Contraceptive (Birth Control Pills) Intake Willingness and Influencing Factors of

Female College Students at Liceo De Cagayan University

Bea Valerie Doldolea

Francheska Margarette Flores
Rohanisah Guinar
Angeli Marie Idol
Jerry Lou Janio
Josh David Lim
Christian Perocho
Lean Quiap

April 2023

Chapter I
 Introduction

Background of the Study

One reason why women are hesitant to use oral contraceptives is the stigma

associated with them. Women who use contraceptives are often negatively labeled as

promiscuous or prostitutes. Young women are particularly affected by contraceptive use

stigma due to social pressure, gender norms, and religious beliefs regarding premarital

sex. Contraceptives have long been available for intake. Young women are at high risk

for experiencing unintended pregnancies, so oral contraceptives such as birth control pills

are the most common method and are an effective prevention strategy for reducing

maternal mortality.

In the United States, the birth control pill is the method of birth control that is

most frequently prescribed. 25% of women between the ages of 15 and 44 who use

contraception said they prefer the pill. The estrogen and progesterone-containing

combination hormonal pill is the most frequently prescribed. The hormone progesterone

prevents pregnancy, whereas the estrogen component regulates menstrual bleeding. The

purpose of birth control pills is to prevent pregnancy. This kind of birth control's

efficiency is known as usual and perfect use. (Cooper DB, Patel P, Mahdy H., 2022)

One of the most effective ways for women to fully comprehend the need to use

contraceptives is through education. Users develop misconceptions due to their

incomplete knowledge of the many aspects influencing the usage of contraceptive pills

and their side effects. Limited knowledge of contraceptives and misconceptions impact

their use as issues arise about their safety, the morality of their service, and effectiveness.

Consequent stigmatization further hinders their use.

 Contraceptives have their health risks, but they also have substantial non-

contraceptive health benefits. The benefits of modern contraceptives to women's health,

including the non-contraceptive benefits of specific methods, outweigh the risks.

Information about their risks and benefits is necessary for informed decision-making.

Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancies and reduce the risk of endometrial, and ovarian

cancer and protect against acute pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancies.

However, oral contraceptives increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. According to a

study conducted in the United Kingdom, oral contraceptive consumption lowers the

incidence of iron deficiency anemia among both past and present users (Royal College of

General Practitioners, 1970). The decrease in menstrual flow and the consequent increase

in iron reserves probably caused the effect. This benefit may be significant in developing

countries where iron deficiency is a problem (Stadel, 1986). No modern method of

contraception is entirely free of health consequences, whether adverse or beneficial, or

both.

It is in this light that this research is conducted— to examine the willingness

drive, and to evaluate the factors that influence the use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP),

including birth control pills, hormonal pills, and the like. Hence, the prevalence of

unintended pregnancies, risky induced abortions, as well as their occurrence and health-

related problems like hormonal imbalance, and such, will be reduced with increased

knowledge about the use of oral contraceptives intervention among female students at

Liceo de Cagayan University; in line with its aim in providing quality instruction,

research, and service learning for global integration, the researchers have the same goal
to enlighten the Licean-community particularly women ages 18, and above regarding

their health-concerns.

Statement of the Problem

This study will be conducted to analyze the Contraceptive (Birth Control Pills)

Intake Willingness and Influencing Factors of Female College Students at Liceo De

Cagayan University. The findings of this study will be the basis of the recommendation

specifically, the researchers seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age

1.2. Civil Status

2. How willing are the Liceo de Cagayan University female college students in

taking contraceptives in terms of:

2.1. Unwanted pregnancies

2.2. Hormonal regulation

3. How unwilling are the Liceo de Cagayan University female college students in

taking contraceptives in terms of:

3.1 Religious beliefs

3.2. Cost

3.3. Side Effects

3.4. Other health related factors

Significance of the Study

Access to family planning is a step in the right direction to reducing poverty in the

Philippines. Unplanned pregnancies have a huge impact on the lives of the parents of the

unborn fetus, the parents of those who have conceived, and the fetus itself once it comes

out.

It is without a doubt that poverty is present in the Philippines, and as a country

which attempts to rise the ranks teenage pregnancy is a problem which also needs to be

dealt with. Statistics show a drop in the number of women aged 15-19 who have ever

been pregnant, from 8.6% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2022. In terms of wealth quintile, 10.3% of

the poorest quintile have ever been pregnant while the wealthiest quintile 1.8% have ever

been pregnant (still aged 15-19). Poorer neighborhoods have a hard time taking care of

babies and malnourished babies for a fact are another problem to be dealt with.

