SECONDARY SCHOOL

IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME
(SSIP) 2019

GEOGRAPHY

TERM 3
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY REVISION

9 SESSIONS
SESSIONS SUBTOPIC
Session 1 Economic Sectors
Session 2 Agriculture
Session 3 Mining
Session 4 Farming
Session 5 Questions on Graphs and tables
Session 6 Food Security
Session 7 Informal Sector
Session 8 IDZs, SDI’s, Industrial Regions
Session 9 All short objective questions

ACTION VERBS IN ASSESSMENTS

VERB MEANING SUGGESTED

RESPONSE
Account to answer for - explain the cause of - so as to Full sentences
explain why
Analyse to separate, examine and interpret critically Full Full sentences
sentences
Annotate to add explanatory notes to a sketch, map or Add labels to drawings
drawing
Appraise to form an opinion how successful/effective Full sentences
something is
Argue to put forward reasons in support of or against a Full sentences
proposition
Assess to carefully consider before making a judgment Full sentences
Categorize to place things into groups based on their One-word
characteristics answers/phrases
Classify to divide into groups or types so that things with One-word answers
similar characteristics are in the same group - to /phrases
arrange according to type or sort
Comment to write generally about Full sentences
Compare to point out or show both similarities and Full sentences
differences
Construct to draw a shape A diagram is required
Contrast to stress the differences, dissimilarities, or Full sentences
unlikeness of things, qualities, events or problems
Create to develop a new or original idea Full sentences
Criticise to make comments showing that something is bad Full sentences
or wrong
Decide to consider something carefully and decide what Full sentences
should be done
Defend to say things to protect something Full sentences
VERB MEANING SUGGESTED
RESPONSE
Define to give the concise and clear meaning Full sentences
Devise to invent a method to do something Full sentences
Demonstrate to show or make clear - to illustrate and explain - to Full sentences
prove by reasoning and evidence - examples can
be given
Describe to list the main characteristics of something - give Full sentences
an account of
Develop to successfully develop and create a new Full sentences
method/idea
Differentiate to show the difference between things Full sentences
Discriminate to recognize the difference between things Full sentences
Discuss to examine by means of argument, presenting both Full sentences
sides and reaching a conclusion
Distinguish to recognise the difference between things Full sentences
Draw to show by means of a sketch A diagram is required
Evaluate to make an appraisal or express an opinion Full sentences
concerning the value - to define, analyse and
discuss
Examine to look at something carefully - to analyse and Full sentences
discuss
Explain to make clear, interpret and spell out the material Full sentences
you present
Find to make a formal decision about something Full sentences
Formulate to express an idea/opinion in a carefully organised Full sentences
way
Give to state facts without discussions One-word answers
Identify to give the essential characteristics of - to name One-word answers
Illustrate to show what something is like - to show that Full sentences
something is true
Interpret to give an explanation of - to give the meaning of Full sentences

Investigate To try to find the facts about something Full sentences

Justify List to write an itemized series of concise Full sentences
statements to prove or give reasons for decisions One-word answers
or conclusions, using logical argument
Locate to find the exact place where something is One-word answers
Mention providing relevant facts Full sentences
Name to state something - give, identify or mention One-word answers
Outline give a summary, using main points and leaving out Full sentences
minor details
Plan to think carefully about a series of actions that you Full sentences
need to take in order to achieve something
Predict to say what you think will happen - to foretell - to Full sentences
say in advance
Prioritise to place in order of importance One-word answers
Propose to suggest a plan - to make a formal suggestion Full sentences
VERB MEANING SUGGESTED
RESPONSE
Provide to state facts without discussions Full sentences/ one-
word answers
Question to have or express doubts about something Full sentences
Rate to consider that something has a particular quality Full sentences/ one-
or achieved a particular quality/level word answers
Recall to remember something Full sentences/ one-
word answers
Recognize to accept that something is true or important - to Full sentences/ one-
give approval to something word answers
Recommend to advise that something should be done Full sentences
Report to produce an official statement or written Full sentences
document
Select to choose something from a greater whole One-word answers
Sketch to illustrate with a simple drawing A diagram is required
Solve to find a solution to something that is causing Full sentences
difficulties
State to present information plainly without discussion One-word answers
Suggest to propose an explanation or solution Full sentences
Show to make clear - to point out - to explain Full sentences
Support to show that an idea/statement is true Full sentences
Tabulate to group like terms or activities under specific One-word
headings answers/phrases
Tell to recognize something as a result of knowledge One-word answers
Test To examine something to find out if it is satisfactory Full sentences
or has a specific quality
Use To do something using a specific skill or method Full sentences

Value to consider the importance/worth of something Full sentences

Verify to check/prove that something is correct Full sentences
Write to create a formal document Full sentences
SSIP TERM 3
REINFORCEMENT: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
TERMINOLOGY / DEFINITIONS
Primary activities the extraction of natural resources from nature.

Secondary activities: activities that make raw materials more useful and valuable

Tertiary activities All services rendered.

Quaternary activities Research and Information Technology – specialised services to find

solutions to problems that humans face.
GDP Gross national product – the total value of all services rendered and
goods produced in a country in one year.
GNP Gross National Product –the total value of all final goods and services
produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its
citizens (including income of those located abroad), minus income of
non-residents located in that country.

