of Organic Act No.175 which
recommended the creation of an Insular Force. On July 18, 1901, the proposed ordinance was approved
by the Second Philippine Commission. On August 8, 1901, the Insular Constabulary was established
under the general supervision of the Civil Governor for maintaining peace, law and order in all the
provinces of the Philippines.

b. Capt. Henry Allen. He was the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.

c. Act No. 183. It created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.

d. Capt. George Curry. He was the First Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1901.

e. Act No 255. The act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary, enacted on
October 3, 1901.

f. Executive Order 389. It ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940.

3. Post-American Period

RA 4864. It is otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966 which was enacted on
September 8, 1966. It created the Police Commission (POLCOM) that was renamed into National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM)
4. Martial Law Period

PD 765. It is otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975. It established
the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and
the Integrated Local the Police Forces as components. The authority of the NAPOLCOM over the INP
was transferred to the Office of the President and later to the Ministry of National Defense.

5. Post Martial Law Regime

a. Executive Order No 1012. It transferred to the city and municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their locality. It took effect on July 10, 1985.

b. Executive Order No 1040. It transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP from
the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission.

c. R.A. 157. It created the National Bureau of Investigation on June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by
R.A. 2678.

d. RA 6975. It is otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Act of
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990. It reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National
Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public
Safety College.

On January 29, 1991, the Philippine National Police (PNP) composed of the members of the Philippine
Constabulary/Integrated national Police and selected members of the Philippine Air Force Security
Command, Philippine Coast Guard and Philippine Army.

e. Republic Act No.8551, It is known as the “PNP Reform & Reorganization Act of 1998” which was
enacted on February 27, 1998 amending certain provisions of Republic Act No, 6975 and allowing the
reorganization of the PNP to enable to cope up and effectively perform its mandate -to enforce the law,
prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order and ensure public safety and internal security
with the active support of the community.

f. RA 9708. It is the law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system. It took effect on August
12, 2009.

IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING

1. BRIGADIER GENERAL RAFAEL CRAME - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary on
December 17, 1917.

2. COL. ANTONIO TORRES - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1935.

3. COL. LAMBERTO JAVALERA - the first Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department after the
Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946.

4. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.