INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM

KNOWLEDGE

Chapter II
TOURISM HISTORY
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

A. Prehistoric Time / Paleolithic Age

This era started roughly from 32,000 BC to

10,000 BC. At that time, all human activity
focused upon day-to-day survival. People
traveled to search for basic needs, like
food, water and shelter. Most of the time
this meant difficult and dangerous travel
for the whole families or communities.

People traveled by foot over paths,

forests, fields. When they discovered one
new place, they developed foot paths, and
this made the place opened for others to
come.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

B. Neolithic Age
This period began about 10,000 BC, which
primitive people already settled in more
permanent areas.

Some innovations during this era changed the

nature of travel forever :
a. In 4,000 BC, sailing vessels were invented
in ancient Egypt.
b. In 3,500 BC, two-wheel invented and used by
Sumerians. This innovation helped much for
moving materials, people, and tools, even
expanded from a few miles to hundreds.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

c. The Greeks first used horses to pull chariots

around 1,700 BC. People in this era started
to travel to other places for trade or
exchange of goods.
d. Related to the increasing of travel for trade,
coins are invented by people of Lydia in 680 BC.
e. The Phoenicians, the first merchant sailors,
built a ship to carry their traders across the
Mediterranean Sea.
f. Interrelated with the cultures and religions
which emerged during this era, travel for
religious and spiritual purposes were fostered.
People visited shrines, burial grounds, sacred
locations and attractive places.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

C. Romans Era
There is no significant time, but this era
started in the first century and last about
A.D. 400 – A.D. 500. This era was considered as
ancient civilizations, which societies of
Greece, Egypt and Rome started to travel for
pleasure purpose. Broadness area of Romans
Kingdom encouraged availability of transport
infrastructure.

In Italy, Romans road builders constructed a

vast road system to facilitate trade and enable
the Imperial Roman to travel more easily.
Julius Caesar travelled from Rhone in Germany
to Rome in eight days, while Tiberius travelled
from Tichinum to Drunus (about 200 miles) in 24
hours.
1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

Wealthy citizens could travel over the roads

by chariot, even accompanied by a tour
guide, called a vetturino, who organized
transportation, arranged for wayside lodging
and meals, and protected his clients from
bandits. (Foster, 1994 : 8)

In the latter years, the road system

completed by inns, stables for animals, and
crude maps or itineraries. Travel at that
time was on foot, on horseback, in carriages
of varios types, or in a litter – a covered
or curtained couch carried by slaves or
servants.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA
D. Middle Age

After the fall of Roman Empire between A.D 400

and A.D. 500 to about A.D. 1000, the safety,
services and comforts of travel disappeared.
During the middle ages, violence, disease were
widespread in Europe. This situation gave rise
of epidemics in every level of communities. Food
supplies could no longer be produced to support
the inhabitants. In a desparate effort to
survive, European rulers turned their attention
to the seas. Marco Polo and Christophorus
Columbus are two of the examples.

During this time, the new ruler of Roman did not

continue to develop leisure activities. The
Roman Catholic Church became a central force of
Europe. One type of traveling that was still
exist at that time was pilgrimages, which
visited ‘holy’ or religious places / artifacts.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

E. The Renaissance

The Renaissance was the enlightenment after

the middle – dark – ages. It was started from
the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. The
Grand Tour of Europe emerged as a pattern of
upper-class travel. During the early years,
this tour lasted as long as 40 months because
of the extensive amount of study involved.

The young and rich people study abroad to

learn new language or particular type of
literature. But at the end, the trip lasted
for only four months, more for pleasure than
for an extended educational tour. In this era,
the people already used lodging and
transportation services.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

F. Industrial Age
The invention of steam-powered machine also
influenced transportation to use steam (steam-
powered train, vessel), between 1700 – 1800 AD.
All of this situation gave influence to :
1) Changing in community and economical
structure in Europe :
 Population increased
 Urbanization
 Tourism business emerged in industrial
cities
 Employment in industrial sector
 Income per capita increased
 Investment shifted from agriculture to
service industry like banking, international
trade.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

2) Expanding railroads, distant travel by

sea, and the coach system all contributed
to the democratization of travel.
 Decreasing in using road transportation.
 Increasing in travel activities

3) Emergence of the First Travel Agent

Using the word “tourism”, “tour” in English
Dictionary year 1811.
First Travel Agent emerged by Tomas Cook in
England, at the year 1841.
In the year 1855, he promoted Europe Tour that
visited exhibition in France.
In 1873, he introduced circular notes, an
early form of traveler’s check.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

4) Emergence of the hotel industry

 Diversify accommodation service in railway
station, and tourist destination as well.
 Restaurants, bars and coffee shops opened as
an impact of urbanization.
 By the year 1860, hotel and restaurant
business became international in scale, since
American tourists travelled to Britain.
 The first literature in tourism business,
“Guide du Hotels to France”, by Michelui
(1900) and “Guide to Hotels” by Automobile
Association” in England.
 1. TOURISM HISTORY IN PRE MODERN ERA

 The modern accommodation formed, like

City hotel in New York (1794), Savoy
Hotel in London (1809), The Tremont House
in Boston (1829), The Palmer House in
Chicago (1830), The Sherman House in
Chicago, Planters in St. Louis and Palace
Hotel in San Francisco (1850), Ellsworth
Milton Statler in Buffalo, New York was
the first chain hotel in the world.