Balance of trade: the difference of between the value of all imports compared to all
exports. If the value of imports exceeds that value of exports, we have a
negative trade balance and the difference must be paid from reserves
like gold. A positive trade balance implies income for the country.

Food security this is when all the people in a country have access to enough healthy
food
Food insecurity a country that cannot supply in the demand for food by its people

1. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY

1.1. Economic sectors - definitions and examples

ECONOMIC SECTOR DEFINITION EXAMPLES

Primary Sector Extraction of natural Farming / agriculture, Fishing, Hunting Forestry,

resources Mining

Secondary Sector To make raw materials Processing (e.g. canning of food)

more useful and
Manufacturing e.g. cars, electrical equipment,
valuable
parts

Tertiary Sector Services rendered All levels of Government, education, health,

wholesale, medical, legal, personal, professional,
 banking, cleaning, security, transport,
communication.

Quaternary Sector Research and Research to improve productions and solve

Information problems in all sectors and improved
Technology communications systems.

1.2. Contribution of economic sectors to the South African economy

Each of the economic sectors contribute to the economy

ECONOMIC SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY

Primary Sector Render natural resources e.g. Food, Wood, Minerals – Raw materials to
supply secondary sector

Ensure food security

Job creation

Skills development

Exports render foreign income

Secondary Sector Change raw materials into useful valuable products

Multiplier effect boost economy and other economic sectors

Employment, skills development

Boost infrastructure development

More valuable products bring in more revenue when exported

Tertiary Sector Major employer

Skills development

Quaternary Sector Support other sectors by ensuring communication and improved

production and solving problems.

Employment and skills development

SESSION 1
Economic Sectors
Topic – Economic Sectors
March 2014

FIGURE 3.5: CONTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC SECTORS TO THE GDP OF SA

Overview of economic
activities

Agriculture, forestry and

fishing...........
Mining and 1,7
quarrying........
Manufacturing............... 21,3
.....
Electricity, gas and 2,4
water.....................
Construction.................. 2,4
.....
Wholesale, retail, motor 12,7
trade and
accommodation......
Transport, storage and 11,6
communication..............
.....
Finance, real estate, 15,9
business services............
Personal 5,7
services..............
General government 11,7
services..........................
.....
Taxes, less subsidies on 9,8
products.........................
.....

3.5 Study the graph in FIGURE 3.5, (attached) which shows the contribution of the various economic
sectors to the gross domestic product (GDP) of South Africa.

3.5.1 Define the term gross domestic product. (1 x 2)

3.5.2 What percentage does the primary sector contribute to the GDP? (1 x 2)
3.5.3 Which economic sector contributes the biggest percentage to the GDP? (1 x 2)

3.5.4 Describe TWO factors that have promoted manufacturing in South Africa. (2 x 2)

3.5.5 Suggest TWO ways in which manufacturing contributes to the economy of South Africa. (2 x 2)

Topic: Primary Activities

November 2014

4.2 Study FIGURE 4.2 which represents two different types of farming in South Africa.

4.2.1 Give ONE term that best describes the type of farming at A. (1 x 1)

4.2.2 Give ONE term that best describes the type of farming at B. (1 x 1)

4.2.3 Indicate whether EACH of the following statements refers to farming type A or farming type B.
You may use the same answer for more than one question.

(a) Uses scientific farming methods

(b) Contributes most to the GDP

(c) Produces a variety of crops in small quantities

(d) Uses machinery

(e) Limited capital outlay

(f) Aimed at the export market (6 x 1)

November 2015

FIGURE 3.5: MARKET-ORIENTATED SECONDARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

3.5 Refer to FIGURE 3.5, showing a market-orientated secondary economic activity, and answer the
questions that follow.

3.5.1 Define the term secondary economic activity. (1 x 1)

3.5.2 What is a market-orientated industry? (1 x 1)

3.5.3 Why is this bakery market orientated? (1 x 2)

3.5.4 State TWO characteristics of the bakery that make it a light industry (2 x 2)

3.5.5 Discuss TWO factors that are likely to influence production costs at this bakery. (2 x 2)

3.5.6 Explain the economic importance of light industries for the economy of South Africa. (2 x 2)
November 2015

FIGURE 4.2: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

4.2 Refer to FIGURE 4.2, showing economic activities in two countries. Indicate whether each of the
descriptions below refers to the pie charts of economic activities in country A or country B.
Write only the letter (A or B) next to the question number (4.2.1–4.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.

