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Super mathematics
Sugaku Tokuhon ('T-~~)
(6 vols.) by Kazuo Matsuzaka
Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 by Kazuo Matsuzaka
Originally published in Japanese by Iwanami Shoten,

Publishers, Tokyo in 1989 - 1990
Korean translation copyright (c) 1994 by

Hangil Publishing Co. ,Ltd.
All rights reserved. This edition was published by

arrangement with Iwanami Shoten, Publishers,
Tokyo through DRT International, Seoul
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"6~~~ ~li"6~Jll- ~lj~ol .ll!.~1-"51-~ ~~1011 ~~ Ad~~

"6~~~ (i,j) ~~01~ ~yq.. 01 ~E-11~, ~~ "6~~
2 9 -5
(1, l)Ad~ (1, 2)Ad~ (1, 3)Ad~
-10 3 4
(2, l)Ad~ (2, 2)Ad~ (2, 3)Ad~
01 ~yq..
"6~~ ~ 17~~ ~A1-£ Y-E1-~ ttl1~ !i!.~ A, B, ···st ~

~ tl1tr-A1-~ A1-%~yq. 01~E-11~, ~~ "6~~ CD~ A£
A = [
2 9 -5
-10 3
-
4
]
.2} ~01 ~yq.
~til-~E.-.£, "6~.9.l T7} m, T71- nctl

~~ "6~~ ~ mtl
n~~ tliit EE~ mXntl~olc}Jl i}-yq. ~~ "6~~CD
~ 2x3"6~~<iJYq..
mxn"5~~OllAi AJT~ ~(m, n) EE~ 71~ mxn ~ 01

"5~ tg ~"ii 0letJl -¥- ~ y q.. 71 ~ mX nOll Ai X ~ l(!-Al AJ
~ ~ ctl ~E.-.£Ai tfA~ ~ y-E}~ ~ ~ ~ o}\j y q..l(!-,
mxn"5~~~ mn7R~ Ad~~ 7}A1Jl <u~yq.!
~01 nxn~ "6~~, ~ Ad~ol AJA}Zf~ £OJ=E.-.£ lJ~~

~ ol ~1 ~ "6~ ~ ~ n '4 ~W,,~ EE ~ Zl-1i!~1 n *I- tliii
0l2}Jl-¥-~yq. 01 trl1 n~ 01 "5~~~ *I-~c}Jl ~yt1-.
lxn"5~~~ nt>J "6~~E~.2} ~~Yt1-. EE, mXl"6J~~
mt>J ~~E~9} ~~yq.
T "5~~ A, B7} ~~ ~OlJl ~ g ~1-~ Ad~ol ZfZf i-r

~ U11, A.2} B~ ~q EE~ ~~ts~qJl i>}Jl A=B£ t.+
I~lil 11 q g -3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W:i>} Jl, J. -3J 31l- ~ ~ ~i .!i!.Al..2..

EE, -3J ~ (2) ~ (1, 2) Ad ~, (1, 3) Ad ~, (2, 1) Ad ~, (2, 3) Ad
(1) [_~ ~] (2) [-1 -2 3]

4 5-6
(1) [: -~] = [~ _~~]

