NETWORK [Document subtitle]

ADMINISTRATION
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CHAPTER # 1: Introduction
Q1: what is network?
A network is simply a group of two or more Personal Computers linked together. Many
types of networks exist, but the most common types of networks are Local-Area
Networks (LANs), and Wide-Area Networks (WANs).
Q2: What are networking devices?

Q3: what are network topologies?

Computers in a network have to be connected in some logical manner. The layout
pattern of the interconnections between computers in a network is called
network topology. ... There are a number of different types of network topologies,
including point-to-point, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid.

Q4: What are the types of networks?

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Types of networks?
• Personal Area Network (PAN) ...
• Local Area Network (LAN) ...
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) ...
• Campus Area Network (CAN) ...
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ...
• Wide Area Network (WAN) ...
• Storage-Area Network (SAN)
Q5: what is VPN?
Virtual Private Network shares wires with another network, but has encrypted packets of
data that only you can see. It is private through technology.
Q6: What is EPN?
An enterprise private network is a computer network built by a business to
interconnect its various company sites (such as production sites, offices and shops) in
order to share computer resources.
Q7: Differentiate between mainframes and servers?
Mainframe computers are typically large, metal boxed computers with large processing
abilities. The terminals are called "dumb terminals" because they only send and receive
data, leaving the processing to the mainframe. And /server refers to the way two
computer programs interact with each other. The client makes a request from the
server, who then fulfills the request. Although this idea can be used on one computer it
is an efficient way for a network of computers in different locations to interconnect.
Q8: What are the examples of server?
Application server Blade server
Cloud server
Database server
Dedicated server
File server
Mail server
Print server
Proxy server
Standalone server
Web server

Q9: What was the first computer network?

The first-ever computer-to-computer link was established on ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network), the precursor to the Internet, on October 29,
1969.
Q10: What is application server?

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Shares network-enabled versions of common application software and eliminates the

need for software to be installed on each workstation

Q11: what is blade server?

A blade server is a server chassis housing multiple thin, modular electronic circuit
boards, known as server blades. Each blade is a server in its own right, often dedicated
to a single application.

Q12: What is cloud computing?

The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store,
manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
Q13: What is dedicated server?
A dedicated server is a single computer in a network reserved for serving the needs of
the network. For example, some networks require that one computer be set aside to
manage communications between all the other computers.
Q14: What is Database server?
Manages common databases for the network, handling all data storage, database
management and requests for data
Q15: what is File server?
Stores network users' data files
Q16: what is Mail server?

• A mail server is an application that receives incoming e-mails from local users
(people within the same domain) and remote senders and forwards outgoing e-mails
for delivery.

Q17: what is print server?

Manages the printers that are connected to the network and the printing of user
documents on the network printers
Q18: what is proxy server?

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Proxy servers used to filter requirements, get better appearance, and share out
connections. Proxy Servers exist among a client programs usually a Web browser and
an external server.

Q19: What is web server?

• A Web server is a computer program that serves requested HTML pages or files. In
this case, a Web browser acts as the client.

Q20: what is NIC?

A NIC controls the wired and wireless connections of a computer to exchange
information with other computers and the Internet.
Q21: What is a network administration?
A network administrator is responsible for installing, maintaining and upgrading any software or
hardware required to efficiently run a computer network. The IT or computer network may
extend to a local area network, wide area network, the Internet and intranets.

Q22: How we use networking in our daily life?

• The use of network can enhance communication between employees in an

organization and also with external clients.
• Most companies have an intranet.
o A private network belonging to the company.
o Allows communication between employees and also between branches.
• Some companies also have an extra net.
o A network (or network resources) to provide suppliers, vendors,
customers, limited access to corporate data.
o Example of common data to be shared: order status, inventory, part lists.
• The use of technology like VPN (virtual private network) allows employees to
access company’s intranet remotely.
o Work can be done even though the employee is outstation or at home.

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CHAPTER # 2: Microsoft Windows Client-End

Q1: what is the introduction of Microsoft windows?

Windows is Microsoft's flagship operating system (OS), the de facto standard for home and
business computers. The graphical user interface (GUI)-based OS was introduced in 1985 and
has been released in many versions

Q2: What is window?

A window is a separate viewing area on a computer display screen in a system that allows
multiple viewing areas as part of a graphical user interface (GUI). Windows are managed by
a windows manager as part of a windowing system. A window can usually be resized by the
user.

Q3: What is the custom installation of windows?

When you perform a custom install of Windows 10, a clean install of Windows 10 is
performed only on the same partition as the previous installation of Windows to replace it, and
the previous installation is moved into the C:\Windows.old folder as a backup

Q4: What are windows?

A window is a separate viewing area on a computer display screen in a system that allows
multiple viewing areas as part of a graphical user interface (GUI). Windows are managed by
a windows manager as part of a windowing system. A window can usually be resized by the
user.

