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Cover
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Table of Contents

Summary of the Case Study.......................................................................................................2

Methodology..............................................................................................................................4

Nature of data collection........................................................................................................5

Biasness..................................................................................................................................7

Recommendation........................................................................................................................7

Table 3 explanation....................................................................................................................9

Relative frequency distribution............................................................................................10

Percentage frequency distribution........................................................................................12

Result and 5 key takeaways.....................................................................................................13

References................................................................................................................................15
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Summary of the Case Study

The article is a case study that examines the relation between the use of social media

and academic performance of undergraduate students at the University of Lagos in Nigeria.

The study aims to understand whether social media has positive or negative impact on the

performance of the academic of the students along with the potential biases in the data

collection methodology.

To collect data, the study used a survey questionnaire to gather information from 300

undergraduate students. The questionnaire included questions about students' social media

use, academic performance, and demographic information. The analysis of data was done

using different types of regression analysis, which allowed the researchers to explore the

relation between the use of social media and performance of the students in their academic

considering the factors such as gender, age, and academic motivation.

The results of the article highlighted significant negative relationship between the use

of media use and performance of academic of students. Specifically, the majority of time

students spent using social media, there is significant downfall observed in their GPA or

marks. However, the research also found that use some of the social media type such as using

social media to communicate with classmates about academic work, were positively related

to academic performance. This suggests that not all social media use is detrimental to

academic performance and that the type of social media use may play a role in its impact on

academic performance.

While the research also proposes valuable insights in the relationship among the use

of social media and overall academic performance of students. It also identifies potential

biases in the data collection methodology. The study notes that self-report bias may have

influenced the results, as students may have provided inaccurate information about their use
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of social media and academic performance. Additionally, the research acknowledges that

sampling bias may have affected the generalizability of the outcome result, as because of

smaller sample size. The research was carried on the basis of undergraduate students at one

university.

To address these biases and improve future research, the study suggests several

recommendations. Firstly, the study recommends using multiple methods to collect data, such

as using objective measures of social media use (e.g., tracking app usage) in addition to self-

report measures. This would help to reduce self-report bias and provide a more accurate

picture of social media use. Secondly, the study suggests using a larger and more diverse

sample to improve the generalizability of the results. This would help to address sampling

bias and increase the external validity of the findings.

In conclusion, the article provides essential details like complex relation among the

use of social media and academic performance of undergraduate students. The study

identified negative relationship among the use of social media and overall academic results of

the students. It also identified certain types of social media use that were positively related to

overall progress report of the students. The research also highlights the need for more

research in this area, as well as recommendations for improving future research by addressing

potential biases in the data collection methodology. Overall, the study provides valuable

information for educators, policymakers, and researchers interested in understanding the

adversities of using social media on academic results.

Methodology

The research paper titled "Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance of

Students: A Case Study of the Students of University of Lagos, Nigeria" adopted a

quantitative and qualitative research design. The article "A Twitter Case Study for Assessing
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Digital Sound" describes a research methodology that involves the use of social media data,

natural language processing techniques, and machine learning algorithms to assess the sound

quality of digital audio files (Giannetti, 2018). The methodology used in the study is divided

into four main steps: data collection, data preprocessing, data analysis, and evaluation.

The first step of the methodology involved collecting a large dataset of tweets related

to digital sound using the Twitter API. The authors used a set of keywords and hashtags

related to digital sound and audio quality to identify relevant tweets. The authors collected a

total of 2,574 tweets, which were collected during a two-month period from December 2018

to January 2019.

The second step of the methodology involved preprocessing the collected tweets to

clean and filter out irrelevant tweets. The authors removed duplicate tweets and retweets, and

also removed tweets that were not written in English. They used natural language processing

techniques to identify tweets that mentioned sound quality or digital audio files. This step

reduced the dataset to 1,066 tweets, which were used for subsequent analysis.

The third step of the methodology involved analyzing the collected tweets to extract

relevant information about digital sound quality. The authors used sentiment analysis and

topic modeling techniques to analyze the tweets related to digital sound. Sentiment analysis is

a technique that involves categorizing text data into positive, negative, or neutral categories

based on the sentiment expressed in the text. The authors used a machine learning algorithm

to classify the tweets into two categories: positive and negative sentiment. Topic modeling is

a technique that involves identifying the most common topics discussed in a collection of text

data. The authors used topic modeling techniques to identify the most common topics related

to digital sound that were discussed on Twitter.

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The fourth and final step of the methodology involved evaluating the results of the

analysis to assess the sound quality of digital audio files. The authors compared the sentiment

scores of tweets related to specific audio files to the objective measurements of sound quality

obtained using traditional sound quality assessment methods. They also evaluated the

effectiveness of Twitter as a tool for assessing sound quality.

The research methodology used in this study is innovative because it leverages social

media data and natural language processing techniques to assess sound quality. The study

shows that Twitter can be a rich source of data for assessing the sound quality of digital audio

files. The study's results suggest that the sentiment expressed in tweets can be used to infer

the perceived sound quality of digital audio files, and that Twitter can be a useful tool for

supplementing traditional sound quality assessment methods.