A factor for teenage pregnancy are contraceptives and the intake willingness of

the population. Knowing how or why they do not utilize these contraceptives can better

assist the economy of the country. These small steps have a domino effect on all the lives

of the citizens of our country.

This study identifies the group of people that would be the beneficiaries of

information produced from its conduct. They are known:

TO THE FEMALE STUDENT. This study will serve as an awareness for the female

students to the benefits of intaking contraceptives and the problems that may lead from

not intaking contraceptives.

TO THE PARENTS. Through this study, parents would be able to guide and give advice

to their daughters about the influence of taking contraceptives.

 TO THE TEACHERS. This study may help teachers to teach students about sex

education in terms of taking contraceptive pills.

TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS. This study serves as a reference for the future

researchers from academic texts. They can also use this as a related study of their

research and as a basis for any defense projects in relation to this study.

Scope and Limitations

The purpose of this study is to determine the willingness and influencing variables of

female college students at Liceo de Cagayan University to use oral contraceptives (birth control

pills). Data will be gathered from 50 randomly chosen college students at Liceo de Cagayan

University. Only female college students ages 18, and above who are presently engaged in sexual

activity, and using birth control tablets will be included in the study.

There are several factors that may influence a woman’s willingness to take birth control

pills. These include her age, relationship status, number of sexual partners, and pregnancy

experiences. Age is one of the major factors as older women are more likely to be in a stable

relationship and to have experienced a previous pregnancy. Relationship status is also significant

since women who are in a committed relationship are more likely to want to avoid pregnancy.

Moreover, the number of sexual partners is considered a factor as women who have had more

sexual partners are more likely to be at risk of pregnancy. Finally, previous pregnancy is a factor

since women who have experienced a previous pregnancy are more likely to be aware of the

risks of pregnancy and to want to avoid another pregnancy in the future.

The findings of this study will provide insight into the contraceptive (birth control pills)

intake willingness and influencing factors of female college students at Liceo de Cagayan
University. This information can be used to develop programs and policies to promote

contraceptive use among college women.

Definition of terms

The following definitions are defined conceptually and explains how they are constructed

and how they are related to the study.

Students. The students of the school. Generally, female college students which is the

main target of the study.

Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCP). A type of birth control that is designed to be taken

orally by women. The pill contains two important hormones: progestin and estrogen.

Nausea. Due to the effects of a hormone produced by the placenta called human

chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). It can occur any time during the day, even though it's often

called “morning sickness.”

Coitus. Refers to physical union of male and female genitalia accompanied by rhythmic

movements: sexual intercourse.

Abortion. Termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.

Covers accidental or spontaneous ending, or miscarriage, of pregnancy as well as deliberate

termination.

Hormonal regulation. The one kind of mechanism for signaling among cells and tissues.

Unwanted pregnancies. A pregnancy that is either unwanted, such as the pregnancy

occurred when no children or no more children were desired. Or the pregnancy is mistimed, such

as the pregnancy occurred earlier than desired.

Religious beliefs. The ideas and accepted tenets of any religion.

Cost. An amount that has to be paid during and after pregnancy.

 Side effects. An undesirable secondary effect which occurs in addition to the desired

therapeutic effect of a drug or medication.

Other health related factors. The risk of having irregular periods and mood and weight

changes, especially during the first few months.

 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

To help improve women's health and well-being, empower female engagement in the

work industry, and achieve economic self-sufficiency for women, their rights to have access to

health services, such as reproductive health and a full range of contraceptive options, and to be

equipped with the fundamental knowledge of health care must be fulfilled. According to the

national public health agency of the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 99% of sexually active women in the U.S. used contraception, and 87.5% revealed

they used a highly effective reversible method. Moreover, ensuring women have access to

consistent, and affordable contraception as it is cost-effective, lowers the rate of unintended

pregnancies, and reduces maternal and child mortality (Kavanaugh et al., 2020).

The efficacy and failure rates listed for the general population for the intake of oral

contraceptive pills vary depending on the behavioral patterns of their usage based on the

following information about the two users: ideal and typical. Ideal users take the medication at

the same time every day, never miss a dose, and never experience nausea or diarrhea. About 50

of every 1,000 women who take the pills "typically" become pregnant within a year, as opposed

to one of every 1,000 women who take oral contraceptives getting pregnant within that time

frame (Cerel-Suhl & Yeager, 1999).