4.2.1 Most people employed in service delivery

4.2.2 Most people employed in farming activities

4.2.3 Has the largest manufacturing sector

4.2.4 More economically developed country

4.2.5 Country with the lowest GDP

4.2.6 Country with the largest number of skilled workers

4.2.7 Country with the greatest potential for economic growth (7 x 1)

Nov 2017
FEB-MARCH 2017
SESSION 2
Agriculture
March 2014

FIGURE 4.6: AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Surface area farmed in South Africa 12%

Arable land 22%
Irrigated land 1,3 million hectares
Contribution to GDP 3%
Employment 7%
Agricultural exports 6,5%

4.6 Study the information on agriculture in South Africa in FIGURE 4.6 (attached).

4.6.1 To which economic sector does agriculture belong?

(1 x 2)

4.6.2 Why does agriculture contribute so little to the GDP?

(1 x 2)
4.6.3 State TWO physical factors that influence the contribution of agriculture to the GDP.
(2 x 2)

4.6.4 How does exporting agricultural products contribute to the economy?

(1 x 2)

4.6.5 The labour force on farms is generally unstable and affects production negatively. Give TWO
reasons for this instability.
(2 x 2)
Dec 2016
FIGURE 4.5: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

4.5 Study FIGURE 4.5, which shows current trends in the South African agricultural production.

4.5.1 Which crop in South Africa has shown an increase in production since 2014? (1 x 1)

4.5.2 Name the crop showing the greatest decrease in production from 2014 to 2015. (1 x 1)
4.5.3 State the relationship between crop yields and hectares planted for the period 2014 to 2015. (1
x 2)

4.5.4 Give TWO possible reasons for your answer to QUESTION 4.5.3. (2 x 2)

4.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest measures that can be employed to
improve crop production to meet the needs of the growing South African population. (4 x 2)

May-June 2018
MAY-JUNE 2017
SESSION 3
Mining
November 2014

4.6 FIGURE 4.6 captures the instability at Lonmin's Marikana mine. The instability has had a negative
impact on South Africa's GDP.

MARIKANA MINERSʹ STRIKE

*Lonmin owns a platinum mine near Marikana in Rustenburg. A recent strike for increased wages has
led to a breakdown of trust between the union and workers. There has been much violence and
killing of workers over the past few months.

According to the Bench Marks Foundation, the benefits of mining are not reaching the workers or the
surrounding community. They claim that workers are exploited and exposed to safety hazards
such as falling rocks, dust, high noise levels and dangerous fumes.

*Lonmin is the British producer of platinum group metals.

[Source: Adapted by examiner]

4.6.1 What initiated the Marikana strike? (1 x 1)

4.6.2 State TWO safety hazards that the miners are exposed to. (2 x 1)

4.6.3 Besides industrial activities, discuss why the instability at Lonmin's Marikana mine will impact
negatively on the GDP. (3 x 2)

4.6.4 How can the owners (Lonmin) of the Marikana mine improve working conditions at the mine?
(3 x 2)
March 2015

FIGURE 3.6: INDUSTRY AND MINING

3.6 Refer to FIGURE 3.6 which is a map of South Africa that shows where various minerals are mined
and main industrial areas are found.

3.6.1 Which industrial area is situated in the centre of a number of mines? (1 x 1)

3.6.2 How do the mines support industrial growth in the area mentioned in QUESTION 3.6.1?
(2 x 2)

3.6.3 Give ONE reason why three of the four industrial regions are located along the coastline
(1 x 2)

3.6.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss how industrial area 4 contributes to the
economic development of South Africa. (4 x 2)
Feb 2016
4.5 Read the extract in FIGURE 4.5 on coal mining in South Africa.

FIGURE 4.5: MINING

COAL MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA
Coal mining in South Africa plays a significant role in the country's economy, as it is
responsible for nearly three quarters of Eskom's fuel supply. It also supplies coal to
SASOL, who produces around 35% of the country's liquid fuel.
Coal mining in South Africa is centred on the Highveld, with roughly 60% of the
country's deposits located in eMalahleni (Witbank) and surrounding areas.
[Source: http://www.projectsiq.co.za/coal-mining-in-south-africa.htm]

4.5.1 Name the province in which most of South Africa's coalfields are
found. (1 x 1)

4.5.2 Name TWO of South Africa's major industries that are dependent
on coal as a raw material. (2 x 1)

4.5.3 State TWO environmental problems resulting from coal mining in

South Africa. (2 x 2)

4.5.4 Mining and coal-dependent companies should work together to

rectify environmental injustices associated with coal mining. In a
paragraph of about EIGHT lines, explain how this can be achieved. (4 x 2)

Dec 2016

FIGURE 3.5: MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA

RENEWAL OF THE SA MINING INDUSTRY

Friday 11 September 2015, 18:21
The South African mining and minerals industry has been the basis of the South African economy for
more than a century. Mining contributes approximately 17% to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the
country, both directly and indirectly.
The South African mining sector faces significant challenges under the current downturn in commodity
prices. Platinum, coal, steel and gold markets are affected. The increase in input costs, such as labour
and direct and indirect energy-related costs, coupled with lower productivity levels, has impacted
negatively on the sector.
While there have been improvements in mining along the way, it is still very reliant on traditional
methods of extraction, which are labour-intensive and costly, and have elements of risk to employees'
safety and health.
[Adapted from www.csir.gov.za]

3.5 Read the extract in FIGURE 3.5 based on mining in South Africa.
3.5.1 Give TWO reasons in the extract for the decrease in the contribution of mining to the GDP.
(2 x 1)

3.5.2 State ONE physical factor that could endanger a miner's life below surface.
(1 x 2)
3.5.3 Discuss TWO possible reasons for the increasing input costs of labour. (2 x 2)

3.5.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines and discuss the direct and indirect contribution
of mining to the GDP of South Africa. (4 x 2)

SESSION 4
FARMING
Cattle Farming
November 2015

FIGURE 4.5: CATTLE FARMING

SOUTH AFRICA'S BEEF INDUSTRY: WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?

