Physik 1. Introduction and Mathematical

Soheil Mirzapoor
• Studied Mechanical Engineering

• MBA Student
• Marketing Coordinator and Physics Lecturer at the
Freshman Institute
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© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 1
Introduction and
Mathematical Concepts
Physics Department of the Freshman Institute of FH Aachen

Soheil Mirzapoor
References:
- Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th Edition by Paul A. Tipler
- Physics,9th Edition by John D. Cutnell, Kenneth W. Johnson

Einführung und
mathematische Konzepte
Physics Department of the Freshman Institute of FH Aachen
Soheil Mirzapoor
References:
- Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th Edition by Paul A. Tipler
- Physics,9th Edition by John D. Cutnell, Kenneth W. Johnson

The Nature of Physics
Physics has developed out of the efforts of men

and women to explain our physical environment.
Physics encompasses a remarkable
variety of phenomena:
planetary orbits
radio and TV waves
magnetism
lasers
many more!
Die Natur der Physik
Die Physik hat sich aus den Bemühungen von Männern und
Frauen entwickelt, unsere physikalische Umwelt zu erklären.
Die Physik umfasst eine bemerkenswerte Vielfalt von

Phänomenen:
Planetenbahnen
Radio- und Fernsehwellen
Magnetismus
Laser
Und viel mehr!
The Nature of Physics
Physics predicts how nature will behave

in one situation based on the results of
experimental data obtained in another
situation.
Newton’s Laws → Rocketry
Maxwell’s Equations → Telecommunications

Die Natur der Physik
Die Physik sagt voraus, wie sich die Natur in einer

Situation verhalten wird, basierend auf den
Ergebnissen experimenteller Daten, die in einer
anderen Situation gewonnen wurden.
Newtonsche Gesetze → Raketentechnik

Maxwellsche Gleichungen → Telekommunikation

1.4 Trigonometry

1.4 Trigonometry
ho
sin  
h
ha
cos  
h
ho
tan  
ha

1.4 Trigonometry
ho
tan  
ha
ho
tan 50 

67.2m
ho  tan 50 67.2m   80.0m



1.4 Trigonometry
 ho 
  sin  
1
h
 ha 
  cos  
1
h
 ho 
  tan  
1
 ha 
1.4 Trigonometry
 ho   2.25m 
  tan   1
  tan 
1
  9.13

 ha   14.0m 
1.4 Trigonometry
Pythagorean theorem: h h h
2 2
o
2
a

Scalars and Vectors
A scalar quantity is one that can be described

by a single number:
temperature, speed, mass
A vector quantity deals inherently with both

magnitude and direction:
velocity, force, displacement

Skalare und Vektoren
Eine skalare Größe ist eine Größe, die durch eine

einzelne Zahl beschrieben werden kann:
Temperatur, Geschwindigkeit, Masse
Eine Vektorgröße befasst sich von Natur aus sowohl

mit der Größe als auch mit der Richtung:
Geschwindigkeit, Kraft, Weg

Scalars and Vectors

Vector Addition and Subtraction
Often it is necessary to add one vector to another.

5m 3m
8m

2.00 m
6.00 m
R  2.00 m   6.00 m 
2 2 2
R 2.00 m  6.00 m 2 2
 6.32m
R
2.00 m
© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

6.00 m 12. Oktober 2022 | 21
tan   2.00 6.00

  tan 2.00 6.00  18.4 1 
6.32 m
2.00 m

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

6.00 m 12. Oktober 2022 | 22
When a vector is multiplied

by -1, the magnitude of the
vector remains the same, but
the direction of the vector is
reversed.

  
AB B
  
A A B
 
AB

The Components of a Vector
 
x and y are called the x vector component

and the y vector component of r.

The vector components of A are two perpendicular
 
vectors A x and A y that are parallel to the x and y axes,
  
and add together vectorially so that A  A x  A y .
It is often easier to work with the scalar components

rather than the vector components.
Ax and Ay are the scalar components

of A.
xˆ and yˆ are unit vecto rs with magnitude 1.

