Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics 2 - Applications +bouyancy

9/20/2021
College of Engineering
Department of Civil and Architectural
Engineering
Principles of Engineering
Module Code: ASU_S_POE
Lecture 3
Dr. Rouya Hdeib

Office 222, Ext. 151
rouya.hdeib@asu.edu.bh
FLUID MECHANICS
Objectives
- Fluids
- Pressure, and hydrostatic Pressure
- Measuring and Using Pressure
- Buoyancy
- Fluid Dynamics
- Elasticity
Chapter 14: Fluids and Elasticity in your textbook
Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.
Principles of Engineering,
Semester 1 2020-2021, Dr. Rouya Hdeib. 1
9/20/2021
TEXTBOOK
 Knight, R.D. 2017. Physics for
Scientists and Engineers, a
Strategic Approach with Modern
Physics, 4/E. Pearson Education,
Incorporated.
Manometers Principles of Engineering
Pressure & Pascal’s Principle
“Pressure applied to any part of an enclosed

fluid is transmitted undimished to every point
of the fluid and to the walls of the container”
F
P
A
Each face feels same force

9/20/2021
Transmitting the force

Hydraulic press
F1 F2
P 
A1 A2
An applied force F1 can be “amplified”:
A2
F2  F1
A1
Examples: hydraulic brakes, forklifts,
car lifts, etc.
The Hydraulic Lift
 Consider a hydraulic lift, such as

the one that lifts your car at the
repair shop.
 The system is in static
equilibrium if
9/20/2021
Class Problem
Class Problem
9/20/2021
Buoyancy
 Consider a cylinder submerged in a liquid.
 The pressure in the liquid increases with
depth.
 Both cylinder ends have equal area,
so Fup > Fdown
 The pressure in the liquid exerts a net

upward force on the cylinder:
Fnet = Fup – Fdown
 This is the buoyant force.
Buoyancy
 The buoyant force on an object is the same as the buoyant force on the
fluid it displaces.
9/20/2021
Archimedes’ principle
 When an object (or portion of an object) is immersed in a fluid, it
displaces fluid.
 The displaced fluid’s volume equals the volume of the portion of the
object that is immersed in the fluid.
 The fluid has density ρf and the object displaces volume Vf of fluid.
 Archimedes’ principle in equation form is
Class Problem
9/20/2021
Class Problem
QuickCheckPrinciples
14.5 of Engineering
Stop to Think
A heavy lead block and a light aluminum block of
equal sizes are both submerged in water. Upon
which is the buoyant force greater?
A. On the lead block

B. On the aluminum block
C. They both experience the same buoyant force.
9/20/2021
14.5 of Engineering
Stop to Think
A heavy lead block and a light aluminum block of equal
sizes are both submerged in water. Upon which is the
buoyant force greater?

B. On the aluminum block
Same size → both displace the same volume and weight of water.
14.6 of Engineering
Stop to Think
Two blocks are of identical size. One is made of
lead and sits on the bottom of a pond; the other is
of wood and floats on top. Upon which is the

B. On the wood block
9/20/2021
14.6 of Engineering
Stop to Think
Two blocks are of identical size. One is made of
lead and sits on the bottom of a pond; the other is
of wood and floats on top. Upon which is the

B. On the wood block
The fully submerged lead block displaces more much water than
the wood block.
Archimedes’ principle – Floating Objects
 The volume of the displaced

fluid is less than the volume
of the uniform-density object:
9/20/2021

As you might have guessed
 An object will float if its average density < density of the fluid
 In other words, it will float if it displaces more fluid than its own weight.
• Specific Gravity
𝝆
• 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐝
𝝆𝒇𝒍
• If specific gravity < 1 it floats
• If specific gravity > 1 it sinks
 Most icebergs break off glaciers and are

fresh-water ice with a density of 917 kg/m3.
 The density of seawater is 1030 kg/m3:
 About 90% of the volume of an iceberg is

underwater!
9/20/2021
REFERENCES
 Knight, R.D. 2017. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, a Strategic
Approach with Modern Physics, 4/E. Pearson Education, Incorporated.
 Pinterić, M. 2017. Building Physics: From physical principles to

international standards. Springer.

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9/20/2021

Dr. Rouya Hdeib

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Pressure & Pascal’s Principle

“Pressure applied to any part of an enclosed

Each face feels same force

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Transmitting the force

An applied force F1 can be “amplified”:

Manometers Principles of Engineering

The Hydraulic Lift

 Consider a hydraulic lift, such as

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Manometers Principles of Engineering

 The pressure in the liquid exerts a net

 This is the buoyant force.

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

A. On the lead block

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

A. On the lead block

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

A. On the lead block

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

A. On the lead block

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Archimedes’ principle – Floating Objects

 The volume of the displaced

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Archimedes’ principle – Floating Objects

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

Manometers Principles of Engineering

Archimedes’ principle – Floating Objects

 Most icebergs break off glaciers and are

 About 90% of the volume of an iceberg is

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

 Pinterić, M. 2017. Building Physics: From physical principles to

Principles of Engineering, Semester 1 2021-2022, Dr. Rouya Hdeib.

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