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Amptitea

Re veuse AM
3) Sahahow
A)

emitter injeoion e4kicioney ) e


3n mpont foctoy ( B*) =
Vid ondy in ohve
mat (i/ple

cUnet when bc I4 open)


Bene wtw Modularion
Eay ettect oR
tend ho e
Value of VcE ut wct ( wB)eHechve
Pinch ot cbut9 mode
>ro anayze opang
and ordte about
1: open, B3
VA = V (NA No) B DE-FB
DE-RB

Ve- utin voltage pnp Cutoffmoda Check


N- doping conch of acceptor ions (CE)
(Ae
( Sahaien)
concd of intncs seicond
(CB) (ce)
Emittu diode
Colector diodo )

vce,> Vee Q’(le, Vee)

VBE ch

Ve: Liyp Vs Vie


const |p voLtage
ofe:(Sot
wnn
VS
Volp
co nut: 'iyp çwnent)

Poteutial dividerears
4- ixed Bics t 2: colector- Ban bia 3
Vec

Tewenin

wen apply k n (S lp)


RctRB
iealy
witalaC
Stasiiy factor,S dle d

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