(2) [: ~] = [W::~5 ::~]
~ tI~~ ~aa~ 71~

mxn"6J~ ~ ~til-~.Q.£ t.+E}l..R~'B ~ 7R~ ~A}, 01
~E~ltB aOll °1~~ ~A}~ ~O:1Ai (i,j)Ad~~ aij£ MJl,
~2I a22 a23 a2n
a3I a32 a33 a3n
amI am2 am3 ••• amn
A=(a;j) (i=l,···,m;j=l,···,n)
.£ If..71~yq. ~~ ~ mxn~ ~~~ ~~l~lAi ~1J.i>1
~~~..Q..li! r:~ Q}i>}O:lliAl A=(a;j)c} ~ ~s:. ~l~Y
q. 01 71~ ~lA1 %- Jl.~ ~~
au 7~ A.2I (i,j)~~~ YEl-41~ ~q

~ ~~yq.
%~ ~ol ~~ 7dJf-c>1l~, 0l~E~lli! 2X3<5~~~
~ ~ol ~ ~s:. ~~yq. .:rc1t+, li!.q ~l:fr~Cj 71~~
£ t+El-t.llli! qg ~ ~~yq.
{lA~l ~A~l£Ai 01 7J-~~lAi~, ~l:fr ~~ <5~~~ .:rq

A1 ~ if£1 A1 ~~E-£ ~ ~l Ai 11 ~ ~ 711fl 01 ~Q}~ 71
§1~ .:r~lll ~i>}Al~ ~~yq. i>}A1rfr O:lc1~01 0le1
~ 71~ ~ ~o} -T-~ ~~ ~Al *~~ ~<fJyq. ~4i>}

li!, ~ A~l ~ ~ l:fr §} i>} O:l A~ Zf ~ ~ Jl. t+ -!t.:r- 7} A~ ~ II11 ~l
~ O:lc1~~ C£!A~lt+ 01 71~ ~ °l%~ 4- ~71 II11tr~y
r:t. .:rt:qJl 5i~0:l ~~q~ 2x2~ ~lfr~Cj AJA}Zf<5~
21. 1 ~~~.:z. ~~ 1251
~ ~~~ ~~·II~ .~~HH

"5~ ~ A, B ~ ~ A + B ~ A, B ~ ~01 ~ ~ 7d Jf-0111il
Aa~~yq. ~ A, B7} ~~ ~~ 7}~ ttll, °J=A}~ (i, j)
Ad~ au, bij~ ~ a;j+b;j ~ (i, j)Ad~~.£ -5t~ "5~ ~ ~
A + B.£. AJ ~ ~y q. 01 ~ El11?1,
[ca db] +[a'c' d'b'] [a+a'

= b+ b']
c+c' d+d'
<fjyq.
A-l~ q~ ~~ "5~~~ ~~ 1il-~ 4- ~~yq. 01 ~ Ell
li1,
[-21 04] + [28 -40 35]
[0o 00 0'0] (0 0)
:i!} ~~ "5~~~ ~tU~olc}.lllJL~yq. ~01 A-l.£. q~
oJ "5~ ~ ~ "5~ ~.£.A-l ~ ~Al ~ ~Al1il- ~%~ ~ P17} ~~

1i11i!% ~~ ~A} 0.£ y.E}~yq.
!E, "5~ ~ A 011 ~ -5}0:l ::l- AJ ~~ If- §.. ~ 1:3}~"5~ ~ ~
-A.£. t+E}~yq. °1~~11i1,
A=
[-2-o -34J 01~
~
-A= [ 2--4J
0 3
<f]yq.
3!atBJ!} ~:fr~E~~ ttll~u}%7}Al.£ "5~tg~ ~A~011 rl1
i>TIA-l£ qg ~~01 AJi%l~yq. li!, 01 ~~011A-l "5~tg~
1 A+B = B+A I iil.t!-~~ I
2 (A+B) +C = A+ (B+C) I ~~~~ I
3 A+O = A
4 A+(-A) = 0
~~ ~~ a-J~ A, BOll tll~rO:1 A+(-B)~ A-B.£

Y-El-~.:iI, A c>ll A-l B ~ 1I~ ~t~.:iI Wy q. ~t A- B ~
B+X=A
~ 1fr~-or~ a-J~ X~ ~-:;Yr:t.
qgOll a-J~ A~ ~~ kOll tl1-orOl, A~ (i, j)AJ~
aij~ kll~ kaij ~ (i, j) AJ~~.£ -or~ a-J ~ ~ A9.l kll~
kA.£. AJ ~ Wy q. 01 ~ Ell T?!,
k [: : ] = [: ~:J
~yq.
AJ 9.l 011 ~ i>~ ~ ~ "51

lA = A, ( -1) A = - A
OA=O, kO=O
-~yq. Y-°r7rA~ r:tg ~~.£ AJ~Wyr:t.
1 (kl)A = k(IA)
2 (k+I)A = kA+IA
3 k(A+B) = kA+kB
°l~ ~~.£ ~E~~ ~~1l~9.l 7d~~ 0r%7rAl~yr:t.

.fl~t:1l, ~.J£], ~A~, ~~ll~~ ~~Oll ¥l-i>~A~~ a-J~£ ~
E~£ ~~-3i~5!-. -or~ r:t~ 1}°1 ~-:;Yr:t.