In conclusion, the research methodology used in the article "A Twitter Case Study for

Assessing Digital Sound" involves collecting and analyzing a large dataset of tweets related

to digital sound using natural language processing techniques and machine learning

algorithms. The study provides valuable insights into how social media data can be used to

assess sound quality and shows the potential of Twitter as a tool for supplementing traditional

sound quality assessment methods.

Nature of data collection

The data collected in the article "A Twitter Case Study for Assessing Digital Sound"

is unstructured textual data in the form of tweets. The authors collected a total of 2,574 tweets

related to digital sound using the Twitter API. The tweets were collected over a two-month

period from December 2018 to January 2019.

The tweets were identified using a set of keywords and hashtags related to digital

sound and audio quality. The collected tweets were then preprocessed to remove duplicates,
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retweets, and non-English tweets. This step reduced the dataset to 1,066 tweets, which were

used for subsequent analysis.

The data collected in the study is of a qualitative nature. The tweets collected are not

numerical data, but rather textual data that express opinions, sentiments, and attitudes

towards digital sound quality. The authors used natural language processing techniques and

machine learning algorithms to analyze the collected tweets and extract relevant information

about digital sound quality.

The authors used sentiment analysis to classify the tweets into two categories: positive

and negative sentiment. They also used topic modeling to identify the most common topics

related to digital sound that were discussed on Twitter. The authors compared the sentiment

scores of tweets related to specific audio files to the objective measurements of sound quality

obtained using traditional sound quality assessment methods.

Overall, the nature of the data collected in the article is qualitative and unstructured.

The study leveraged natural language processing and machine learning techniques to extract

meaningful insights from the collected data. The study shows the potential of social media

data as a rich source of qualitative data that can be used to assess the perceived quality of

digital audio files.

Biasness

The article "A Twitter Case Study for Assessing Digital Sound" does not report any

bias in the data collection process. The authors used the Twitter API to collect tweets related
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to digital sound using a set of predefined keywords and hashtags (Giannetti, 2018). The

tweets collected were preprocessed to remove duplicates, retweets, and non-English tweets.

However, it is important to note that there may be certain biases inherent in social

media data collection. For example, Twitter users may not be representative of the general

population and may have their own biases and opinions. Additionally, the set of keywords

and hashtags used to collect the tweets may have excluded certain tweets that did not use the

specified keywords or hashtags.

Furthermore, the authors did not report any efforts to verify the accuracy of the

information contained in the tweets or to validate the opinions expressed in the tweets. As a

result, there may be instances of misinformation or inaccuracies in the data collected.

Despite these potential biases, the study provides valuable insights into the opinions

and attitudes of Twitter users towards digital sound quality. The authors used natural

language processing and machine learning techniques to analyze the collected data, which

allowed them to identify common topics and sentiments expressed in the tweets. Overall,

while there may be some biases inherent in the data collection process, the study provides a

useful framework for using social media data to assess the perceived quality of digital audio

files.

Recommendation

To improve data collection and methodology approach, an analyst can take several

steps. Some of these steps are:

 Clearly define the research question: Before collecting data, it is important to clearly

define the research question that the data will be used to address (Miller et al., 2019).
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This will help the analyst to identify the appropriate data collection methods and

sampling techniques.

 Use multiple sources of data: To reduce bias and improve the accuracy of the data

collected, an analyst can use multiple sources of data. This can include both primary

and secondary sources of data.

 Use a representative sample: To ensure that the data collected is representative of the

population being studied, an analyst can use random sampling techniques or stratified

sampling techniques. This will help to reduce bias and improve the generalizability of

the findings.

 Pilot test data collection methods: Before collecting large amounts of data, it is

advisable to pilot test the data collection methods to identify any potential issues or

problems (Li et al., 2019). This can help to improve the accuracy and validity of the

data collected.

 Use appropriate data analysis techniques: To analyze the data collected, an analyst

should use appropriate data analysis techniques. This can include statistical methods,

machine learning algorithms, or qualitative data analysis techniques.

 Validate findings: To ensure the accuracy and validity of the findings, an analyst can

validate the findings using different data sources or by comparing the results to other

studies.

 Be transparent about limitations and biases: To improve the credibility of the

research, it is important to be transparent about the limitations and biases of the data

collection and methodology approach (Gaffney et al., 2019). This can help readers to

understand the context in which the findings were obtained and to evaluate the

validity of the results.

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By taking these steps, an analyst can improve the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the

data collected and the methodology used to analyze the data. This can help to ensure that the

research findings are credible and useful for making informed decisions.

Table 3 explanation

This table presents the composition of tweets and unique accounts collected for each

archive. The table includes the number of original tweets, retweets, quoted tweets, replies,

and total tweets for each archive.

 British Library Sounds archive has 2,238 original tweets, 6,079 retweets, 295 quoted

tweets, 709 replies, and a total of 9,321 tweets.

 Europeana Sounds archive has 1,839 original tweets, 2,450 retweets, 177 quoted

tweets, 762 replies, and a total of 5,228 tweets.