Women and their sexual partners opt for oral contraceptive pills over other forms of

contraception due to the following advantages: high efficacy, convenience, separation of pill

administration from coitus, reversibility, and non-contraceptive benefits including hormonal

imbalance regulation, reduced risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer, and the like. However,

there are significant barriers present that hinder women from accessing or using contraceptives

effectively and consistently. Moreover, the lack of knowledge, false beliefs, and safety concerns
regarding their side effects are identified as obstacles to using contraceptives. Studies from

Southeast Asian nations show that adolescents between the ages of 11 and 14 are experiencing

early sexual initiation. As mentioned, the age of sexually active adolescents has dropped

significantly, and for individuals who practice abstinence— sexuality education is ineffective in

addressing these issues (Habito et al., 2019). Hence, misperceptions of contraceptive

effectiveness can affect contraceptive use. It would be easier to obtain and allow for safer use if

medical professionals and patients had better knowledge of contraceptive options (American

College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2015).

Access to safe, effective contraception is both a public health and feminist imperative.

Family planning products and services are associated with a range of health benefits, including

reduced unintended pregnancies, improved infant health, and lowered pregnancy-related

morbidity and mortality (Kavanaugh & Anderson, 2013). Successful fertility control also leads to

many social and economic benefits for women, from educational attainment and personal

autonomy to relationship stability and satisfaction (Sonfield, Hasstedt, Kavanaugh, & Anderson,

2013). Thus, contraceptive access and acceptability are critical to both sexual and social health.

A severely understudied aspect of contraceptives is their sexual acceptability, or how methods

influence the user’s sexual experiences, which can in turn influence family planning preferences

and practices. Though contraception is expressly designed for sexual activity, we know little

about how contraceptives affect women’s sexual functioning and well-being. This “pleasure

deficit” (Higgins & Hirsch, 2007) is even more striking when compared to research on male-

based methods (Oudshoorn, 2003) or even newer multi prevention technologies for women, such

as microbicides (Jones et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2010; Mathenjwa & Maharaj, 2012; Sobze

Sanou et al., 2013; Tanner et al., 2009; Woodsong & Alleman, 2008; Zubowicz et al., 2006).
Researchers and policymakers have recognized that limited uptake of these latter methods will

result unless they are sexually acceptable (i.e., do not hinder or interfere with sexual pleasure) for

both partners. In comparison, portrayals of female-based contraceptives in the scientific, media,

and public policy spheres are almost entirely de-eroticized. Researchers have documented a

number of reasons why we consider contraceptives more a medical than a sexual good

(Granzow, 2007; Hensel, Newcamp, Miles, & Fortenberry, 2011). For example, advocates from

the late 19th through the end of the 20th century sought medical and legal respectability for birth

control, thus downplaying its potentially sexually revolutionary aspects—especially for women

(Tone, 2006). Even today, while advertisements for male condoms and erectile dysfunction

medications highlight sexual pleasure and enjoyment as the products’ main selling points, few

erotic scripts of contraceptives used by women exist in mainstream culture, illustrated in both

contraceptive advertisements (Medley-Rath & Simonds, 2010) and pornographic films

(Shachner, 2014). The state can also devalue women’s sexuality in place of narratives around

motherhood—as evidenced, for example, in laws surrounding health care reform and over-the-

counter access to emergency contraception (Burkstrand-Reid, 2013). 1 School-based sexuality

education similarly focuses on the harms versus the pleasures of sex (Connell, 2009; Goldman,

2008), especially for girls and young women (Fine, 1988). Clinically, care providers may lack

both tools and time to discuss sexual issues with patients (Akers, Gold, Borrero, Santucci, &

Schwarz, 2010; Bombas et al., 2012), and providers may be especially unlikely to inquire about

sexuality in relationship to new contraceptive methods (versus, say, menopause) (Kottmel,

Ruether‐Wolf, & Bitzer, 2014). Public health programs and policies can also both reflect and

perpetuate dominant gendered assumptions about women’s sexuality—for example, with female

condom programs focusing on reproductive health outcomes versus sexual rights (Peters, van
Driel, & Jansen, 2013), or with adolescent pregnancy prevention policies that emphasize “sex is

not for fun” and that young women should be sexually uninterested (Goicolea, Wulff, Sebastian,

& Öhman, 2010). All these phenomena underscore the notion that contraception is a medical

versus a sexual good; they also contribute to mixed messages about whether contraceptives

should be sexually acceptable at all for women. Despite these reasons, while contraception

certainly helps people maximize their health, women do not have sex in order to use

contraception. Rather, women engage in sexual activity for a range of recreational, relational,

and personal reasons. Overlooking these reasons will not only fail to recognize women as full

sexual agents but also limit people’s willingness to use contraception. (Gomez & Clark, 2014;

Lessard et al., 2012).

