THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY IN THE DAILY UNDERTAKING

OF HIGH SCHOL STUDENTS

INTRODUCTION

Teenage pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy in girls within the ages of 13-

19,It is according to the United Nations Children Funds ( UNICEF). It is the global

problem and creates issues for all those concerned about young women and their

children’s health and well being. It is lso called teen pregnancy or adolescent

pregnancy. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation,

which can be before the first menstural period, but usually occurs after the onset of

periods. In well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place around the age of

12 or 13, but some girls get their first period at the age of 15 or 16.

When Covid-19 pandemic started in year 2019, the problem in pregnancy

among students started again. And It became the one and high risk problem in our

country. Not only in our country but also in the whole world.

Pregnancy among students is a health issue that has an effect on all of us.

Early pregnancy robs teenage girls of their childhood and desprives them of their right

to survival, education and future. A child having a baby as a teenager is risky

behaviors that lead to poor health issues, child welfare, and also emotional problems

such as depression. Themes related to disadvantages included, lack of preparedness,

changes or interference, and others perceptions. Children are also at greater risk for

physical. Risks for the baby include premature birth and low birth weight.
 Themes related to advantages of teen pregnancy included enhancing

connections , positive changes or benefits, and practical considerations.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

 Profile of

respondents

 Effect of
Continuing the
pregnancy in the
assessment of
daily Identified the effect
pregnancy in the
undertaking high and impact of
daily undertaking
school students pregnancy to the
high school students
 Impact of respondents
pregnancy in the

daily

undertaking high

school students
CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

Figure 1 represents the conceptual paradigm on which the study is anchored

upon. It represents the Input, Process, and Output. The input includes the respondents

profile in terms of age, gender, father’s occupational, mother’s occupational, father’s

educational attainment, mother’s educational attainment. It also includes the effect of

pregnancy in the daily undertaking of high school students.

The next components is the process, which involved the continuing

assessment of the effect and impact of pregnancy in the daily undertaking of high

school students.

The third component of the pradigm is the output. It understand the

effectiveness and impact of pregnancy in the daily undertaking of high school

students.

FEEDBACK
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study focuses on specific questions that researchers will try to answer:

1. What is the profile of the respondents with regards to;

a) Age
b) Gender
c) Father’s Occupation
d) Mother’s Occupation
e) Father’s Highest Attainment
f) Mother’s Highest Attainment
g) Numbers of sibling
h) Economic Status

2. What are the effects of pregnancy in the daily undertaking of high school students?
3. What are the problem encountered by the respondents?

4. What are the possible situation to control teenage pregnancy?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study has a significant contribution to the students who will be influenced

by their own to prevent pregnancy. And also, to the parent, teacher, school head.

THE STUDENTS. They will gain deeper understanding about the reality of

student mothers and most importantly for them to learn about the experiences of

students mother.

THE PARENT. To enable them to realize their great role in educating their

teenagers protecting and diverting them from indulging early sex especially if without

marriage.

THE TEACHER. They could be informed how important if education to the

development of children to manhood.

THE GUIDANCE COUNSELORS. The findings and observations would

provide them relevant data that can be utilized in their counseling interventions.

ADMINISTRATIONS AND FACULTY. . It would provide them

information of the importance of knowing the major factors behind early pregnancy

and the possible effects on educational development of teenagers.

THE RESEARCHERS. They will broaden their knowledge about the

experiences of pregnant students in high school.

SCOPE AND DELIMINATION

In general, the focus of the study will direct towards the effect of pregnancy in

the daily undertaking of high school students. The study will utilize the quantitative
research design to gather information, four-thy students of high school students will

be the respondents of this research. Respondents were selected through simple

random sampling from a sample frame of the students randomly selected in the said

institution to solicit for information of discussion.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

To further understand the study, the researcher defined some key terms used in

study either operationally or authority.

Pregnancy- the state of containing unborn young within the body

Teenage Pregnancy-

Effect-

Adolescent- (of a young person) in the process of developing form a child into a

adult.

Intercourse- physical sexual contact between individuals that involves the genitalia

of atleast one person.

Ovulation- the discharge of a mature ovum from the ovary.

Deprives- to take something away from.

Poverty- the state of being poor.

Depression- an act of depressing or a state of being depressed.

Interference- the act or process of interfering.

Perceptions- a result of perceiving observation.

Premature- happening , arriving, existing, or performed before the proper, usual, or

intended time.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARTURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related studies and important concepts gleamed for

literature that have had been found use full in the conceptualization of the present

study. These related studies and literature offered assessment and enrichment in the

conduct of this research work on teenage pregnancy.