A  Ax xˆ  Ay yˆ

Example
A displacement vector has a magnitude of 175 m and points at
an angle of 50.0 degrees relative to the x axis. Find the x and y
components of this vector.
sin   y r
 
y  r sin   175 m  sin 50.0  134 m
cos   x r
 
x  r cos   175 m  cos 50.0  112 m


r  112 m xˆ  134 m yˆ
Die Komponenten eines Vektors
Beispiel
Ein Verschiebungsvektor hat eine Größe von 175 m und
schließt einen Winkel von 50,0 Grad mit der x-Achse ein.
Finden Sie x und y Bestandteile dieses Vektors.
sin   y r
 
y  r sin   175 m  sin 50.0  134 m
cos   x r
 
x  r cos   175 m  cos 50.0  112 m


r  112 m xˆ  134 m yˆ
Addition of Vectors by Means of Components
  
C AB
 
A  Ax xˆ  Ay yˆ B  Bx xˆ  By yˆ

Addition of Vectors by Means of Components

C  Ax xˆ  Ay yˆ  Bx xˆ  By yˆ
  Ax  Bx xˆ  Ay  By yˆ
C x  Ax  Bx C y  Ay  By
Rules for Differentiation
Taking the derivative by using the definition is a lot of work.
Perhaps there is an easy way to find the derivative.

Objective
 Todifferentiate functions using the
power rule, constant rule, constant
multiple rule, and sum and difference
rules.
The Derivative is …
 Used to find the “slope” of a function at a point.
 Used to find the “slope of the tangent line” to

the graph of a function at a point.
 Used to find the “instantaneous rate of change”

of a function at a point.
 Computed by finding the limit of the difference

quotient as ∆x approaches 0. (Limit Definition)
Notations for the
Derivative of a Function
f '( x) “f prime of x”
y' “y prime”
dy
“the derivative of y with respect to x”
dx
dy
is a noun.
dx
d
is a verb. “Take the derivative with respect to x…”
dx
 Differentiation
is the process of
computing the derivative of a
function.
You may be asked to:

 Differentiate.
 Derive.
 Find the derivative of…

 Working with the definition of the
derivative is important because it
helps you really understand what the
derivative means.
The Power Rule
d N
[ x ]  Nx N 1 , N is any real number
dx
d
[ x]  1
dx
The Constant Rule
d
[c]  0, c is a constant
dx
 The derivative of a constant function

is zero.
The Constant Multiple Rule
d
[c  f ( x) ]  c  f '( x)  , c is a constant
dx
 Thederivative of a constant times a

function is equal to the constant
times the derivative of the function.
The Sum and Difference Rules
d
[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  f '( x)  g '( x)
dx
The derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives.
d
[ f ( x)  g ( x)]  f '( x)  g '( x)
dx
The derivative of a difference is the difference of the derivatives.
Constant Rule
 Find the derivative of:
f ( x)  7
f '( x)  0
y  3
dy
0 or y '  0
dx
Power Rule
 Differentiate:
f ( x)  x3 g ( x)  x100
f '( x)  3x 2
g '( x)  100 x 99
y  x9
dy
 9x 8
dx
Constant Multiple Rule
1
y  2x 3
dy
 2 1
3 x
 23

dx
dy 2
 2
dx 3x 3
4 x2 4 2
f ( x)   x
5 5
f '( x)  54  2x 
8
f '( x)  x
5
g ( x)  5 x 7
g '( x)  35 x 6
Rewriting Before Differentiating
Function Rewrite Differentiate Simplify
5 5 5 15
f ( x)  f ( x )  x 3 f '( x )  ( 3 x 4 ) f '( x )   4
2 x3 2 2 2x
7 7 2 7 14
g( x )  g( x )  x g '( x )  (2 x ) g '( x )  x
3 x 2 3 3 3
1 1  12 1
h( x )  x h( x )  x 2 h '( x )  x h '( x )  1
2 2x 2
1
j( x )  2
1 2x
3
1  2 53  1
j( x )  j '( x )    x  j '( x )   5
3
2 x 2
2 3  3x 3
1 23
j( x )  x
2
Sum & Difference Rules
 Differentiate:
f ( x)  5 x 2  7 x  6
f '( x)  10x 7
g ( x)  4 x 6  3x5  10 x 2  5 x  16
g '( x)  24x5 15x 4 20x 5
Conclusion
 Notations for the derivative:
f '( x) dy
y'
dx
 The derivative of a constant is zero.
 To find the derivative of f (x) = xN
1. Pull a copy of the exponent out in
front of the term.
2. Subtract one from the exponent.
1.2 Units
Physics experiments involve the measurement

of a variety of quantities.
These measurements should be accurate and

reproducible.
The first step in ensuring accuracy and

reproducibility is defining the units in which
the measurements are made.
1.2 Units
SI units
meter (m): unit of length
kilogram (kg): unit of mass
second (s): unit of time