According to the study of Gomez-Torres, et. al., (2022), understanding men's thoughts

toward this contraceptive approach is vital since clinical studies to develop male contraceptive

pills are underway. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of willingness and the

factors that influence Spanish men's decision to use the male contraceptive pill. 36 situations

with four within-subject characteristics were presented to a sample of 402 Spanish men. (cost of

pills, pill efficacy, side effects and context). A man is prompted to utilize the pill by his partner

in each situation. Participants expressed their own readiness to take the medication under each

scenario. After performing a cluster analysis, it was discovered that participants' willingness to

use a contraceptive pill fell into one of seven categories: never agree (10%), mainly depends on

pill efficacy (6%), mainly depends on side effects (10%), depends on side effects and efficacy

(12%), depends on context and side effects (12%), quite always (25%), and always agree (25%).

More people were willing to use birth control pills when there were less adverse effects and the

tablets worked better. No matter what the situation, 50% of the participants would utilize the
male enhancement drug. When made available, this technique of contraception can help ensure

that everyone has equal access to reproductive freedom.

In the study of Baser, et. al., (2021), the prevalence of unintended pregnancies among

women in the immediate postpartum period in Ankara, Turkey's second-largest city, as well as

awareness of emergency contraception (EC) and understanding of its usage. On the first or

second postpartum day, in 1955 women underwent interviews. The interview was based on a

questionnaire that asked participants 19 questions about their knowledge of and experiences with

using EC as well as their attitude to utilizing it in the future. 18.2% of pregnancies were

unplanned, and 26.0% of people were aware of EC; 89.4% of those who were aware of EC knew

how to use it properly. Employment, household income, and educational attainment were

separately linked with EC awareness in the multivariate regression analysis, while gravidity,

household income, educational attainment, and the number of abortions were independently

associated with unplanned pregnancies. Age, household income, and educational level all

significantly (p .05) increased knowledge of EC; information about the proper use of EC rose

with age and educational level. The study population had poor EC knowledge, which was

correlated with household income and educational attainment. The main risk variables for

unplanned pregnancies were household income, educational attainment, and gravidity.

Therefore, governments must set up suitable health regulations and educate women starting in

youth about using contraception.

Understanding men's views regarding this contraceptive approach is essential, especially in high-

risk groups with limited access to education. A male contraceptive pill may be available soon.

According to the study of Vera Cruz, et. al., (2019), was to determine the factors that influence

Mozambican men's decision to utilize a contraceptive pill when one becomes accessible. 36
vignettes with four within-subject characteristics were shown to a sample of 412 Mozambican

men. (cost of pills, pill efficacy, side effects and context). Participants indicated their own

willingness to use the pill in each scenario where a guy is urged to do so by his partner, which

was depicted in each vignette. According to a cluster analysis, participants' desire to use a

contraceptive pill fell into one of four categories: never (11%); depends on side effects alone

(25%); depends on side effects and prices (11%); and relies on side effects and context (46%).

The socio-demographic traits of the participants were linked to these positions. A minority of the

Mozambican men in this survey seemed to think that sexual partners should share responsibility

for contraception. But when there was a major medical risk to their partner, men were more

likely to use a contraceptive pill. Only roughly one-fifth of participants were unwilling or

hesitant to use a male contraceptive pill overall.

Despite widespread knowledge of modern contraceptive methods, Tanzanians rarely use

them. Unexpected pregnancies among college students are one of the effects of low

contraception use. It's critical to understand the factors influencing the use of contraceptive

methods in order to comprehend the current hurdles. The goal of the study of Augustine, M.

