Pointers To Review

Importance of research

 Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any

field or discipline. This is important since the entire system or operation
and all the stakeholders of an institution or organization are at stake.
Without scientific basis, someone may be affected or may suffer. For
example, in the field of medicine, a new drug must first be tested to
determine its efficacy in curing sickness before it can be prescribed.
 Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further
productivity in any field.
 Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and
operation such as psychological tests, intelligence quotient tests,
psychological assessments, among others.
 Research provides solutions to problems concerning at most all issues
encountered in the different areas of work.
 Research impacts decision-making.
 Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational
aspects of any discipline.
 Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a
practitioner.

Characteristics of Reasearch

Empirical-Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

researcher.

Logical-research is on valid procedure and principles.critical thinking are use.

Cyclical-Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends

with the problem.

Analytical-Research utilize proven Analytical procedures in gathering the data

whether historical descripetive and experimental and case study.
Critical-Research exhibits carefuk and precise judgemental.

Methodical-Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedure.

Replicability-The research design an procedures are replicated or repeated to

enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

Characteristics of Researcher

Intellectual couriosity-undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things and

situation around you.

Prudence-The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time
and at the right place wisely.and economically.

Healthy Critism-The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the

results.

Intellectual Honesty-The An intelligent researcher is honest to collect ot gather

data of facts in order ro arrive at honest results.

Intellectual Creativity-A productive and resourceful investigator always creates

new searchers.

Ethics of Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is the right or
wrong,proper or improper,good or bad.According to a dictionary
definition(1968)to be ethical is to conformto accepted professional practice.

Honesty-Honesty report Data,results,methods and procedures,and publication

status..Do not fabricate,falsify or misrepresent data.

Objectivity-Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,data analysis,data

interpretation,peer review,persuel decisions,grant writing,expert testimony,and
other aspects of research.
Integrity-Keep your promises and agreements;act eith sincerity atrive for
consistency of thought and section.

Carefulness-Avoid careless errors and negligence;carefully and critically examine

your own work and the work of your peers.keep good records of research
activities.

Openness-share data,results,ideas,tools,resources,preopen to critism and new

ideas.

Respect for intellectual Property

Honor patent,copyrigths,and other forms of intellectual property.Do not use

unpublished data,methods or results without permission.Give credit where credit
is due.Never plagiarize.

Qualitaive Research

Broad conversation(Get general idea generate hypothesis)

Points-Gathered Broad Knowledge-Through-Interviews,focus groups,advisory

boards,mock negotiations.

Cant be done in a large number(collect detailed data,Expamnd knowledge)

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It

can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.

Kinds of Research Across fields

The Descriptive Method-Descriptive research describes the phenomena being

studied. It addresses the “what” question. It typically describes what appears to
be happening and what the important variables seem to be.

The Correlational Research-Correlational research determines the relations

among two or more variables.
The Expiremental Method-In experimental research, the researcher manipulates
one or more independent or grouping variables, (e.g., by comparing treatment
conditions, such as an intervention group vs. a control group) and then observes
the impact of that manipulation on one or more dependent or outcome variables
(e.g., student achievement or motivation).

The Historical Research-The historical method is employed by researchers who

are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occurred in the past.
This is for the purpose of establishing facts in order to arrive at conclusions
concerning part of events or predict future events.

The Market Research-Market research is any organized effort to gather

information about target markets or customers