Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are typically represented in three forms:

exponential, polar, and rectangular.
1- In the exponential form a complex number A is written as A = z e jθ
z is known as the amplitude or magnitude, θ is called the angle, and j is
the imaginary operator j = √−1

2- The polar form of a complex number A, which is symbolically equivalent to

the exponential form, is written as A = z∠θ °
Note that in this case the expression e jθ is replaced by the angle symbol θ.
3- The rectangular representation of a complex number is written as
A = x + jy
where x is the real part of A and y is the imaginary part of A, which is
usually expressed in the form
x = Real (A)
y = Imag (A)

x=z cos θ

The conjugate, A*, of a complex number A = x + jy is defined to be

A* = x − jy
ADDITION
The sum of two complex numbers A = x1 + jy1 and B = x2 + jy2 is
A + B = x1 + jy1 + x2 + jy2 = (x1 + x2) + j(y1 + y2)
that is, we simply add the individual real parts, and we add the individual
imaginary parts to obtain the components of the resultant complex number.
This addition can be illustrated graphically by plotting each of the complex
numbers as vectors and then performing the vector addition. This graphical
approach is shown

SUBTRACTION
The difference of two complex numbers A = x1 + jy1 and B = x2 + jy2 is
A − B = (x1 + jy1) − (x2 + jy2) = (x1 − x2) + j(y1 − y2)
MULTIPLICATION
The product of two complex numbers A = z1 e jθ1 = x1 + jy1
and B = z2 e jθ2 = x2 + jy2 is
AB = (z1 e jθ1 )(z2 e jθ2 ) = z1z2 e j(θ1 + θ2 ) = z1z2 θ1 + θ2
or
AB = (x1 + jy1)(x2 + jy2)
= x1x2 + jx1y2 + jx2y1 + j2y1y2
= (x1x2 − y1y2) + j(x1y2 + x2y1)

DIVISION
The result of dividing two complex numbers A = z1e jθ1 and B = z2 e jθ2
is
A/B = z1 e jθ1/ z2 e jθ2 = (z1/z2) e j(θ1 − θ2) = (z1/z2) θ1 − θ2
Example#1
If a complex number A in polar form is A = 10 30°, express A in both
exponential and rectangular forms.

A = 10 30° = 10e j30° = 10[cos 30° + j sin 30°] = 8.66 + j5.0

EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the sum A + B if A = 5 36.9° and B = 5 53.1°.

We must first convert from polar to rectangular form.

A = 5 36.9° = 4 + j3
B = 5 53.1° = 3 + j4
Therefore,
A + B = 4 + j3 + 3 + j4 = 7 + j7
= 9.9 45°

EXAMPLE 3
Given A = 5 36.9° and B = 5 53.1°, Calculate the product in both polar and
rectangular forms.
AB = (5 36.9°)(5 53.1°) = 25 90°
= (4 + j3)(3 + j4)
= 12 + jl6 + j9 + j212= 25j