(2021), is to determine how often female medical students at Muhimbili University of Health and

Allied Sciences take long-acting contraceptives. The primary goal of the study was to ascertain

how long acting reversible contraceptives were used and how they were related to other

characteristics among female undergraduates at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied

Sciences in Dar es Salaam. At Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, a descriptive

cross-sectional study of undergraduate female students was done. Students who agreed to take

part in the study were given self-administered questionnaires. 585 people in total were hired. The

usage of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) was the dependent variable in this study,
whereas independent variables included student-related characteristics and socioeconomic

demographics. The University Ethical Review Board granted permission after receiving ethical

clearance. Software from SPSS, version 25, was used for data analysis. Measures of central

tendencies and proportions were used to summarize continuous and categorical data,

respectively, while binary logistic regression (univariate and multivariate) analysis was used for

correlative analysis, with a p value of 0.05 being regarded statistically significant. 585 female

undergraduates were recruited for this study, for a recruitment rate of 97.8%. Participants in the

study had an average age of 26.1 years. (standard deviation 3.4).19.5% of LARCs were

determined to be in use. 15.4% of them used implants, while 4.1% used IUCD. The most

frequently cited reasons were the use of short-term contraceptives (89%), a fear of negative

effects (37.4%), and a concern that using LARC was inappropriate given their age. 52.6% of

people reported having a moderate level of understanding about LARCs. Despite their

knowledge of the techniques, female undergraduate students at MUHAS rarely use LARCs.

Students should get education, especially regarding the negative impacts of LARCs, the

appropriate age at which they can begin using LARCs, and how to make LARCs more

accessible. Future researches should also look into how males feel about female university

students using LARCs, as well as the significance of partner approval in terms of contraceptive

use by women.

The use of contraception is not a fast or easy process. Effective use of it is challenging,

and regular usage of it is unusual. With effective administration, the use of contraceptives may

rise. Contraceptives frequently face difficulties, whether they are connected to facilities, policies,

providers, or legal requirements, according to Speizer, Hotchkiss, Magnani, Hubbard, and

Nelson (2000:13). The successful use of contraceptives has an opportunity to benefit not just the
men, women, and children involved, but as well as their loved ones, neighborhoods, and the

country of South Africa due to its limited resources and facilities. Not usually is reproduction the

main motivation for having sex (Visser. 2000:18).

The level of socioeconomic status, awareness of contraceptives, attitudes toward

contraceptive-related issues, houses area, level of education, counseling received on

contraceptives, provider attitudes, and cultural values, norms, and beliefs are just a few of the

variables that can affect the use of contraceptives, according to the DOH (2001:7-9). The use of

self-care theory was used to link the problems with contraceptive use that develop both before

and during use for women.

Unintended pregnancies have an adverse effect on the women who do not intend to birth

children yet, or ever will, nor does it have any positive effects on the people around the pregnant

women. Unintended pregnancies put a toll on the born infant and the mother in terms of health

and financial status, also the economic status of the country. It’s clear that unintended

pregnancies will get many people off guard, as the mother of the child may be under different

drugs or absolutely not ready for raising a child, putting the mother in mental and physical

complications. Study shows women in this crowd are posed to depression, suicide, malnutrition,

mental health issues, physical, and mental abuse (1). Children who are also born intendedly are

cared for better and in turn be more successful in their later lives, in comparison to those who are

born unintendedly. These unintendedly born children are prone to neglect and turn into felons

early in their lives (2). Which is a downfall for employment in the Philippines where college

degrees are a must for easy jobs. A factor the unintendedly pregnant mother should take into

account.
 There are countries that ban safe and clean abortion because of religion and cultural

beliefs, giving space for below the table, illegal and unsafe abortions. With 500000 women dying

because of pregnancy complications in developing countries, hence making below the table

abortions a leading cause of death worldwide (3). Furthermore, it is known that the cost of

treating the complications of below the table abortions have a remarkably higher cost than safe

and in clinic abortions (4). Even though treated, below the table abortions cause irreversible

damage to the mother and negatively influences the life of both the mother and the child (2). In

turn needing allocation for funds by the health sectors and placing a financial strain on the

government (5).

Least-developed Country

Teenagers make up nearly a quarter of the population of Ghana. These teenagers base

their decisions and choices on reproductive health on their knowledge and the options that are

available to them. These selections and actions regarding reproductive health may have a

favorable or bad impact on their lives. The study of Kyilleh et al. (2018) examined adolescents'

knowledge of and decisions regarding reproductive health, as well as the types of decisions they

make and the variables influencing those decisions. The survey discovered that respondents had

little understanding about options for sexual and reproductive health, and the majority of them

relied on their peers for information. Premarital sex was frequent and accepted as natural, as was

having a sexual partner or partners. Adolescents engaged in unprotected sexual behavior as a

fertility test, assurance of love, lure for marriage, and means of subsistence. Local teenagers have

been found to use cooked pawpaw leaves, inserted herbs into the vagina, and drinking

concoctions to cause abortion. Despite being accessible in the community, reproductive health

services were underutilized due to social norms, perceived negative attitudes of healthcare
professionals, and confidentiality. The researchers concluded that adolescents generally made

unsafe reproductive health decisions that could be harmful to their reproductive health. Due to

socio-cultural and health system hurdles, adolescents in this region of Ghana struggle to access

the reproductive health services that are offered.