5) Tourism settlement emerge in its earliest

form (spa) to fulfill health and pleasure
motivation.
 2. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOURISM

 The modern era started after the year 1919.

World wars (I and II) gave experience to the
people to live in peace together in this world,
and the needs to know more about aNother
nations. This happened after American gave aid
to Europe by “Marshal Plan” Program after the
war.
 In tourism, this situation was indicated by the
use of the automobile, ships and the airplane
facilities for private traveling after first
world war (1914-1918). In this situation, modern
mass tourism had started.
 With the increasing of people traveled to other
countries, tourism started to be seriously
developed. The first international tourism
organization named World Tourism Organization
(WTO) was formed in Paris in the year 1924.
2. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOURISM

Some characteristics in this era :

 The role of railway decreased. In the year
of 1914, after the Railway Company in
English bankrupted, it was transferred as
government company. Some policies
established at that time, like the
reduction of the non profit railroad lane,
modernized the technology using diesel
fuel.
 Increasing in automobile and airplane as a
transport facilities for using in short to
middle trip. It was proofed, that these
modes gave more fast, comfort and ease.
 3. INDONESIA’S TOURISM HISTORY

Tourism in Indonesia has started since colonial

domination of Dutch and Japanese up until now
after independence day of Indonesia.

A.Dutch Colonialization
Tourism activities already existed since 1910-
1912 by the formation of VTV (Vereeniging
Touristen Verkeer). It was an official tourist
bureau, acted also as a tour operator and
travel agent.
As long as the increasing of travel trade to
Europe, in the year of 1926, one travel agent
errected in Batavia, which gave travel
services, named Lissone Lindeman.
 3. INDONESIA’S TOURISM HISTORY

Some cities that had hotels :

Surabaya : Sarkies Hotel, Oranye Hotel
Batavia : Des Indes, der Nederlanden
Hotel, Royal Hotel, Rijswijk
Hotel.
Semarang : du Pavilion Hotel.
Medan : de Boer Hotel and Astoria Hotel.
Makassar : Grand Hotel and Staat Hotel.

In the year 1927, transportation facilities

that was available are air planes, ships, and
trains. Most of them effective in Java Island
only. Promotion in this era already existed,
like VTV published guide books to many places
in Indonesia for travel user.
 3. INDONESIA’S TOURISM HISTORY
B.Japan Colonization
All the tourism activities has stopped during
the war in Japan Colonization. Many of the
infrastructure, like roads and bridges were
destructed because of the bomb. Hotels
changed to be hospitals, dormitories or the
residences of the Japan officers.

B. After Independence Day

After the independence day of Indonesia,
government started to form an institution
which arranged tourism matters. It was HONET
(Hotel National & Tourism), the director was
R. Tjipto Ruslan. In the year 1949, after
Konferensi Meja Bundar, HONET was dispersed,
national organization started to take the
role in the development of tourism in
Indonesia.
3. INDONESIA’S TOURISM HISTORY

The important institution involved in tourism

development :
 Panitya Inter-Departmental Urusan Tourisme
(1952) that make efforts to open Indonesia as
tourist destination point.
 Serikat Gabungan Hotel dan Tourisme Indonesia
(SERGAHTI) in 1953.
 PT. Natour Ltd. (National Hotels & Tourism
Corp.), 1955.
 Yayasan Tourisme Indonesia, 1955
 Akademi Industri Pariwisata dan Akademi
Perhotelan di Bandung, since 1962.
 Lembaga Pariwisata Republik Indonesia
(GATARI) in 1966, while in 1969 it was
changed to be Direktorat Jenderal Pariwisata.
 TOURISM HISTORY
ERA TIME TRANSPORTATION MODE TOURISM ACTIVITIES

PALEOLITHIC 32,000 BC – 10,000 On Foot None.

BC People travelled for basic needs

NEOLITHIC > 10.000 BC Animals, vessels, two-wheel chariot Trade travel. First coins used.
Latter, for religious and spiritual purposes.

ROMANS 0 – 500 AD Roads were built. Horses, chariot, Recreation purposes started, visit
Litter (coach carried by slaves) colloseum.Roads completed by inns, stable
for animals, itineraries, maps, and a tour
guide (vetturino).

MIDDLE AGE 500 AD – 1.000AD On foot, animals,

ship (travel outside Europe) Pilgrimages

RENAISSANCE 1.400 – 1.700 AD Ship Grand Tour of Europe for the young and rich
people.

INDUSTRIAL AGE 1.700 – 1.800 AD First tour by Thomas Cook, circular notes
Railroads (traveller’s cheque), emergence of the hotel
industry, spa

MODERN AGE > 1919 Automobile, ship, airplane

Mass tourism