FOREIGN STUDIES

The Guttmacher Institute (2006), a New York based research organization,

reported on the incidence of teenage pregnancy in the United States. Each year almost

750,000 females between ages of 15 to 19 become pregnant. The teenage pregnancy

rate in this country is at its lowest level in 30 years, down 36 percent since its peak in

1990. At the same time, the problem continues to be significant and to represent a

major challenge to educators, health care providers, and social service support system.

The good news, according to the Guttmacher Institute (2006), is that the

teenage birth rate in 2002 was 30 percent lower than the peak rate of 61.8 births per

1,000 women which was reached in 1991. Between 1988 and 2000, teenage

pregnancy rates declined in every state and in the District of Columbia. The

Guttmacher Institute (2006) also reported that among black women aged 15 to 19, the

pregnancy rate fell by 40 percent between 1990 and 2002, while declining by 34

percent among white teenagers in the same time period. Among Hispanic teenagers,

who may be any race, the pregnancy rate increased slightly form 1990 to 1992 but by

2002 was 19 percent lower than the 1990 rate.

 In sub-Sarahan Africa, in year 2013, 101 births per 1,000 were some of the

highest rates of adolescent fertility in the world. Among 14.3 million adolescent girls

who gave birth in 2008 worlwide, one of every three was from sub-Sarahan Africa.

More than 50 percent of adolescent girls gave birth by the age of 20 in the region.

According to the EDHS 2016, 13 percent of women aged 15-19 years in

Ethiopia began childbearing: 10% had a live birth, and 2% were pregnant with their

first child at the time of interview. The proportion of women aged 15-19 years who

began childbearing rose rapidly with age, from 2% among women aged 15 years to

28% among those aged 19 years.

Adolescent parents face different barriers. According to Spivak: “it has been

acknowledge that adolescent parents tend to come in high risk families have poor

academic achievement, and lived in our most disadvantaged communities and

therefore, biologic, economic, and behavioural factors contribute to the increased

likelihood of teenager having children who are vulnerable to physical and

developmental problems.

Teenage parents face many obstacles to economic and social success, and

these further influence the environment in which their children grow up. Adolescent

also experience many difficulties in adjusting to parenthood and display a range of

suboptimal parenting practices, whereas some of these appears highly resistant to

change, others have clinical, programmatic, and policy implications.

The “Lack of Parental Guidance Contributes to Teen Pregnancy”, states that

most people evade their children from taking about sex. In some case they provide

false information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any

informative discussion about sex. Also teenage mothers are not well educated about
sex before getting pregnant and thus this leads to lack of communication between the

parents and their children (Hoffman 2004).

According to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC)(2017), Combined oral

contraception (COC) pills is the most preferred method of hormonal birth control in

teenagers. This is because the process has fewer side effect in users, particularly

adolescent. CDC (2017) claims that (COC) should not be given to older women with

hypertension, complicated valvular heart disorder, hepatic disorder. ,migraines,

thrombophilia and complications that are connected to diabetes. The expert purports

that the method is most fit for teenagers because most adolescents are stable

medically and based on health.

Naomi Bar-Yam (2000) pointed out that teenagers have been having babies

since the beginning of time and this is still a norm in much of the world. In the United

States, teenage motherhood has been identified as an epidemic and a problem worthy

of debate, research, and policy initiatives. In the United States, Bar- Yam (2000)

noted that teenage childbearing disproportionately affects poor, black, and rural girls

than their middle class urban counterparts because, in part, middle class teens who

become pregnant are more likely to terminate their pregnancies. Because this is the

case, Bar -Yam (2000) suggests that it is difficult to know the actual extent of teen

pregnancies in the U.A or to determine whether or not there is any meaningful

correlation between such variables as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status and

the decision to continue or terminate a pregnancy.

 LOCAL STUDIES

The Philippines teenage pregnancy rate has increased by 60% in the year

2000-2010, according to the Philippines National Statistics Office. This is very

alarming. Teenage pregnancy often occurs between the ages of 15-19 years old, often

in this age the girls are still studying.

Another alarming fact is that the number of teenage mothers who gave birth to

their second or third child during their teenage year has increased in the last 10 years.

This is according to the data shown in the press conference in Quezon City by

Carmelita Ericta, administrator and civil registrar general of the National Statistics

Office. (Ime Morales, July 9,2013) Teenage pregnancy is a global issue and major

contributor to school drop-out among girls. Permanent expulsion was one of the

solutions made for teenage pregnancy but this has been proven ineffective and unfair

to the girls. Now there is a return to school policy where a student is temporarily

dismissed from school due to teenage pregnancy to further pursue their education.