Religious Nation

In Zambia, a nation heavily influenced by Christian values, sexual education for

teenagers is discouraged in schools, particularly for males and girls. Given the influence of

globalization that permeates every industry today, the study of Mwanangombe et al. (2020)

investigated the utilization of contraceptives among adolescents in secondary schools in

Chongwe, Zambia and relied on a case study to produce data on adolescents' use of

contraceptives in secondary schools in the Chongwe area. The goals of the study were to

investigate the contraceptive use of secondary school students, to describe the types of

contraceptives used by secondary school students, and to analyze the effects of contraceptive use

on both the positive and negative spectrum. Almost 80% of the girls preferred injectable

contraception to other methods. In addition, females said that contraceptives had both good

monthly period flow and delayed pregnancies as favorable side effects, as well as abnormal

weight gain, blood clots, diminished libido, and headaches as bad side effects. As a result, this

study draws the conclusion that contraceptives have helped more girls complete their secondary

education and that the number of pregnancies among schoolgirls has dramatically decreased. In

order to ensure that school-age girls do not prioritize sexual connections over their education, it

is advised, among other things, that schools educate girls on how to focus on their education in

order to realize their full potential.

Developing Nations
 In developing nations, one in seven teenage females gets married before turning fifteen.

Teenage girls have a high fertility rate but a low incidence of contraception use, necessitating an

understanding of reproductive healthcare. In the study of Mardi et al. (2018), young women in

the Iranian city of Ardabil were asked about the factors that affect their usage of contraceptives.

Results reveal that young women are not empowered or equipped for marriage and birth control,

despite the high prevalence of early marriage in Iranian society. Teenage girls should receive

better sexual and reproductive healthcare services tailored to their needs. Eight subthemes and

three main themes were created. The three main themes were "misconceptions," "pressure to

become pregnant," and "insufficient familiarity with contraceptive methods."

According to Hlongwa et al. (2020), sexual behavior and the use of contraception are still

major public health issues in South Africa. Unwanted pregnancies and pregnancy terminations

continue to be very common despite several government initiatives. The study sought to map the

available data on the factors impacting sexual behavior and contraceptive use and resulted in the

identification of articles matching the inclusion criteria. Researchers observed that a woman's

decision to use a contraceptive method or change her sexual behavior is influenced by a variety

of factors, including her knowledge of the method, the length of her relationship, her sexual

debut, the age difference between her and her partner, the availability of the method, long

waiting times, and the nurse's attitudes toward clients who are younger or HIV-positive.

United States

Despite recent improvements, the number of unintended pregnancies in the US is still

significant. With greater rates among at-risk populations like racial minorities, teenage and

college-aged women, about half of all pregnancies in the United States are unplanned. These

populations frequently face issues with low socioeconomic position, increased risk of
reproductive problems, and high rates of induced abortions, which can have negative effects on

women's health (such as chronic disease, cervical tears, and mental health problems) as well as

economic repercussions. Contraception misuse, nonuse, or usage of inefficient methods are

frequently blamed for unintended pregnancies. In the study of De Maria et al. (2019), results

show that finding an IUD or implant was easier than uncomfortable or frightening. The

IUD/implant was viewed as advantageous, practical, and healthy. A sexual partner would be

more likely to endorse the use of an IUD or implant than a female mentor, mother, or friends.

The intention to consult current IUD/implant users about their opinions on LARC treatments

before deciding to use one as their preferred method received the highest rating. Additionally,

future intention to use an IUD/implant as a primary form of contraception was greater than

present intention to use during the next 12 months. Some women believed they fit the profile of

the IUD or implant user, whilst others felt they were responsible enough to take the COC every

day and believed IUDs or implants were not for women like them. A woman's identity also

included having a period once a month. In conclusion, despite the availability of longer-acting

reversible contraceptive (LARC) techniques like IUDs and implants that are more effective, the

majority of college women still take the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC). How a woman

identifies as a COC-user may have an impact on her resistance to changing procedures.

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