A = 4 [1-2]3' B = [.
-5
2-1]0
011 rll"61- 0:1 t:1- g c5~ ~ ~ T- ~1- A 1.2..
21. 1 ~~.i!I-.:z. <21~ 1253
(1) A+B (2) A-B (3) 3A

(4) -2B (5) A+3B (6) 2A-B
I~xil 41 cS~ ~
A = [-11 22 3]0' B = [-1 4 3].

2 0-5
A=(aij)~ mxni>~~ole} ~yq. 01 U1l,bji=aij~ tI11,

bji~ (j, i)AJ~..Q...£. i>1-~ nxmi>~~ B=(bji)~ A~
~xltUWole}Jl ~yq. ¥l-%71~0l1 ute} 01 ~OllAi~
A~ ~~li>Ji€l ~ tA.£ t+Ef~yq. [t~ ~~l ~ ~i>1-~

transpose~ Pi C1 ~A1-~ y q.J
A71- 1250l!11 01 A10l1 t+Ef\R i>~ ~ 01 c}tB tA ~ i>~ ~
a 12 a22 a32 •• • am2
<flyt:1-. (~OllAi aij~ (j,i)AJ~Ol ~yq.)
TI-l{!-i>l ~i>1-~ A~ ~~li>~~ tA ~ A~ "i>~~ ~ ~ 1:31
~'i>~~"~yq.T~~l~<il 0l1~ ~~
A = [~ ~ ~] 0l~ tA = [~ :]
<flyq. EE, i>~~E~(-2 5 -10)~ ~~li>~~~ ~~E~
'I~Xil 51 tr~l 3~ cS~~ A, B~l t:1l"8"tO:1 ~~lcS~~ tA, tB~

MA1.2-. tr~l 49.1 cS~~ A, BOll l:1l<5~Ai£ TJ}%7l-Al~ rJ-~
Mol.2...
I~Xil 61 A,B~ ~~ ~9-l <5~~014 ~yq.
I(A+B) =IA+IB
~ % ~t"Ol Al2...
I~Xil 71 tA=A~ Adl:lJ-<5~~ A~ tH~~~, tA= -A~

Ad l:lJ-<5~ ~ A ~ .:ii!tH~~ 014 .!f- ~ Yq.
~ 9-l9-l Ad l:lJ-<5J ~ A 011 tl1 "Ol-~ A + tA ~ .tl1 ~ <5~~,
q-g<>ll <5~~~ ~A~.2-£ ~01{fyq. 0l~~ ~A~~
A~£~ %*~ ~~~yq-!

'i!A~, ~017t ~~ <5~~E~9.} <fl~E~~ ~g AJ~~Y
q-. Al if,
g ZfZf ~01 3<il <5~~E~, <fl~E~~ ~yq-. 01 tIll,4

albl+a2b2+a3b3~ A9}B~ ~.2-.£. AJ~i}-yq-. ~,
~yq-.
7dA-l1~<>llAi ~ 01 ~<>l1 q-g ~ ~~ is~~ g If-~W 4

~~yq-.Oll~ ~tB,<5~~E1
A = (200 5 150)
~ 37~~ AJ~~ ZfZf ~A1Al 1-rl, %!f- 1u~, ~~ 17~~
7tZ4 g y.E}'lRqJl i>rJ!- ~~E1

~ l-}E}\!lt1-Jl ifyt1-. ~, J Al-~~ ~A1Al ~ 2.:e!, *Jf
~ 20 uR, ~~ ~ 3A}~, ZfZf T<i} ~t1-Jl ifyt1-. °1 Ul1,
AB = 200 x 2+ 5 x 20 + 150 x 3 = 950( .stl )

~ J A1-iifo1 T<i}-ol-~ ~%9.1 ~~~1 ~Ql] ~ 1-}E}\1]Yt1-.
~ °171- n <iJ. c5~ ~ E~ 9.l-. ~ ~ E~ 9.1 .g- 9.1 AJ ~ s:. ~ ~ n = 3
~ 7d~st ~~~yq..
q-g <>11, ~~~!?-.£. A= (aij) ~ mxnii~tg, B= (b jk )

~ nxrc5~tg°l~ ~Yt1-. ~,
a.II a.In] b:l b~T]

A = ·. .
· , B = ·. .·
[
amI··· amn
[
bnI ... bnr
bik
b2k
(ail ai2 ... ain)
bnk
= ailbik + a i2 b2k +... + ainbnk
~ (i, k) Ad ~!?-.£. -01- ~ mX rc5~ tg ~ A st B 9.1 .g- AB.£.
7B~ifyq.
~ mxnii~ tg A = (aij) ~ nxrc5~ tg B = (b jk)9.1-~ .g-

AB~
n
Cik = ailbIk+ai2b2k+···+ainbnk = ~ aijbjk
j=I
~ (i, k) Ad~..2-.£. -o1-~ mxrc5~tg C=(Cik)<i}yt1-.
~l ~ ~ ll1 A, B 7 r..2..!f- °1 ~l-~ AJ l:lJ-iiJ tg

albl' + a2b2' ]
at' bl' + a{ b2'