12:00 (GMT+2), Saturday 31 August 2013

By Lloyd Phillips

While South Africa has what appears to be a thriving beef industry, its average productivity, compared
with that of other countries, shows that it is not achieving its full potential. This is partly due to the low
productivity of our informal beef farming sector. This problem needs to be corrected. The South African
beef industry is in a position to take advantage of Africa's increasing middle-class expenditure and
increased population growth from one billion to two billion people by 2050 – and the associated
demand for red meat. In recent years there have been worldwide improvements in beef feeding
practices and herd quality through the use of modern technologies. These technologies have failed to
find their way into South Africa's informal beef farming sector. Due to several factors, including
environmental concerns, the national beef herd cannot be increased, and existing production methods
therefore need to be improved.

[Adapted from Farmer's Weekly, 31 August 2013]

4.5 Study FIGURE 4.5 based on cattle farming and answer the questions that follow.
4.5.1 Why, according to the article, is South Africa's beef production not at the same level as that of
other countries? (1 x 1)

4.5.2 Why is there a need to increase beef production in future? (1 x 1)

4.5.3 Why does South Africa have such a large informal cattle farming sector? (1 x 2)

4.5.4 Suggest TWO ways in which the South African government can assist informal cattle farmers to
improve their productivity levels. (2 x 2)

4.5.5 State TWO environmental concerns associated with cattle farming. (2 x 2)

4.5.6 Besides being a source of food, give ONE other reason why the beef industry is important to the
South African economy. (1 x 2)

MAY-JUNE 2016
SUGAR CANE FARMING
SESSION 5
Use of Graphs and tables
November 2014
3.5 Refer to FIGURE 3.5 showing the contribution of agricultural products to South Africa's
economy.

FIGURE 3.5: CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS TO SOUTH

AFRICA'S ECONOMY

2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012

Year

Imports

Exports

The estimated value of imports for 2011/2012 amounted to R48 790 million, an increase of 25,7% from
R38 815 for 2010/2011. The value of exports increased by 12,3% from R45 721 million in 2010/2011 to
R51 357 million in 2011/2012.

[Source: www.nda.agric.za]

3.5.1 Did South Africa import or export more agricultural products in 2011/2012? (1 x 1)

3.5.2 Under which economic sector does agricultural production fall? (1 x 1)

3.5.3 By what percentage did South Africa's exports of agricultural products increase between
2010/2011 and 2011/2012? (1 x 1)

3.5.4 State TWO benefits for the South African economy of a strong home market in terms of
agricultural production. (2 x 2)

3.5.5 Suggest TWO ways in which agricultural activities contribute to the development of
infrastructure in South Africa. (2 x 2)

3.5.6 Evaluate how unreliable rainfall contributes to food insecurity. (2 x 2)

March 2015

FIGURE 4.2: TABLE SHOWING CONTRIBUTION TO GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES

% CONTRIBUTION TO GDP
Electricity 2,8%
Construction 3,2%
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 4%
Mining 5%
Manufacturing 14%
Transport, storage and communication 16%
Government services 16%
Wholesale and retail trade, hotel and restaurant 17%
Finance, insurance, real estate and business services 22%

4.2 Study FIGURE 4.2 which is a table of statistics showing the contribution of various economic
activities to the gross domestic product in South Africa.

4.2.1 Which economic activity contributed the least to South Africa's GDP?

4.2.2 What percentage did the primary sector contribute?

4.2.3 Does the primary or tertiary sector contribute a greater percentage to the economy?

4.2.4 Name the economic activity that falls into the secondary sector

4.2.5 Which economic sector must have the highest percentage to indicate that a country has a
developed economy?

4.2.6 Do the statistics for South Africa show a developed country or a developing country?

4.2.7 Name the highest contributing economic activity in the tertiary sector.

4.2.8 Give another name for the tertiary sector. (8 x 1)

MAY-JUNE 2018
FEB-MARCH 2017
SESSION 6
Food Security
Topic: Food Security

March 2014
FIGURE 3.6: FOOD SECURITY FOOD SECURITY
Research by the United Nations shows that there are about 7 billion people in the world today; a billion of them
hungry. Forty years from now there will be 9,2 billion people. To meet this demand, 70% more food will have to
be produced than in 2000.
International policy, such as the use of agricultural subsidies, has caused the cost of production in the USA and UK
to drop. Thus farming of certain products in poor nations, such as in Africa, is not viable. US poultry can be landed
in Africa cheaper than the cost of production in Africa.
[Source: Adapted from an interview with Professor Mark Laing, UKZN]

3.6 Refer to FIGURE 3.6, (attached) an article based on food security.

3.6.1 Define the term food security.
(1 x 2)

3.6.2 Why are poor countries, like those in Africa (according to the article), not able to compete with
rich countries to increase food production?
(2 x 2)

3.6.3 Food insecurity has had many negative effects in certain countries. Name any TWO such effects.
(2 x 2)

3.6.4 State TWO factors that have caused food insecurity in Africa.
(2 x 2)

3.6.5 Genetically modified (GM) crops are being promoted as a solution to food insecurity in Africa.
Take the advantages and disadvantages of GM crops into account and write a paragraph
(approximately 12 lines) in which you discuss whether GM crops should be introduced to Africa.
(6 x 2)

March 2015

FIGURE 4.5: FOOD SECURITY

Study FIGURE 4.5 which is a cartoon showing how the world leaders of the eight most economically
developed countries view the problem of food security.