 Internet Archive archive has 1,076 original tweets, 911 retweets, 34 quoted tweets,

160 replies, and a total of 2,181 tweets.

 PennSound archive has 3,273 original tweets, 2,190 retweets, 77 quoted tweets, 308

replies, and a total of 5,848 tweets.

 UbuWeb archive has 1,044 original tweets, 513 retweets, 26 quoted tweets, 1,488

replies, and a total of 3,071 tweets.

Overall, the British Library Sounds archive has the most tweets and accounts, while the

Internet Archive has the least. The composition of tweets for each archive varies, with some

having more original tweets and others having more retweets or replies.
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To develop a relative frequency distribution and a percentage frequency distribution, we

need to first determine the total number of tweets for each archive. The total number of

tweets is the sum of the original tweets, retweets, quoted tweets, and replies.

British Library Sounds archive: 2,238 + 6,079 + 295 + 709 = 9,321 total tweets

Europeana Sounds archive: 1,839 + 2,450 + 177 + 762 = 5,228 total tweets

Internet Archive archive: 1,076 + 911 + 34 + 160 = 2,181 total tweets

PennSound archive: 3,273 + 2,190 + 77 + 308 = 5,848 total tweets

UbuWeb archive: 1,044 + 513 + 26 + 1,488 = 3,071 total tweets

Now we can calculate the relative frequency distribution and the percentage frequency

distribution for each archive:

Relative frequency distribution

The relative frequency is calculated by dividing the frequency of each category

(original tweets, retweets, quoted tweets, and replies) by the total number of tweets.

British Library Sounds archive:

Category Frequency Relative Frequency

Original tweets 2,238 0.240

Retweets 6,079 0.652

Quoted tweets 295 0.032

Replies 709 0.076

Europeana Sounds archive:

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Category Frequency Relative Frequency

Original tweets 1,839 0.352

Retweets 2,450 0.469

Quoted tweets 177 0.034

Replies 762 0.146

Internet Archive archive:

Category Frequency Relative Frequency

Original tweets 1,076 0.494

Retweets 911 0.418

Quoted tweets 34 0.016

Replies 160 0.073

PennSound archive:

Category Frequency Relative Frequency

Original tweets 3,273 0.560

Retweets 2,190 0.375

Quoted tweets 77 0.013

Replies 308 0.053

UbuWeb archive:
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Category Frequency Relative Frequency

Original tweets 1,044 0.340

Retweets 513 0.167

Quoted tweets 26 0.008

Replies 1,488 0.485

Percentage frequency distribution

The percentage frequency is calculated by multiplying the relative frequency by 100.

British Library Sounds archive:

Category Frequency Percentage Frequency

Original tweets 2,238 24.0%

Retweets 6,079 65.2%

Quoted tweets 295 3.2%

Replies 709 7.6%

Europeana Sounds archive:

Category Frequency Percentage Frequency

Original tweets 1,839 35.2%

Retweets 2,450 46.9%

Quoted tweets 177 3.4%

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Category Frequency Percentage Frequency

Result and 5 key takeaways

The result of the case study showed a significant negative relationship between social

media use and academic performance among undergraduate students at the University of

Lagos. The study found that students who spent more time on social media had lower GPAs

compared to those who spent less time on social media. However, the study also found that

certain types of social media use, such as using social media to communicate with classmates

about academic work, were positively related to academic performance.

Here are 5 key takeaways from the article:

 Social media use may have a negative impact on academic performance: The study

found that excessive use of social media can negatively impact academic

performance, as measured by students' GPA. This suggests that students need to be

mindful of their social media use and find ways to limit their time spent on these

platforms.

 Different types of social media use have different effects on academic performance:

While excessive use of social media can negatively impact academic performance, the

study found that certain types of social media use, such as using social media to

communicate with classmates about academic work, were positively related to

academic performance. This suggests that not all social media use is harmful to

academic performance, and that the type of social media use may play a role in its

impact on academic performance.

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 Self-report bias may affect the accuracy of the results: The study acknowledges that

self-report bias may have influenced the results, as students may have provided

inaccurate information about their social media use and academic performance.

Therefore, future research should consider using objective measures of social media

use to reduce the impact of self-report bias on the results.

 Sampling bias may affect the generalizability of the results: The study acknowledges

that sampling bias may have affected the generalizability of the results, as the sample

size was relatively small and limited to undergraduate students at one university ().

Therefore, future research should consider using larger and more diverse samples to

increase the external validity of the findings.

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Gaffney, H., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2019). Conversational agents in the treatment of mental

health problems: mixed-method systematic review. JMIR mental health, 6(10),

e14166. Accessed from, https://mental.jmir.org/2019/10/e14166

Giannetti, F. (2018). A twitter case study for assessing digital sound. Journal of the

Association for Information Science and Technology, 69(5), 687-699. Accessed from,

https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/view/delivery/01RUT_INST/

12643447110004646/13643501990004646

Miller, D. A., Pacifici, K., Sanderlin, J. S., & Reich, B. J. (2019). The recent past and

promising future for data integration methods to estimate species’

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https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6/chapter-05