Q5: What is the role of windows?

A window is a separate viewing area on a computer display screen in a system that allows
multiple viewing areas as part of a graphical user interface (GUI). Windows are managed by
a windows manager as part of a windowing system. A window can usually be resized by the
user.

Q6: Define client?

A client is the receiving end of a service or the requestor of a service in a client/server model
type of system. The client is most often located on another system or computer, which can be
accessed via a network.

Q7: Define server?

A server is a computer, a device or a program that is dedicated to managing network resources.
Servers are often referred to as dedicated because they carry out hardly any other tasks apart
from their server tasks.

Q8: Definition of: client/server environment?

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A networking environment that is made up of clients and servers running applications designed
for client/server architecture. See client/server. The client-server model describes how
a server provides resources and services to one or more clients. Examples of servers include
web servers, mail servers, and file servers. Each of these servers provide resources
to client devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

Q9: Basic component of network?

Computer networks share common devices, functions, and features including servers, clients,
transmission media, shared data, shared printers and other hardware and software
resources, network interface card(NIC), local operating system(LOS), and the
network operating system (NOS).

Q10: Define domain?

Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, thedomain name
microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domainnames are used in URLs to
identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URL
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name is pcwebopedia.com.

Q11: Define client end troubleshooting?

Troubleshooting is a systematic approach to problem solving that is often used to find and
correct issues with complex machines, electronics, computers and software systems. The first
step in troubleshooting is gathering information on the issue, such as an undesired behavior or
a lack of expected functionality.

Q12: Define client maintenance?

Client maintenance programs can be a boon to any business that's providing professional or
legal services to its clients. ... For example, your firm's client maintenance program could
include free phone calls, emails, a pre-set amount of face-to-face meetings each year, or an
annual meeting to review existing documents.

Q13: What is the basic concept of a network?

A network connects computers, mobile phones, peripherals, and even IoT
devices. Switches, routers, and wireless access points are the
essential networking basics. Through them, devices connected to your network can
communicate with one another and with other networks, like the Internet.
Q14: What is domain?
Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name
microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to
identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URL
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name is pcwebopedia.com

Q15: what is joining a domain?

A domain join is a feature introduced in Windows 7 that allows the user to securely connect
remotely to their work domain using your work network credentials

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CHAPTER NO.3: Installation and configuration

1. Define computer hardware.

Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of a computer system. This
includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. It also includes all the parts
inside the computer case, such as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and
many others.

2. Enlist hardware requirement.

• Architecture
• Processing power
• Memory
• Secondary storage
• Display adapter
• Peripherals

3. Define processing power.

Often known as CPU power, CPU cycles, Processing power is the ability of a computer to
manipulate data. Processing power varies with the architecture (and clock speed) of the
CPU -- usually CPUs with higher clock speeds and those supporting larger word sizes have
more processing power than slower CPUs supporting smaller word sizes

4. Define memory.
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily
like RAM (random access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory). Memory
devices utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating systems, software,
and hardware.

5. Define secondary storage.

Secondary storage refers to storage devices and media that are not constantly accessible
by a computer system. Examples include external hard drives, portable flash drives, CDs,
and DVDs. These devices and media must be either plugged in or inserted into a computer
in order to be accessed by the system.

6. What is display adapter?

A plug-in card in a desktop computer that performs graphics processing. Also commonly
called a "graphics card" or "video card," modern display adapters use the PCI Express
interface, while earlier cards used PCI and AGP.

Q6: What is the architecture of a system?

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A system architecture or systems architecture is the conceptual model that defines the
structure, behavior, and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal
description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about
the structures and behaviors of the system

7. Define peripherals.
A computer peripheral is any external device that provides input and output for
the computer. For example, a keyboard and mouse are input peripherals, while a monitor
and printer are output peripherals. ... Some peripherals, such as external hard drives,
provide both input and output for the computer.

8. What are remote register services?

As the name implies, it is a service that enables remote administrators or users to connect
to a desktop or server system and view or modify the Windows registry. ... The
Windows Remote Registry Service is a viable tool for remotely handling management
tasks without needing to manually log into the system.

9. Define configure active directory?

Active Directory is the Microsoft® Windows-based application of an LDAP
directory structure. Active Directory lets you expand the concept of domain hierarchy

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used in DNS to an organizational level. It keeps information and settings for an organization
in a central, easy-to-access database.

10. Define network address translation.

Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into
another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are
in transit across a traffic routing device.[1] The technique was originally used as a shortcut to
avoid the need to readdress every host when a network was moved. It has become a
popular and essential tool in conserving global address space in the face of IPv4 address
exhaustion. One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway can be used for an
entire private network.

Q11: What is FAT and NTFS?