4.5

4.5.1 What do we call the group of countries seated around the table? (1 x 1)

4.5.2 What evidence in the cartoon shows that the eight people around the table have little regard for
food security? (1 x 1)

4.5.3 State TWO factors that the eight countries have in common. (2 x 1)

4.5.4 Explain TWO reasons why some countries have problems with food security. (2 x 2)
4.5.5 How can the use of genetically modified crops improve food security in poor countries? (3 x 2)

November 2015

Food Security

3.6 On national level, 45,6% or approximately two out of four households in South Africa are food
secure.

3.6.1 Define the term food security. (1 x 1)

3.6.2 Give the percentage of the South African population that is food insecure. (1 x 1)

3.6.3 Discuss TWO natural factors that contribute to food insecurity. (2 x 2)

3.6.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines in which you propose measures that can be put
in place to improve food security in South Africa. (4 x 2)

Nov 2017

3.6 FIGURE 3.6 is a table showing South Africa's position on the global food security index.

3.6.1 Describe the change in South Africa's food security index score from 2012 to 2016.
(1 x 1) (1)

3.6.2 State the change in South Africa's world ranking in terms of the food security index from 2012 to
2016. (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3 When is a country considered to be food secure? (1 x 2) (2)

3.6.4 Explain the positive impact of having food security in South Africa.
(2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines in which you analyse the reasons for South
Africa's low food security index. (4 x 2) (8)

SESSION 7
Informal Sector
Topic Informal Sector

November 2014

4.5 South Africa's informal sector is growing at a rate of 7,7%, making it the fastest growing
economic sector. This is closely linked to unemployment.

4.5.1 Define the concept informal sector. (1 x 1)

4.5.2 State the percentage by which the informal sector is growing in South Africa. (1 x 1)

4.5.3 Give ONE Give a possible reason why there has been such a rapid increase in the informal
sector in South Africa recently. (1 x 2)

4.5.4 example of informal trading. (1 x 1)

4.5.5 Why are people in the informal sector reluctant to apply for trading permits? (1 x 2)

4.5.6 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, prepare a response from the City Council to explain
why it is necessary to have trading permits. (4 x 2)
Feb 2016
3.6 Informal trade is a common feature in developing countries.

3.6.1 Define the term informal sector. (1 x 1)

3.6.2 State the relationship between the unemployment rate and the
percentage of people working in the informal sector. (1 x 2)

3.6.3 Why is informal trade common in developing countries? (1 x 2)

3.6.4 How would formalising businesses impact positively on the

economy? (1 x 2)

3.6.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines in which you

suggest ways in which informal traders can be empowered to make
a meaningful contribution to the South African economy. (4 x 2)

Dec 2016
FIGURE 3.6: INFORMAL TRADING IN SOUTH AFRICA

METRORAIL BURNS DOWN HAWKERS' STALLS

Nombulelo Damba/WCN

A hawker determinedly sets up her sweets stand amid the burnt-out remains of hawkers' stalls that
were set alight at Khayelitsha Station by Metrorail security guards.
Metrorail security guards stand accused of burning down about 50 stalls from which hawkers traded at
the Khayelitsha railway station, resulting in many of the traders losing the stock they had locked up
there at night.

Metrorail has claimed that the hawkers were illegally trading on Metrorail property and 'rubble and
waste' were burnt. Metrorail said the lack of formal trading amenities led to excessive littering, which
posed a health hazard and had become an 'additional financial burden'.

[Adapted from www.wcn.co.za]

3.6 Study FIGURE 3.6 based on informal trading in South Africa.

3.6.1 Why did the Metrorail security guards burn down the hawkers' stalls? (1 x 1)

3.6.2 Give a reason why the Khayelitsha railway station is ideally located for informal trading. (1)

3.6.3 Why does Metrorail view informal trading as an 'additional financial burden'? (2 x 1)

3.6.4 What do the words, 'A hawker determinedly sets up her sweets stand' reveal about her socio-
economic condition? (1 x 2)

3.6.5 Suggest TWO ways in which informal traders could be assisted. (2 x 2)

3.6.6 Evaluate why the South African government should encourage informal trading in future.
(2 x 2)
FEB-MARCH 2017
SESSION 8
IDZs, SDI’s, Industrial Regions
TOPIC: Development Strategies

November 2014

3.6 Read the extract in FIGURE 3.6 on spatial development initiatives (SDIs).

FIGURE 3.6: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES

Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs) were introduced in post-apartheid South Africa.

The SDI programme was developed by the Cabinet in 1995 in order to improve the functioning of
government in certain regions of the country, especially in those areas where the greatest potential for
growth existed.

