TOPIC
They are
 THE HISTORY OF TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
TOPIC OVERVIEW
This topic deals with The History of Tourism
and Hospitality: History of the Tourism Industry;
History of the Hospitality Industry; Pioneers in the
Tourism and Hospitality Industry; Origins of
Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines;
International Travel Patterns; and Factors that
Favor the Growth of Tourism and Hospitality.
Desired Learning Outcome:
At the end of this task, the students should be
able to:
a. describe the history of the tourism and
hospitality industry;
b. explain the origin of tourism and hospitality
in the Philippines;
c. identify the international travel patterns;
and
d. describe the factors that favor the growth
of tourism and hospitality.
e.
HISTORY OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
Early Tourism
Travel and exploration are basic to human
nation. Man has travelled since the earliest times
although the term tourism was used only in the
19th century. “Tourism” is derived from the
Hebrew word torah which means studying,
learning, or searching.
Tourism can trace its ancestry in the Old
Testament. Noah with his Ark must have been the
first large-scale operator even though his
passengers were mostly animals.
Early tourism has two forms: travel for
business such as trading and religious travel.
Throughout history, merchants have traveled
extensively in order to trade with other nations
and tribes. The invention of money, writing, and
wheel by the Sumerians facilitated travel and
exchange of goods. The early Phoenicians toured
the Mediterranean as traders. Both the Greeks
and the Romans were well-known traders and as
their respective empires increased, travel became
necessary. The Roman traveler was largely aided
by improvement in communications, first class-
roads, and inns (forerunners of modern hotels).
By employing relays of horses, distances of 100
miles or more could be covered in one day. In
between distances of six miles were mutations or
Bainesles-Basin in France, Lucca in Italy, and Karslbad and Marienbad in Bohemia became fashionable in
the 18th and 19th centuries.
Tourism During the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in the scale and type of tourism development.
It brought about not only technological changes, but also essential social changes that made travel
stables where horses could be changed.
the equivalent of the present gasoline stations.
Chaucer’s tale of pilgrimage to Canterbury.
Pilgrimages were made to fulfill a vow as in case
of illness or of great danger or as penance for
sins. Besides Rome and Jerusalem, St. James of
Galicia was the foremost destination of English
pilgrims in the 14th century. Beginning in 1388,
English pilgrims were required to obtain and carry
permits, the forerunner for the modern passport.
Tourism in the Medieval Period
During the Medieval period, travel declined.
Travel, derived from the word travail, became
burdensome, dangerous, and demanding during
this time. After the decline of the Roman Empire
in the 5th century, roads were not maintained and
they became unsafe. Thieves inflicted harm on
those who dared to traveled. No one during this
time traveled for pleasure. Crusaders and pilgrims
were the only ones who traveled.
Tourism During the Renaissance and
Elizabethan Eras
With the renaissance, a few renowned
universities developed so that travel for education
was introduced largely by British. Travel for
education became popular in the 16th century.
Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions
in court were encouraged to travel to the
continent to widen their education. This practice
was gradually adopted by others in the lower
social scale. It became recognized that the
education of a gentleman should be completed by
a “Grand Tour” of the cultural centers of the
continent which lasted for three years.
The term was used as early as 1670. While
apparently educational, the appeal became
social. Pleasure-seeking young men of leisure
traveled predominantly through France and Italy
to enjoy the cultures and social life in Europe,
with Venice, Florence, and Paris as the key
attractions. By the end of 18th century, the
practice had become institutionalized for the
upper class of society.
As young men sought intellectual
improvement in the continent, the sick sought a
remedy for their illnesses in “spas” or medicinal
baths. The term “spa” is derived from the Walloon
word the 1660’s. Travelers immersed themselves
in the healing waters. Soon entertainment was
added and dozens of watering places became
resort hotels. Bath in England, Baden-Baden in
Germany, Baden in Austria,
desirable as a recreational activity. The increase in productivity, regular employment, and growing
urbanization gave more people the motivation and opportunity to go on holiday. The emerging middle class
combined higher incomes and growing education into annual holidays. To escape from their responsibilities
and the crowded city environment, they traveled to the countryside or seashore for their holidays. This led
to the creation of working-class resorts near major industrial centers.