(Okeyo, 2012)

As stated by Brown and Amankwaa (2017) “As more female college students

are involved in sexual relationships their risk of conception increases. However, when

pregnancy occur it is only the woman who bears the burden and risk of the pregnancy

and in most cases child care. “often these types of pregnancy are unplanned or

planned caring of child becomes a full time job. Having a child while being a student

becomes stressful because child rearing consumes time and energy, with a few

exceptions the women are the primary care giver of the child. (Hofferth, Reid, and

Mott, 2001 as cited by Brown and Amankwaa, 2007). According to Kidwell (2004),

rearing a child while being full-time student may be daunting and difficult however, it
will be easier if she has a partner or a family member who can help her in taking care

of the child.

With the increase of higher education students, 10% of this population are

parents or mothers who are hoping to give their child a better future and attending to

their needs through receiving a degree. These nontraditional students are often

Student Mothers and should be given special attention because aside from their role as

student they are also mothers and care gives at home. Many see or consider their

families hindrance to their education which is wrong they should see it as a motivator

because primarily, Student mother go back to studying because they want to provide

for their child. (Wilsey, 2013)

The Population Commission (POPCOM) reported that 24 babies are born to

teenage mothers every hour. About 200,000 teens in the Philippines get pregnant

annually, most of whom are 15 to 19 years of age. The World Bank notes that every

year, 47 per 1,000 births from women in the Philippines are from mothers aged 15-19.

Most alarming is the fact that there were at least 2,000 10 to 14 years-old

Filipinas who became pregnant in 2017. There was also a 63% jump in the number of

births delivered by 10 to 14-year-old teenage mothers, in data that was compared from

2011 and 2018.

This rate of teen pregnancy in the Philippines reflects sexual abuse in minors.

According to the Philippine Legislator’s Committee on Population and Development

Foundation, Inc., adolescent reproductive health and teenage pregnancy is connected

to sexual violence. POPCOM also reports that 130,000 teenage pregnancies were with
fathers aged 20 years and above. Following this, teen pregnancy is a phenomenon that

must not be taken lightly.

When pregnant students and student mothers are expected to subordinate their

needs and desires to those of their children and families, they are forced to grapple

with the conflicting roles of motherhood and studentship (Berg and Mamhute, 2013).

Brown and Amankwaa, (2007) stated that parenting is a very stressful and some

women cannot handle all the tasks involved especially the first time mothers and need

help or assistance from the people around them. Although having someone help the

mother is good but the expectation of receiving support after giving birth to a baby

often causes Stressors that may lead to depression during postpartum period. Many

student mothers have expressed feelings of guilt, worry and inadequacy in both as a

student and as a mother, (Thompson, 2004).

Though not always does being a student mother have negative effect, it also

have positive effects. Story (1999), as cited by Brown and Amankwaa, 2017 has

found out that student mothers are more responsible than those of regular students. He

has seen that girls who were irresponsible before pregnancy has become more

responsible after pregnancy and is more less likely to drop out high school than the

regular students.

For women who juggle family and student responsibilities, the lack of time is

one of the major issues faced. (Liversidge, 2004) Many student mothers use different

coping strategies to adjust to their situation. As stated by Grohman (2009), student

mothers depend on time management to handle the many different tasks of a student

mother. Another coping cited by Grohman and Renelamn (2009) is managing tasks to
handle the things needed to be done as both student and a mother as well as emotional

and physical support from both the partner and parents of the student mother.
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the type of method used in the research, the respondents

and sampling method and the research instruments that have been used. It may also

shows the type of statistical treatment that applied in order to analyze and interpret the

data gathered information.

A. RESEARCH DESIGN

In this research, a descriptive survey qualitative research design will be

used to evaluate the elements that influence students’ personality and

learning practices of High School. This is the most appropriate method on

inquiry about the present status and condition of a particular phenomenon.

B. RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The data was gathered from the High School students. This includes

grade 7-12 students SY 2023-2024.

C. DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

The data was sourced out through the questionnaire and unstructured

interview to the High School students.

Questionnaire. The instrument was pattern from other literatures and

studies similar to the present research. The researcher considers the

collaborative effort of his advicer to improve the manuscript. The

 questionnaire consists of two parts: Part l – covers the student

respondents’ profile such as: age, gender, and grade level and section.

Part ll – covers the problems presented here in as the basis in finding

out the answers through the student respondents.

D. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Before the distribution of the instrument , the researcher sought

permission from the Principal concerned before the researcher administer

the research. In like manner, the researcher personally distributed and

retrieved the instrument to ensure 100 percent returned of the instrument.