01 !§yq. 01 .g- c~
(1, 1) "'cHE-~ A ~ fill1"3~ 3!l- B ~ fill1 '€1 ~ .g

(1, 2) "'j ~ ~ A ~ fill1"3~ 3!l- B ~ fil12 '€1 ~ .g
(2, 1) "'j ~ ~ A ~ fil12"3~ 3!l- B ~ fill1 '€1 ~ .g
(2, 2) "'j ~ ~ A ~ fil12 i5"~ 3!l- B ~ fil12 '€1 ~ .g
~yq.
i5"~~~ .g- AB~ A~ ~~ 7~'T-9} B~ "3~~ 7~'T-7t ~
~lw 7c:l~Oll1fr 78~~q1= ~~ 7J~i;~ %yq. °l~Ell
li'1, A7t 2x2"3~~, B7t 3x2"3~~01li'1 .g- AB~ 78~!i1A1

.
?i"~yq .::z.c.~t+ .g- BA1= 3x2"3~~.£ Aj~!§yq.
~~"8"1 "8"t71 ~ t;lJ q"'l ~ J8 1fr* Wy q.

mxn"3~~ A9} nxr"3~~ BOll t11"8"t~ .g- AB7t 78~
!§yq. AB1= mXr"3~~.£A~ .::z. (i, k) "'j~.g.
A2I :xii i 1!I1iI! E~ 21- B 21 :Xii k ~ iii! E~ 21-21 -a
~yq.
l'
n
I I
I I
I I
___ I 1 _
= m 0 _
U, ~).A,Ht
I I
I I
I I
A B AB
@D [~ ~] [ -~ _~]
= [1.(-5)+2.6 1.4+2.(-3)] = [7 -2]
3·(-5)+4·6 3·4+4·(-3) 9 0
[-~ -~][~ ~]
= [(-5).1+4.3 (-5).2+4.4] [ 7 6]
6·1+(-3)·3 6·2+(-3)·4 - -3 0
21. 1 ~~jl~:J. <21t! 1257
[~9.l : 01 011 011 Ai ~ 4- ~~ tl}9} ~01 c5~~9.l .g-OllAi

AB=BA
~~1;fr~~.£ Ad~i>}Al ~~yq.J
@D [~-~] [~] = [~:::~~1).5] = [1~]

(10 -6) [~ ~] = (10·0+ (-6)·4 10·3+ (-6) ·S)
== (-24 -18)
~9.l 0110l1Ais:. ~~~ tl}9.} ~01, ~1;fr~~.£. A7}
mxn<5~~, X7} nXl<5~~(~, n-o-J~~E~)011i1 .g- AX~
n
Yi == ~
j=l
aijXj == ailXl + ai2X2 +... + ainXn
01 ~yq.
o};fr7}Al£, A7} mxn<5~i€1, X7l- lxm<5~tg(~ m-o-J

<5~~E~)oltB ~ XA~ 'il-~ .y ~~U1, .=1.3!~ lxn<5~i€1
( ~, n-o-J<5~ ~ £.1 ) <fl 1.1 q. Tj~l ~~.£ y.qt.R 1?!,
(XI ••• X n) [ fll . ~ n
al ] == (Yl .•• Yn)
aml···amn
m
Yj= LXi a ij=xlalj+x2 a 2j+··· +xmamj
j=l
A 7} Aa l:Jd- c5~ i€1 01 tB tJ- AA 5:- ~ ~ ~l-.y 9.l Aa l:lJ- c5~ tg ~

yq. 013!~ A2~£ ~yq.
o};.fr7}:Al.£, A 2A=A 3, A 3A=A\ ···7} AJ~~yq.

°1~ ~ £T- A9} ~~ ;(l-4-~ Aal:lJ-c5~~~Yt1-.
1258 ~ ~ <5~421 92:1"21 71'"t!-~~1!} ~~~
I~Xil 81 q g "6~ ~.9l 13-~ ~l {!-i>}Al.2...
(1) [1 -2] [2 4]
3 4 1-3
(2) [-5 0][1 -2]
3 -2 0 1
(3) [5 3][-1 3]
2 1 2-5
(4) [-~ ~][~]
(5) (-2 l)[1~ -~] (6) [~]< -4 5)
(7)
[~ ~ -~] [-~] (8) (10 -1 5)[-~]
I~Xil 91 A= [~ :J~ W'-1-et. A 2
, A 3, ... ~ lll{!i>}J·l
..2... 01 ~ 31}~ If- E~ ~ 1:fr~..Q..~ An ~ 011 AJ-i>} Jl, 01 011 AJ- ~

~"§{~ :rl1t~~ °1%i>}0:1 ~~ i>}Al.2...
111
I~Xill0 I A = 0 1 1 ~ ttl1 A 2, A 3, " . g ~{}-i>}Al
001
..2... 01 ~31}.£.lf-E~ ~~~..Q...£. Ang Oll AJ-i>}Jl, 01 ~lAJ-~.
~~~ :rl1t~ ~ °1%i>}0:1 ~~ i>}Al-2...
~ ,,~~ if1!l~ ~~(1)