Modern Tourism

Tourism in the 19th Century

Two technological developments in the early part of the 19th century had a great effect on the growth
of tourism. These were the introduction of the railway and the development of steam power. The railroads
created not only more business by providing reliable and cheap transportation, but also more competition
as various private companies invested heavily in hotels, resorts, and entertainment facilities. Thus, tourism
was transformed from a small business catering to the elite into the start of a mass market, that is, travel by
a large number of individuals.
The use of steam power provided the increase mobility needed by the tourism business. Steamers
on the major rivers provided reliable and inexpensive transportation that led to the popular day-trip cruises
and the growth of coastal resorts near large industrial towns. As tourism became organized in the later
years of 19th century, the organizations of travel became an established institution. Travel organizers
emerged. The first and most famous of these was Thomas Cook. His first excursion train trip was between
Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 encouraged him to arrange similar excursions using chartered trains.
In 1866, he organized his first American tour. In 1874, he introduced “circular notes” which were accepted
by banks, hotels, shops, and restaurants. These were in effect the first travelers’ checks.
Other tour companies which appeared in Britain at this time were Dean and Dawson in 1871, the
Polytechnic Touring Association in 1872, and Frames in 1881. In the United States, American Express was
founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.
As the 19th century drew to a close, photography and guide books became popular. The most popular
guide book was Baedecker, first published in 1839 which became the leading guide for European countries
at the end of the century.

Tourism in the 20th Century

At the beginning of 20th century, pleasure travel continued to expand, encourage by the increasing
wealth, curiosity, and outgoing attitudes of the people as well as the increasing ease of such movement.
World War 1 brought about many changes, which influenced the volume of tourism. Early post-war
prosperity, coupled with large-scale migration, boosted the demand of international travel. New forms of
mass communication stimulated curiosity about other countries. In addition to the influence of posters and
press, the cinema, radio, and television widened knowledge and interest in travel.

After World War 1, forms of travel began to change radically. The railways as a means of travel
declined with the introduction of the motor car. Motorized public road transport and improved road
conditions led to the popularity of seaside tours.
World War II also led to increased interest in travel. The war had introduced combatants not only to
new countries, but also to new continents, generating new friendships and in interest in different cultures.
Another outcome of war was the progress in aircraft technology. Air travel had become more comfortable,
safer, faster, and cheaper in comparison with other forms of transport. With the introduction of the Boeing
707 jets in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses arrived, hastening the decline of sea travel.
Improvements in air transport not only encouraged greater transcontinental travel, but were also
instrumental in the growth of international travel in the 1960s and 1970s. The earth literally shrank for the
tourist, bringing distant exotic islands closer and replacing week-long sea voyages with a few hours of air
travel.

After the post-war recovery years, there was an increase in private car ownership. Travelers switched to
the use of private cars and this change affected both coach and rail services. The private car provided
flexible transportation which freed people from the schedules and fixed routes of public transport. It
encouraged the growth of excursions and short-stay holidays. Resorts near major centers of population
benefited considerably. Road improvements brought more distant resorts closer to the major cities.
Resourceful tour operators devised flexible packages aimed at the private motorist at home and abroad.
Hotels also devised their own programs of short-stay holidays for the private motorist. The demand for
hired cars on holidays overseas also increased substantially.
 As business and trade prospered in the developed countries, business travel also flourished, leading
to the demand not only for individual travel, but also for conference and incentive travel on a worldwide
scale. The 1970s have also seen the emergence of new patterns in tourism, two vacations a year were a
common occurrence. The annual overseas holiday become necessity rather than a luxury. As economic
power has shifted between countries, new tourism-generating countries such as oil-rich Arab countries and
Japan arose. Europe, as well as the developing tourist-based economies of Asia, have benefited from this
influx. The Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia have strengthened their tourist
attractions to appeal to new markets.
Prospects for the continued growth of world tourism in the century appear to be the most promising.
Societal trends are favorable to the continued growth of demand. Governments of many nations are
encouraging the growth of both domestic and international tourism as a means of job creation, economic
diversification, and source of foreign exchange. Beyond its economic significance, there is a growing
realization of the role of international travel in promoting world peace and prosperity.

History of the Hospitality Industry

Ancient Period

The Sumerians
The recorded history of the hospitality industry began with the Sumerians, a group of people who
lived in Mesopotamia near the Persian Gulf at about 4000 BCE It is most likely that the hospitality Industry
began with the Sumerians with 5,000 years ago in 3000 BC.
The Sumerians were the first to establish taverns which provided food, drinks, and shelter to Sumerian
traders and travelers. These taverns served beers to the local resident. Some of these taverns attracted
criminals and others who meet at the taverns to plot crimes.

Early Traders
In 2000 BC, a considerable amount of trade had developed among the people of the middle east.
Many became traders of exotic goods. The caravanserai was set up to provide food and shelter to traders
and travelers. They were the forerunners of the inns.