1.2 Units
1.2 Units
The units for length, mass, and time (as

well as a few others), are regarded as
base SI units.
These units are used in combination to

define additional units for other important
physical quantities such as force and
energy.
1.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving
THE CONVERSION OF UNITS
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 hp = 746 W
1 liter = 10-3 m3
Example 1 The World’s Highest Waterfall
The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela,

with a total drop of 979.0 m. Express this drop in feet.
Since 3.281 feet = 1 meter, it follows that
(3.281 feet)/(1 meter) = 1
 3.281 feet 
Length  979.0 meters    3212 feet
 1 meter 
Reasoning Strategy: Converting Between Units
1. In all calculations, write down the units explicitly.
2. Treat all units as algebraic quantities. When

identical units are divided, they are eliminated
algebraically.
3. Use the conversion factors located on the page

facing the inside cover. Be guided by the fact that
multiplying or dividing an equation by a factor of 1
does not alter the equation.
Example 2 Interstate Speed Limit
Express the speed limit of 65 miles/hour in terms of meters/second.
Use 5280 feet = 1 mile and 3600 seconds = 1 hour and

3.281 feet = 1 meter.
 miles   miles  5280 feet  1 hour 

Speed   65  11   65     95
feet
 hour   hour  mile  3600 s  second
 feet   feet  1 meter 

Speed   95  1   95    29
meters
 second   second  3.281 feet  second
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
[L] = length [M] = mass [T] = time
Is the following equation dimensionally correct?
x  vt1
2
2
L 2
L   T  LT
T 
Is the following equation dimensionally correct?
x  vt
L
L   T   L
T 
Significant Digits
What are significant digits?
The significant digits in a
measurement consist of all the
digits known with certainty
plus one final digit, which is
uncertain or is estimated.
For example: Study the diagram below.
Using the ruler at the top of the diagram, what is the length of
the darker rectangle found in between the two rulers?
Answer: The length is between 4 and 5 cm. The “4” is certain, but the
distance past 4 cm will have to be estimated. A possible estimate might be
4.3. Both of these digits are significant. The first digit is certain and th
second digit is uncertain because it is an estimate.
Using the ruler at the bottom of the diagram, what is the length of
the darker rectangle found in between the two rulers?
Answer: The edge of the rectangle is between 4.2 cm and 4.3 cm.
We are certain about the 4.2, but the next digit will have to be
estimated. As possible estimation might be 4.27. All three digits
would be significant. The first two digits are certain and the last
digit is uncertain.
Please remember…
The last digit in a
measurement is
always the uncertain
digit.
It is significant even
if it is not certain.
The more significant

digits a value has, the
more accurate the
measurement will be.
RULE: If a number contains no
zeros, all of the digits are significant.
How many
significant digits
are in each of
the following Answers:
examples? a) 3
a) 438 b) 4
b) 26.42 c) 2
c) 1.7 d) 3
d) .653
RULE: All zeros between two non zero
digits are significant.
How many
significant digits
are in each of
examples?
a) 3
a) 506 b) 5
b) 10,052 c) 6
c) 900.431
RULE: Zeros to the right of a non zero digit
a) If they are to the right of a nonzero number
but not sandwiched between nonzero and decimal
point, they are not significant.
How many
significant digits
are in each of Answers:
the following
examples?
a) 3
b) 1
a) 4830
c) 1
b) 60
c) 4,000
RULE: Zeros to the right of a non zero digit
b) If these zeros are sandwiched between a nonzero number
and a decimal point, they are significant.
How many
significant digits
are in each of
examples?
a) 4830. a) 4
b) 60. b) 2
c) 4,000. c) 4
RULE: In decimals less than one, zeros to the right of a
decimal point that are to the left of the first non-zero digit
are never significant. They are simply place holders.
How many
significant digits
are in each of
examples?
a) 0.06 a) 1
b) 0.0047 b) 2
c) 0.005 c) 1
RULE: All zeros to the right of a decimal point and to
the right of a non-zero digit are significant.
How many
significant digits
are in each of
Answers:
the following
examples? a) 3
a) .870 b) 2
b) 8.0 c) 4
d) 5
c) 16.40
e) 3
d) 35.000
e) 1.60
Practice Problems
How many significant digits
are in each of the following
examples? Answers:
1) 47.1 1) 3
2) 9700. 2) 4
3) 0.005965000 3) 7
4) 560 4) 2
5) 0.0509 5) 3
6) 701.905 6) 6
7) 50.00 7) 4
8) 50.012 8) 5
9) 0.000009 9) 1
10) 0.0000104 10) 3

