THEORIES AND PRACTICES century, like the 1891 Columbian Exposition,

Chicago
- Emphasis was on grand formal designs, with
1. THE GARDEN CITIES
wide boulevards, civic spaces, arts, etc.
- DANIEL BURNHAM spearheaded the
movement with his design for Chicago and his
famous words: “make no little plans…”
- Also credited for the designs of San Francisco
and Cleveland
- BARON HAUSMANN - worked on the
reconstruction of Paris- linear connection between
EBENEZER HOWARD – author of “Tomorrow: A the place de concord, arc de triomph, eiffel tower
Peaceful Path To Social Reform” and others

GARDEN CITY PLANS - cluster with a mother

town of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller garden cities
of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green
space separating the cities with the towns

The Garden City Association - established by

Howard in 1899
-CHAMPS D’ ELYSEE
Letchworth - first
Garden City designed
3. NEW CAPITALS
by Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker in
BRASILIA - capital of
1902
Brazil and a completely
- Consisted of 4,500
new twentieth-century
acres (3000 for
city
agriculture,1500 for
- DESIGNED BY
city proper)
LUCIO COSTA with a
lot of influence from Le
- Welwyn, 1920 (by
Corbusier
Louis de Soisson)
- With two huge axes
- brought formality
in the sign of the cross, one for gov’t,
and Georgian taste
commerce, and entertainment, the other for the
residential component
- Oscar Niemeyer was among the architects
employed to design the buildings
- Hampstead Garden Suburbs- meant only for
housing but with a variety of housing types
CHANDIGARH -
lined along streets with terminating axes on
Capital of Punjab
civic buildings in a large common green.
province of India, and
the only realized plan of
2. THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT:
Le Corbusier
- Original Master Plan
BY ALBERT MYER
- A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport
surrounding residential superblocks or
sections each based on the rectangle and
measuring 800x1200 meters
- Influenced by the world fairs of the late 19th - The whole plan represents a large scale
 application of the Radburn principle
regularized by Le Corbusier’s predilection for
the rectilinear and the monumental.
- CANBERRA,
AUSTRALIA IN 1901
- Canberra’s design
taken from the
principles of the city
beautiful movement 6. RADICAL IDEAS:
- design reflected the
principles of the city beautiful movement with a
triangular formation of three important
buildings: the Court of Justice, the Parliament
House, and the Capitol Building, with each
apex pointing to another important building or
monument.
NEW DELHI, INDIA
- Designed by Sir
Edward Lutyens
- based on the great
east-west axis of
Kingsway, 1.5 miles
long, with the
Government House on a hilltop in the West
end, and the eastern counterpoint a large
hexagonal space reserved for palaces of the
native princes.
- covers 2650 hectares, yet growth beyond a
population of 57,000 was not contemplated as
low garden-city type density was envisioned
lack of land lead to his design of the…
THE MILE HIGH TOWER -
Proposed to house a significant
amount of Manhattan residents to
free up space for greenfield 10 or
more of these could possibly replace
all Manhattan buildings
THE LINEAR CITY- proposed by Spanish
Engineer Soria Y Mata
STALINGRAD -N.A Milyutin, 1930
THE ARCOLOGY
ALTERNATIVE–
the 3D city by Paolo
Soleri
MOTOPIA - Proposed
by Edgar Chambless
Vehicular traffic will be
along rooftops of a
continuous network of
buildings, while the
streets will be for
pedestrian use only

4. THE CITY OF TOWERS SCIENCE CITIES - Proposed by the “metabolism

group”; visionary urban designers that proposed
- Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book - underwater cities, “biological” cities, cities in
“the Cities of Tomorrow” pyramids, etc.
- His first plan for high density living was Unite
d’ Habitation,in Marseilles THE FLOATING CITY-
- A “super building with 337 dwellings in 10 acres Kiyonori Kikutake
of land
- He also conceptualized Le Contemporaine,
high rise offices and residential buildings with
a greenbelt for a population of 3,000,000
people
THE BARBICAN CITY– a
- New York City – present day city of towers along 63 acre area. mixed used
with Houston, Chicago, Toronto development that was
built in response to the
5. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT pressures of the
automobile. An early type of Planned Urban
BROADACRE - FLW proposed that every family development that had all amenities in one
in the U.S.live in one acre of land. Problems with compound with multi-level circulation patterns.

7. THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
- by Clarence Perry
and Clarence Stein
- Defined as the
Physical Environment
wherein social, cultural,
educational, and
commercial are within easy
reach of each other
concerns self-
sustainability of smaller
units
- The elementary school as the center of
development determines the size of the
neighborhood
8. CONTEMPORARY WORLD URBANIZATION
“Millionaire” cities - large cities were the
exception prior to the twentieth century, but a few
did exist in antiquity.
- Leading World Cities in 900 a.d:
- Improved infrastructure
- Iron and steel construction technology
- the electric elevator
- Improved medicine
“MEGALOPOLIS” – concept coined by Jean
Gottmann for urban complexes in the Northeastern
United States.
- The term means “Great City” in Greek. Today it
is used to refer to massive urban concentrations
created from strong physical linkages between
three or more large cities.
 Boston – New York – Philadelphia –
Washington (U.S.A.)
 San Diego – Los Angeles – San Francisco
(U.S.A.) Dortmund – Essen – Duesseldorf
(Germany)
 The Hague – Rotterdam – Amsterdam
(Netherlands)
 Tokyo – Yokohama – Nagoya – Osaka – Kobe
(Japan)

URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION

1. LANDFORM
• Topography

- Large cities subsequently dwindled in the

middle ages
- Millionaire ciies generally did not emerge until - Flat
the 20th century - Hilly
- Leading World Cities in 1900
• Relationship with Nature

- cities within nature

- cities and nature
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - generated jobs, - nature within the cities
increased productivity, and opened up mass
2. SHAPE
markets for goods.
• RADIOCENTRIC- a large circle with radial
actors that contributed to urban growth: corridors of intense development
- Transportation innovations, emanating from the center
- specially “farm to market” roads
• RECTILINEAR- usually with two corridors of 6. ARCHTECTURE
intense development crossing the center;
usually found in small cities rather than in - SCALE
large - CHARACTER/ THEME
• STAR - radio centric form with open spaces - GRAIN/ TEXTURE
between the outreach corridors of
development -Fine-grain and uniform texture

• RING- a city built around a large open space

• CONSTELLATION – a series of nearly equal

sized cities in close proximity
- Coarse-grain and uniform texture
• SATELLITE – constellation of cities around
a main center

3. SIZE & DENSITY

• PHYSICAL EXTENT – measured in KMs

-Coarse-grain and uneven texture
across, or center to outskirts, or square KM
7. DETAILS
• DENSITY FORMULAS- number of
inhabitants with respect to physical size; • traffic signs, billboards, store signs, etc.
can be computed in several ways: • sidewalks, street furniture, urban
 number of people per sq. KM or landscaping, pavers, etc.
hectare • street vendors, traffic enforcers,
 number of families per block entertainers, etc.
(residential density)
 number of houses per sq. KM or 8. INHABITANTS
hectare
 amount of building floor area per • ethnic background, social Inhabitants
section class, sex, etc.
• activities
4. ROUTES
9. MOVEMENT
• PEDESTRIAN

• VEHICULAR

5. URBAN SPACES
10. CITY FUNCTIONS

1. ECONOMICS
- A basic and continuing function. The city
acts as producers and marketplaces
- Locating cities at strategic points is important
for the exchange of goods

2. DEFENSE AND PROTECTION

- Historic urban functions of the city, though
quite obsolete at present
- Cities were once built to withstand sieges
from migrating tribes, or frequent raids from
enemies

3. WORSHIP AND GOVERNMENT

-The prime function of the city throughout
history
-Cities were built around temples, shrines,
and pyramids in ancient Egypt, Greece, and
Rome
The medieval cathedral was the center of the
city, as were renaissance palaces and castles

4. TRANSPORTATION
-Greatly influences the location of cities since
they are dependent on geography
-New means of transportation have enabled
people to live in much larger more spread out
cities

5. EDUCATION AND CULTURE

-Cities have always been the seat of academy
and scholarship and is a continuing function
-Due to the diversity of people, ideas, jobs,
etc., the city is seen as an educator.
-Ancient theaters, religious festivals, city
beautification, etc. is a reflection of cultural
pride.

6. HOUSING
-The largest and simplest function of a city
-Through the years, housing functions of the
inner city have shifted to outlying areas