Empires:3200 BC to 476 AD

From 3200 BC to 476 AD, three significant empires flourished---the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman.
services for increasing numbers of travelers.
This period is known to historians as the Empire Era. Each of these empires developed hospitality services
for increasing numbers of travelers.

Egyptian Empire
The Egyptians Empire developed slowly over several thousand years. By 3200BC, various groups had
been united under one government ruled by a “pharaoh” the Egyptian term for king.
The famous pyramids or tombs for the pharaohs became tourist attractions that many people
traveled long distances to see. In addition to traveling to see the pyramids, people traveled to attend
religious festivals. The ancient Egyptians were the first to see that food service and lodging should be
provided to travelers. Thus, the ancient Egyptians were the first to begin the activity we now call tourism
and hospitality.

Greek Empire
The ancient Greeks civilization began to develop about 1100 BCe It evolved in the form of
independent city-states. Because of increased travel, some form of overnight accommodation became a
necessity. Hence, established inns and tavems to provide food and accommodation to weary travelers.
 Roman Empire
In 146 BC, after many years of conflict, Greece became a Roman protectorate. Roman efforts at territorial
expansion continued. By the time Rome had a conquered most of Westem Europe and the Middle East,
inns and tavems were established throughout the empire. The Romans constructed elaborate inns along
the main roads for oficials and couriers of the Roman govemment. Marco Polo described these inns as "fit
for a king." The ancient Persians constructed Khans (a combination of stables, sleeping accommodations,
and fortresses which provided shelter from sandstorms and enemies who attacked caravan).

Medieval period

Dark Ages
Travel was limited during the Middle Ages. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, no one traveled
for pleasure due to: political instability, lack of extensive trade and commerce, poor roads, inefficient
transportation, and the proliferation of highway robbers who preyed on travels.
In Europe, Charlemagne established rest houses for pilgrims. The main purpose was to protect
pilgrims and provide hospitality on their routes.
The monasteries of the Roman Catholic Church provided food and shelter to travelers after the fall
of the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the hospitality industry became more organized with the
establishment of restaurant guilds. In Europe, during the Renaissance, concern about table manners
increased and rules to be observed at the dinner table were developed. People were instructed not to put
food on their plate using their fingers because such behavior is unpleasant and annoying. Burping at the
dinner table was considered unacceptable.

Early Modem Period: 1600 AD to 1800 AD

In the sixteenth century, a tavern called the ordinary which served a fixed menu for a fixed price to the
common people appeared in England. The sixteenth century introduced two exotic imports--coffee and tea
to Europe. Coffee houses became social gatherings places and helped to sober up the entire European
continent. They also helped reduce drunkenness in the European continent.
The advent of stagecoach became the favorite means of transportation.Coaching inns were established to
provide food and overnight accommodation to travelers. At the coaching inns, tired horses were exchanged
with fresh horses and stagecoach passengers were fed and given the opportunity to rest overnight. Travel
was difficult because the roads were full of potholes and normally soaked in mud. Other developments of
the period included an increase in the quality of inns. The application of English common law to
the hospitality industry, and in France, the reintroduction of restaurant for public dining.
By the 1700s, the inns in England were much safer and more comfortable. The mails were an
important element in the development of the hospitality industry. Until the late 1700s, the mail in England
was carried on horseback by messengers known as post-boys who were able to ride six miles per hour.
Post-houses were similar to the coaching inns. They were located along the coach routes to ensure a
steady supply of customers who arrived by stagecoach. Until the late 18th century, there were no public
restaurants. There were taverns that served a daily "ordinary" which is a main meal with a fixed price.
The food service element Of the hospitality industry changed dramatically in France in 1765. In that year, a
man named Boulanger operated a small business which sold soups and broths in Paris. These were known
as restaurants, a French word whichmeans "restoratives." Soups and broths had the ability to restore
energy to people whoare tired and weak. Boulanger is recognized as the first to create the first restaurant,
an establishment open to the public with a dining room where a variety of foods could be bought and
consumed.
In the late eighteenth century, the restaurant business flourished. During the French Revolution, the
common people of France revolted against the monarchy who took control of the government and
properties of the aristocrats, many of whom were executed. Cooks and chefs who had been employed by
the aristocrats suddenly losttheir jobs. The unemployed cooks and chefs opened food-service
establishments to earn a living. After the French Revolution, the number of restaurants increased in Paris

and other parts of the world.