FAT stands for File Allocation Table and FAT32 are an extension which means that data is
stored in chunks of 32 bits. ... NTFS stands for New Technology File System and this took over
from FAT as the primary file system being used in the Windows system.

Q12: what is Firewall?

A firewall is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
You can implement a firewall in either hardware or software form, or a combination of
both. Firewalls prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing private networks connected
to the internet, especially intranets.

Q13: What is Network Address Translation?

Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another
by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit
across a traffic routing device.

Q14: What is DNS?

The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to
translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP
address is returned.
Q15: What does Print Server Management mean?
Print server management is the process of managing servers that were set up to
handle print jobs in a distributed network. It is used in a network that offers remote
printing options.
Q16: What is NAT?
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another
by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit
across a traffic routing device.

Q17: What is active directory?

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(AD) is a directory service that Microsoft developed for the Windows domain networks. It is
included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set
of processes and services. Initially, Active Directory was only in charge of centralized domain
management. Starting with Windows Server 2008, however, Active Directory became an
umbrella title for a broad range of directory-based identity-related services.

Q18: What is the role of active Directory?

• Schema Master – one per forest

• Domain Naming Master – one per forest
• Relative ID (RID) Master – one per domain
• Primary Domain Controller (PDC) Emulator – one per domain
• Infrastructure Master – one per domain

Q19: What is organizational Unit?

An organizational unit (OU) is a subdivision within an Active Directory into which you can
place users, groups, computers, and other organizational units. You can
create organizational units to mirror your organization's functional or business structure.
Each domain can implement its own organizational unit hierarchy.

CHAPTER # 4: Microsoft Windows Server

1. Enlist the major features of Active directory?

Following are the major features of active directory:
• Easy administration using group policy.
• Scalable to any size n/w.
• Flexible (install/uninstall).
• Extensible (modify the schema).

2. Define group policies?

Group Policy is a hierarchical infrastructure that allows a network administrator in
charge of Microsoft's Active Directory to implement specific configurations for users
and computers. Group Policy can also be used to define user, security and
networking policies at the machine level.

3. What does multi-master replication mean?

Multi-master replication is a method of database replication which allows data to
be stored by a group of computers, and updated by any member of the group.

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4. What is standards compliance?

Compliance is either a state of being in accordance with established guidelines or
specifications, or the process of becoming so. ... The definition of compliance can
also encompass efforts to ensure that organizations are abiding by both industry
regulations and government legislation.

5. Define the roles of active directory domain controllers?

A domain controller is the centerpiece of the Windows Active Directory service. It
authenticates users, stores user account information and enforces security policy for
a Windows domain.

6. Define Window User.

Windows USER is a component of the Microsoft Windows operating system that

provides core functionality for building simple user interfaces. The component has
existed in all versions of Windows, and includes functionality for window
management, message passing, input processing and standard controls.

7. Enlist the basic functions of Microsoft active directory?

Active Directory is a distributed directory service included with Microsoft Windows
Server operating systems. Active Directory enables centralized, secure management
of an entire network, which might span a building, a city, or multiple locations
throughout the world.

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8. Define Window Server.

Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop operating system
counterparts and are designed to more efficiently handle corporate networking,
Internet/intranet hosting, databases, enterprise-scale messaging and similar
functions.

9. Define Window Client.

Windows client, a Windows desktop or laptop PC, The term is used to contrast a
user's machine with a server in the network.

10. Write the services of firewall?

A firewall is a set of related programs located at a network gateway server that
protect a private network's resources from outside network users.
... Firewalls represent one component of a strategy to combat malicious activities
and assaults on computing resources and network-accessible information.

11: What is Schema master?

(One per forest) maintain the master copy of schema. The Schema Master FSMO role
owner is the DC responsible for performing updates to the directory schema. This DC is
the only one that can process updates to the directory schema. Once
the schema update is complete, it is replicated from the Schema Master FSMO role
owner to all other DCs in the directory.
12: what is Domain naming master?
The Domain Naming Master FSMO role owner is the DC responsible for making changes to
the forest-wide domain name space of the directory in the Partitions container. This DC is the
only one that can add or remove a domain or application NC from the directory.

13: What is infrastructure master?

The Infrastructure Master (IM) is a domain-wide FSMO (Flexible Single Master of Operations)
role responsible for an unattended process that "fixes-up" stale references, known as phantoms,
within the Active Directory database or DIT (Directory Information Table)

14: What is User, Group and computer in ADS?

A computer object is a security principal. This means that just as with a user, you can
give permissions for resources and assign security group memberships to the
computer. Applying permissions to security groups instead of OUs is a generally
accepted best practice. For user objects, you can delegate part of this and automate
most of the rest, leaving a small amount of manual work for system admins to perform.
15: What is role of an Active Directory?