Eleven SDIs throughout South Africa were planned in the first phase: the Maputo Development Corridor,
the Phalaborwa SDI, the Platinum SDI, the West Coast Investment Initiative, the Gariep SDI, the Fish
River SDI, the Wild Coast SDI, the Richards Bay SDI, the Durban and Pietermaritzburg nodes, the
Lubombo SDI and the Gauteng Special Economic Zones.

[Source: www.rosalux.co.za]

3.6.1 What is a spatial development initiative (SDI)? (1 x 1)

3.6.2 Discuss the importance of SDIs for economic development in South Africa. (2 x 2)

3.6.3 Give ONE reason why the infrastructure around the newly developed SDIs needed to be
upgraded. (1 x 2)

3.6.4 With reference to ONE SDI that you have studied, explain in a paragraph of approximately EIGHT
lines how improved infrastructure supported tourism and how it has led to the upliftment of the
local community. (4 x 2)

March 2015

FIGURE 3.5: INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONES (IDZs)

SALDANHA BAY IDZ DRAWING STRONG INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT

Due to good consultation between government and the Saldanha Bay community, this town in the
Western Cape has the potential for economic growth and job creation. There are signs that direct
foreign investment will increase in the future.

Many lease agreements have already been signed by oil and gas companies. The harbour is being
expanded to cater for the growth taking place. Two major wind energy projects are being financed by
the global energy company called GDF Suez. This area also has a number of unique natural features that
attract tourists.

[Source: West Coast Business News and Directory

3.5Read the extract in FIGURE 3.5 about the Saldanha Bay IDZ and answer the questions that follow.

3.5.1 In which South African province is Saldanha Bay situated? (1 x 1)

3.5.2 Why are IDZs located away from major metropolitan areas? (1 x 2)

3.5.3 Give TWO reasons why the Saldanha Bay IDZ has the potential for economic growth. (2 x 2)

3.5.4 As an industrialist, identify any TWO incentives which would attract you to locate your industry
within an IDZ. (2 x 2)

3.5.5 State TWO advantages that this area will enjoy with the development of the wind energy
projects. (2 x 2)

March 2015

4.6 Read the extract in FIGURE 4.6 about apartheid and post-apartheid industrial development
strategies and answer the questions that follow.

FIGURE 4.6: APARTHEID AND POST-APARTHEID INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Apartheid was designed to separate people on the grounds of race. In terms of the industrial
development of South Africa, this meant that the government wanted to create areas of industrial
growth outside the main centres of 'white' South Africa. To achieve this aim, the state tried to keep
black people out of these main centres by creating black national states known as homelands – this was
to decentralise industrial development in apartheid South Africa.

Overcrowding and high levels of unemployment were predicted as massive problems in these
homelands. Growth points surrounding these homelands were identified for industrial development, so
that black people could work in these industries, yet still remain living in the homelands.

Since 1994 the post-apartheid government has advanced the development of the manufacturing sector
and encouraged the clustering of industries, through various economic policies. These policies are
geared towards making industries more productive, efficient and thus more competitive. These
economic policies are more supply-driven and include mechanisms that allow for labour mobility,
provide tax breaks as well as education and training.

[Adapted by examiner

4.6.1 Define the term decentralisation. (1 x 1)

4.6.2 What is a growth point? (1 x 1)

4.6.3 Give ONE reason why unemployment was predicted as a massive problem in the homelands.
(1 x 2)

4.6.4 Discuss the main aims of the government establishing growth points. (2 x 2)
4.6.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss the advantages of post-apartheid industrial
development strategies, such as industrial development zones, for economic development in
South Africa. (4 x 2)

TOPIC: MAIN INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

Dec 2016
4.6 The PWV/Gauteng industrial region is the largest contributor to the South African GDP. This
was only possible by overcoming the problem of water scarcity in this region.

4.6.1 What does the abbreviation PWV stand for? (1 x 1)

4.6.2 The discovery of which mineral led to the development of the PWV/Gauteng industrial region?
(1 x 1)

4.6.3 Name ONE mineral that you have studied and explain how it contributed to industrial
development in this region. (2 x 2)

4.6.4 Explain how the problem of water scarcity was overcome in the PWV/Gauteng industrial region.
(2 x 2)

4.6.5 Explain the contribution of this industrial region to the economic growth of Gauteng. (2 x 2)

Nov 2017
Nov 2017
3.5 Refer to FIGURE 3.5 based on industrial development zones (IDZ), which create opportunities for
industrial decentralisation.

3.5.1 Give an example of an IDZ in South Africa. (1 x 1) (1)

3.5.2 What is the main aim of an IDZ? (1 x 1) (1)

3.5.3 How does an IDZ create the opportunity for industrial decentralisation? (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.4 State TWO advantages of industrial decentralisation for the core industrial regions in South Africa.
(2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5 Explain how an IDZ will improve local socio-economic conditions. (2 x 2) (4)

3.6 FIGURE 3.6 is a table showing South Africa's position on the global food security index.

MAY-JUNE 2016
FEB-MARCH 2017
MAY-JUNE 2017
MAY-JUNE 2017
FEB-MARCH 2018
SESSION 9
SHORT OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Feb 2016

3.2 Choose an example from COLUMN B that matches the term in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter (A–I) next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.8) in the
ANSWER BOOK, for example 3.2.9 J.