Another type of food-service establishment which developed in France was the cafe. Cafe is the French
word for "coffee." At first, they only served snacks just as the English did. Later, the owners of these
establishments used their highly developed culinary skills to prepare more elaborate items which delighted
their customers.
These developments in France in the late eighteenth century marked the beginning of the modem
restaurant industry.
The Industrial Era: from 1800
The Industrial Revolution stimulated pleasure travel due to increase of wealth, the creation of a large and
prosperous middle class, improvements in transportation, the need of the working class to find relief from
their work routine, and the desire of the city dwellers for relaxation and adventure.

Modern Period

Nineteenth Century
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, public dining was not popular. Many hotels were constructed
without dining facilities. Hotel guests took their meals in their rooms. In 1875, a dining facility was
opened in the Albemarie Hotel in London. By this time, the term restaurant referred to the dining room
of a hotel.
In London, more luxurious hotels begun to appear. Some were known for their excellent guest
accommodation and superior food.. One of the best-known hotels was the Savoy which was opened by
Richard d'OyIy Carte in 1889. In the Savoy, d'Oyly Carte employed two men who became famous
throughout the world—Cesar Ritz (the General Manager) and Auguste Escoffier (the Chef des Cuisines).
Aside from being one of the greatest chefs, he is also known for his book, Le Guide Culinaire. He also
installed the Kitchen Brigade System.
The Americans used their ingenuity to create something for everyone. Delmonico'S was the only
expensive and aristocratic restaurant in the United States. It was famous for its fine food. Delmonico's
served Swiss-French cuisine and became the center of American gastronomy or the art of good eating.
Although the model hotel was an American invention, the Europeans contributed the European plan which
meant that a guest need to pay for both room and meals in one lump sum, but could pay for only the room
and order the meals separately from an a la carte menu or eat elsewhere.
More innovations in hospitality occurred in the nineteenth century such as the custom of dining
out, better methods of preserving food through canning and vacuum packing, mass feeding for school
children, and the establishment of ice cream parlors.

Twentieth Century
The twentieth century has made the world accessible to the average citizen with the advanced
technology and transportation. People expect excellence in service, food, accommodation, and
entertainment. The twentieth century also created the fast-food industry.

Pioneers in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Cesar Ritz
He became the general manager of the Savoy Hotel in London, one of the most famous and luxurious
hotels in the world. He made the hotel a cultural center for high society. The Ritz name is synonymous with
refined, elegant hotels and service. At present, the Ritz-Carlton hotels bear his name.

Ellsworth Milton Statler

He is considered to be the premier hotel-man of all time. He brought a high standard of comfort and
convenience to the middle-class traveler at an affordable price. He was the first to put telephones and
radios in every guest room together with full-length mirrors, built in closets, and a special faucet for ice
water.

Conrad Hilton
He was once recognized as "the biggest hotel man in the world" and was described by the New York Times
as the "master of hotel finance." He was careful not to over-finance and had a flawless sense of timing. In
1954, he formed the first major chain of American hotels—a group of hotels which followed standard
operating procedures.

Thomas Cook
He is recognized as the first professional travel agent. He was the founder of the world's first travel agency.
He is credited for making world travel possible for middle class. The phrase "Cook's tour is still used at
present to refer to a tour that goes to many places and stops briefly at each place.

Howard Dearing Johnson

He was the pioneer of brand leveraging and one of the first to introduce franchising in the 1930s. At
present, Howard Johnson is one of the famous names in the restaurant and hotel business.

J. Willard Marriott
J Willard Marriott founded the Marriott Corporation which has continued to be an important asset to the
hospitality industry. Through his strong faith and determination, J. Willard Marriott began with a root-beer
stand which was founded by necessity and built it into a multibillion-dollar industry.

Ray Kroc
He has been the most financially successful of all hospitality entrepreneurs. He founded the McDonald's
Corporation, a multibillion-dollar industry, through his strong dedication, organizational skills, perseverance,
and incredible aptitude for marketing. Kroc developed. Several operational guidelines such as Quality
Service Cleanliness and, Value or QSC&V. Kroc's motto, "Never be idle a moment' was also incorporated
into the business.

Isadore Sharp
Isadore Sharp, a first generation Canadian, was the founder of Four Seasons
Regent Hotels, the world's largest hotel chain and a multibillion-dollar global hotel empire. The success of
Four Seasons Regent Hotels is largely due to the drive, determination,and personal taste and style of
Isadore Sharp.

Ruth Fertel
He was the founder of Chris Steak House, the largest upscale restaurant chain
in the United States. It has 59 operations--54 in the US and Puerto Rico and 5 intonationally. It sells more
than 11, OOO steaks daily with a gross income of two hundred million dollar a year. Ruth Fertel is the most
successful woman restaurateur at present.