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A server running Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is called

a domain controller. It authenticates and authorizes all users and computers in a
Windows domain type network—assigning and enforcing security policies for all
computers and installing or updating software.
16: Define configuration of an Active Directory?
To Configure Windows Active Directory and Domain Controller
• Log in as an administrator to the Windows 2000 or 2003 server host.
• From the Start menu, go to Administrative Tools > Manage Your Server. ...
• Install the Active Directory Domain Controller. ...
• Install Windows Support Tools. ...
• Create a new user account. ...
• Create a user account to map to the Kerberos service.
17: What are the functions of an Active Directory?
Basic Functions of Microsoft Active Directory. Active Directory is a
distributed directory service included with Microsoft Windows Server operating
systems. Active Directory enables centralized, secure management of an entire
network, which might span a building, a city, or multiple locations throughout the world .
18: What are the features of an Active Directory?
Active Directory Domain Services provides the features listed in the following table.
Active Directory Domain Services implements its features in accordance with published
Internet standards such as LDAP and DNS. Advantages include: Choice
of authentication packages.

CHAPTER # 5: Micro-soft Windows Server 2008 Network

Infrastructure

1. How does infra structure means?

Network infrastructure is the hardware and software resources of an entire network that enable
network connectivity, communication, operations and management of an enterprise network. It
provides the communication path and services between users, processes, applications, services
and external networks/the internet.

Q: What is the major function of Network infrastructure?

• Network infrastructure is the hardware and software resources of an entire

network that enable network connectivity
• It provides the communication path and services between users, processes,
applications, services and external networks/the internet.

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Q: What is the features?

Networking devices may include gateways, routers, network bridges, modems, wireless access
points, networking cables, line drivers, switches, hubs, and repeaters; and may also include
hybrid network devices such as multilayer switches, protocol converters, bridge routers, proxy
servers, firewalls, network address .

2. Difference between network hardware and software services.

Network Hardware:
Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are
physical devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a
computer network. Specifically, they mediate data in a computer network.
Network Software:
Networking software is a foundational element for any network. It helps administrators deploy,
manage and monitor a network. Traditional networks are made up of specialized hardware,
such as routers and switches that bundle the networking software into the solution.

3. Shortly describe the function of computer server?

The function of a computer server is to store, retrieve and send computer files and data to other
computers on a network. ... On a larger scale, the worldwide computer network known as the
Internet depends on a large number of servers located around the world.
4. Define IP address?
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address that is assigned to every
single computer, printer, switch, router or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-based
network.
The IP address is the core component on which the networking architecture is built; no network
exists without it.
5. Define Domain Name Server (DNS).
Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a phone book. They maintain a
directory of domain names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
This is necessary because, although domain names are easy for people to remember,
computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses.
Information from all the domain name servers across the Internet are gathered together and
housed at the Central Registry. Host companies and Internet Service Providers interact with the
Central Registry on a regular schedule to get updated DNS information.
6. Define DHCP Server infrastructure?

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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to

dynamically assign an IP address to any new node entering the network. DHCP permits a node
to be configured automatically, thereby avoiding the necessity of involvement by a network
administrator. Manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network and
maintains the unique IP address of the host using a DHCP server.

7. Shortly explain Wire connections?

A wired network is a common type of wired configuration. Most wired networks use Ethernet
cables to transfer data between connected PCs. In a small wired network, a single router may
be used to connect all the computers. Larger networks often involve multiple routers or switches
that connect to each other.

8. Enlist the benefits of wired connections?

Advantages for devices that are physically attached to a network generally include: faster data
upload and download speeds, more security in regard to potential data interference or theft, and
more reliable connection speeds.
9. What is wireless connection?
In networking terminology, wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where
there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the
network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications.
10. Enlist the benefits of wireless connection?
Wireless networks enable multiple devices to use the same internet connection remotely, as
well as share files and other resources. They also allow mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets
and mobile phones to move around within the network area freely and still maintain
a connection to the internet and the network.

11: How to connect a networking?

1. Click Start.
2. Click Control Panel.
3. Click Network Connections.
4. Click the wireless network connection icon.
5. Click View available wireless networks.
6. Choose the wireless network from the list that appears, and then click Connect.
7. Type in your Wireless Network Key (Passphrase), and click Connect.
12: Define Network monitoring?
Network monitoring is the use of a system that constantly monitors a computer network for
slow or failing components and that notifies the network administrator (via email, SMS or other
alarms) in case of outages or other trouble.

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13: What is file management?

A file management system is a type of software that manages data files in a computer system.
It has limited capabilities and is designed to manage individual or group files, such as special
office documents and records. It may display report details, like owner, creation date, state of
completion and similar features useful in an office environment
14: What is Print management?

Print management is essentially the management of various print tasks. Some software
companies have developed sophisticated print management software to help human users
coordinate all of the processes that take place between a printer and the machines that
demand print jobs.

Ayesha Junaid , CIT deptt, GCTW, LHR March 2019