Column A Column B
3.2.1 Primary activity A information technology
3.2.2 Secondary activity B roads, railways and communication
3.2.3 Export market C mining
3.2.4 Quaternary activity D local trade
3.2.5 Small-scale farming E gross domestic product
3.2.6 Home market F vegetable garden
3.2.7 Large-scale farming G manufacturing
3.2.8 Infrastructure H international trade
I sugar cane plantation

Dec 2016

3.2 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the
question number (3.2.1–3.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.

3.2.1 The dispersal of industries away from core areas is known as industrial
(centralisation/decentralisation).

3.2.2 An initiative that promotes industrialisation along major routes is called (spatial development
initiatives/industrial development zones).

3.2.3 Industries that are located between the raw material and the customer are called
(bridge/footloose) industries.

3.2.4 An oil refinery will be classified as a (heavy/light) industry.

3.2.5 A food-processing factory is a (primary/secondary) economic activity.

3.2.6 The sector of the economy that is associated with research and development is the
(tertiary/quaternary) sector.

3.2.7 A coal-fired power station is (raw-material/market) orientated. (7 x 1)

Feb 2016
4.2 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the
word(s) next to the question number (4.2.1–4.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, for
example 4.2.8 tertiary.

4.2.1 A (large-scale/small-scale) farmer has a small, but economically

viable piece of land which is profitably and intensively farmed

4.2.2 The lack of access to food and water, which could lead to chronic
starvation and related diseases, is known as (food security/food
insecurity).

4.2.3 When a government takes over the ownership and operations of

the mines, it is called (privatisation/nationalisation).

4.2.4 The processing of raw materials into manufactured products is

known as the (primary/secondary) sector.

4.2.5 An industry that develops when raw materials are evenly

distributed and have no influence on the location of the industry is
called a/an (bridge/ubiquitous) industry.

4.2.6 (Centralisation/Decentralisation) is the clustering of industries in

one area

4.2.7 (Bridge/Ubiquitous) industries are located between the source of

the raw material and the customer. (7 x 1) (7)

Dec 2016
4.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer
and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (4.2.1–4.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK,
for example 4.2.9 D.

4.2.1 Mining is an extractive activity that is an example of the ... economic sector.

A primary

B secondary

C tertiary

D quaternary

4.2.2 Which ONE of the following characterises the tertiary sector?

A Forestry

B Manufacturing
 C Research

D Transport

4.2.3 The overseas market where products are sold outside South Africa is known as the … market.

A home

B import

C export

D regional

4.2.4 An example of a value-added product:

A Maize

B Soya beans

C Bread

D Sunflower seeds

4.2.5 The Maputo Development Corridor links the ... industrial region with the harbour in Maputo.

A PWV

B Durban-Pinetown

C Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage

D Southwestern Cape

4.2.6 The major manufacturing industry in the Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage area is …

A iron and steel production

B motor vehicle assembly.

C the canning of fish.

D sugar refining

4.2.7 An industry that can be established where the modes of transport change is known as a/an ...
industry.

A ubiquitous

B raw material-orientated

C bridge

D footloose

4.2.8 … promote industrialisation along major routes.

 A Spatial development initiatives

B Industrial development zones

C Growth points

D Deconcentration points

March 2014

3.2 Match each of the statements below with ONE of the four core industrial areas (PWV, Durban–
Pinetown, Port Elizabeth–Uitenhage, Southwestern Cape). Write only the name of the industrial
area next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK. An answer may be
repeated.

3.2.1 Oil and sugar refineries/industries are found in this area.

3.2.2 The highest percentage of manufactured goods in South Africa is produced in this area.

3.2.3 Food processing and food canning are the main industries.

3.2.4 The closeness of raw materials favours the production of steel and metal goods.

3.2.5 The Coega IDZ is located close to this core area. (5 x 2)

(10)

March 2014

4.2 Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches the word(s)/term(s) in COLUMN A. Write
only the letter (A–F) next to the question number (4.2.1–4.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
4.2.1 Spatial Development Initiatives A movement of industries to core areas
4.2.2 Trading block B exchange of goods and services
4.2.3 Industrial centralisation C goods and services bought from foreign
countries
4.2.4 Imports D value of imports greater than exports
4.2.5 Trade E aimed at attracting businesses and improving
infrastructure
F countries with common trade agreements
(5 x
2)(10)

Nov 2014

3.2 Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer
and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.7).