Determining Significant Digits When
Rounding
1) 689.683 grams (4 significant 1) 689.7
digits)
2) 0.007219 (2 significant digits) 2) 0.0072
3) 4009 (1 significant digit) 3) 4000
4) 4 x 10-1
4) 39.21 x 10-1 (1 significant digit)
5) 8800
5) 8792 (2 significant digits)
6) 309.00
6) 309.00275 (5 significant digits) 7) .105
7) .1046888 (3 significant igits)

Rule for Addition and Subtraction
When adding or subtracting, round the sum or difference
so that it has the same number of decimal places as the
measurement having the fewest decimal places.
Example: Add 369.3389 + 17.24
First simply add the two numbers. Answer = 386.5789
17.24 had the fewest number of decimal places with 2 places past the
decimal. The above answer will have to be rounded to two places past the
decimal.
Rounded Answer = 386.58

Find the sum or difference of the following
and round them to the correct number of
digits.
a) 39.61 – 17.3 Answers
a) 22.3
b) 1.97 + 2.700
a) 4.67
c) 100.8 – 45 a) 56
d) 296.0 + 3.9876 a) 300.0

Rule for Multiplication and Division
Express a product or a quotient to the same number of
significant figures as the multiplied or divided
measurement having the fewer significant figures.
Example: Multiply 6.99 x .25
First simply multiply the two numbers. Answer = 1.7475
.25 had the fewest number of significant digits with 2. The above answer
will have to be rounded to two significant digits.
Rounded Answer = 1.7

Multiply or divide the following and give your
answer in the correct number of significant digits.
Answers
a) 4.7929  4.9 a) 0.98
a) 20
b) 5 x 3.999
a) 900
c) 84  .09 a) 176
d) .815 x 215.7

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Soheil Mirzapoor

• Studied Mechanical Engineering

Physics Department of the Freshman Institute of FH Aachen

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 2

- Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th Edition by Paul A. Tipler

- Physics,9th Edition by John D. Cutnell, Kenneth W. Johnson

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 3

Physics has developed out of the efforts of men

Die Physik umfasst eine bemerkenswerte Vielfalt von

Physics predicts how nature will behave

Newton’s Laws → Rocketry

Maxwell’s Equations → Telecommunications

Die Physik sagt voraus, wie sich die Natur in einer

Newtonsche Gesetze → Raketentechnik

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 7

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 8

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 9

ho  tan 50 67.2m   80.0m

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 10

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 13

A scalar quantity is one that can be described

temperature, speed, mass

A vector quantity deals inherently with both

velocity, force, displacement

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 14

Eine skalare Größe ist eine Größe, die durch eine

Temperatur, Geschwindigkeit, Masse

Eine Vektorgröße befasst sich von Natur aus sowohl

Geschwindigkeit, Kraft, Weg

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 16

Often it is necessary to add one vector to another.

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 17

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 19

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

tan   2.00 6.00

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

When a vector is multiplied

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 23

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 24

It is often easier to work with the scalar components

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 27

© Freshman Program of FH AACHEN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES 12. Oktober 2022 | 30

Perhaps there is an easy way to find the derivative.

 Used to find the “slope of the tangent line” to

 Used to find the “instantaneous rate of change”

 Computed by finding the limit of the difference

You may be asked to:

 Find the derivative of…

 The derivative of a constant function

 Thederivative of a constant times a

Physics experiments involve the measurement

These measurements should be accurate and

The first step in ensuring accuracy and

kilogram (kg): unit of mass

second (s): unit of time

The units for length, mass, and time (as

These units are used in combination to

THE CONVERSION OF UNITS

Example 1 The World’s Highest Waterfall

The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela,

Since 3.281 feet = 1 meter, it follows that

(3.281 feet)/(1 meter) = 1

Reasoning Strategy: Converting Between Units

1. In all calculations, write down the units explicitly.