3.2.1 In which ONE of the following economic sectors are raw materials extracted from nature?

A Primary

B Secondary
 C Quaternary

D Tertiary

3.2.2 A term that describes the movement of industries out of core areas:

A Nationalisation

B Agglomeration

C Decentralisation

D Centralisation

3.2.3 Which ONE of the following core industrial areas is located inland?

A South Western Cape

B PWV

C Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage

D Durban-Pinetown

3.2.4 Factors that favour mining in South Africa:

A Geology, labour and investments

B Climate, distance and foreign dependency

C Soils, land ownership and trade

D Climate, soils and trade

3.2.5 Tertiary economic activities are also known as … industries.

A extractive

B service

C processing

D technological

3.2.6 Research can be classified as a … economic activity.

A primary

B secondary

C tertiary

D quaternary

3.2.7 A … is an example of a footloose industry.

A sawmill
 B motor assembly plant

C steel industry

D dairy

March 2015

3.2 Choose a type of industry from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A. Write
only the letter (A–H) next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, for
example 3.2.8 I.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

3.2.1 Located all over the geographical area without A heavy

concentration in one particular area
3.2.2 Located close to the source of raw materials as it B light
produces perishable goods
3.2.3 Manufactures smaller products with little or no C footloose
pollution
3.2.4 Produces bulky products and located close to the D ubiquitous
market
3.2.5 Requires flat land situated next to specialised E bridge
transport facilities
3.2.6 Industries that relocated outside an existing F raw material-orientated
industrial area
3.2.7 Located where one means of transport is replaced G market-orientated
by another
H decentralised
(7 x 1)

November 2015

3.2 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A. Write
only the letter (A–I) next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK,
for example 3.2.9 J.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
3.2.1 Type of economic activity where a A formal employment
service is rendered
3.2.2 Total value of goods and services B trade
produced in a country over a period of
a year, expressed as a percentage
 3.2.3 Type of employment where C informal employment
people find work for themselves and
are not contracted by a business or
company
3.2.4 Import and export relations D Good Hope Plan
between two countries
3.2.5 Type of employment where E quaternary economic activities
people are contracted to work for a
business or company
3.2.6 Post-apartheid strategy for F tertiary economic activities
economic development
3.2.7 Economic activities that are G SDI (spatial development initiative)
concerned with scientific research and
the collecting and processing of
information
3.2.8 Apartheid strategy for economic H gross domestic product
development
I secondary economic activities

Feb 2016

3.2 Choose an example from COLUMN B that matches the term in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter (A–I) next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.8) in the
ANSWER BOOK, for example 3.2.9 J.

Column A Column B
3.2.1 Primary activity A information technology
3.2.2 Secondary activity B roads, railways and communication
3.2.3 Export market C mining
3.2.4 Quaternary activity D local trade
3.2.5 Small-scale farming E gross domestic product
3.2.6 Home market F vegetable garden
3.2.7 Large-scale farming G manufacturing
3.2.8 Infrastructure H international trade
I sugar cane plantation

Dec 2016

3.2 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the
question number (3.2.1–3.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.
3.2.1 The dispersal of industries away from core areas is known as industrial
(centralisation/decentralisation).

3.2.2 An initiative that promotes industrialisation along major routes is called (spatial development
initiatives/industrial development zones).

3.2.3 Industries that are located between the raw material and the customer are called
(bridge/footloose) industries.

3.2.4 An oil refinery will be classified as a (heavy/light) industry.

3.2.5 A food-processing factory is a (primary/secondary) economic activity.

3.2.6 The sector of the economy that is associated with research and development is the
(tertiary/quaternary) sector.

3.2.7 A coal-fired power station is (raw-material/market) orientated. (7 x 1)

Feb 2016

4.2 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the
word(s) next to the question number (4.2.1–4.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, for
example 4.2.8 tertiary.

4.2.1 A (large-scale/small-scale) farmer has a small, but economically

viable piece of land which is profitably and intensively farmed

4.2.2 The lack of access to food and water, which could lead to chronic
starvation and related diseases, is known as (food security/food
insecurity).

4.2.3 When a government takes over the ownership and operations of

the mines, it is called (privatisation/nationalisation).

4.2.4 The processing of raw materials into manufactured products is

known as the (primary/secondary) sector.

4.2.5 An industry that develops when raw materials are evenly

distributed and have no influence on the location of the industry is
called a/an (bridge/ubiquitous) industry.

4.2.6 (Centralisation/Decentralisation) is the clustering of industries in

one area
4.2.7 (Bridge/Ubiquitous) industries are located between the source of
the raw material and the customer. (7 x 1) (7)

Dec 2016
4.2 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer
and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (4.2.1–4.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK,
for example 4.2.9 D.

4.2.1 Mining is an extractive activity that is an example of the ... economic sector.

A primary

B secondary

C tertiary

D quaternary

4.2.2 Which ONE of the following characterises the tertiary sector?

A Forestry

B Manufacturing

C Research

D Transport

4.2.3 The overseas market where products are sold outside South Africa is known as the … market.

A home

B import

C export

D regional

4.2.4 An example of a value-added product:

A Maize

B Soya beans

C Bread

D Sunflower seeds

4.2.5 The Maputo Development Corridor links the ... industrial region with the harbour in Maputo.

A PWV

B Durban-Pinetown
 C Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage

D Southwestern Cape

4.2.6 The major manufacturing industry in the Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage area is …

A iron and steel production

B motor vehicle assembly.

C the canning of fish.

D sugar refining

4.2.7 An industry that can be established where the modes of transport change is known as a/an ...
industry.

A ubiquitous

B raw material-orientated

C bridge

D footloose

4.2.8 … promote industrialisation along major routes.

A Spatial development initiatives

B Industrial development zones

C Growth points

D Deconcentration points

Nov 2017
May-June 2018

Feb-March 2016
MAY-JUNE 2016
MAY-JUNE 2016

FEB-MARCH 2018