"6J ~ ~ ~Ail 011 ¥!-i>}~ q g Aa ~ 01 Aa 'a ~y q.
1i! Al, "6~~ A, B~ -?f AB7} AJ~~ tIll, k~ AJ4-~ il}
1?!,
(kA)B = A(kB) = k(AB)
7} Aa'a~yq. °1~~ it~~yq.
EE., "6~ ~ ~ "9l A~ J1} trA~ 011 ¥l-i>}C:1 qg ~ l:l~ ~ ~ 01 Ad
~HHW~ A~ mxn"6~~, B, C~ nxr"6J~oli!}
~t1-. 01 trl1,
A(B+C) = AB+ /C
21. 1 ~~j1f-::l. ~tl- 1259
(A+ B)C = .M;+ BC
lID qg 011 Ai ~ ~ B- ~ ~~ ~ ~.£.~l ~~ "6}71.£. if

Yq. =z.~1 Y- ~ :A}7} ~{!- *~"6}E-.£., li!~ O=l cl~ol ~i
:R ~~yq.
-=z. cl 'B ~ lfl- 9-l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'wAl t:1-.

= (aij) ~~1 ~ A
mxn"6~~, B = (b jk), C = (c jk) ~ nxr"6~ ~ 01 tJ- ift:1
q. 01 tIll, B+C 9-l (j, k) AJ~~ bjk +Cjk 01 Jl "6~ ~ B, C

~ B+C ~ A~l k~':: ZfZf
~y t:1-. EE, A~ A~l i"6~ .::
(ail··· ain)
~ y t:1-.
"6~~ AB, AC, A(B+C)~ ~T mXr "6~~olJl, 01
~ 9-l (i, k) AJ ~ ~ .g-9.l 78 ~ 011 9-l"6~ ZfZf
ailClk +... + ainCnk

ail (b lk + Clk) +... + ain (bnk + Cnk)
7} ~ 1-1 t:1-. -=z. if! t:~1 ~ ~"51 til ~ ~ ~ Sf19.l T ~~ it

31} ~.Jl, Sf1~ T ~~ if~ \:i}.£. "6~~ AB+AC9.l (i,
k)AJ~~yq. ~, A(B+C)~ (i, k)AJ~31l- AB+BC
~ (i, k)AJ~~ ~*lifyt:1-.
°l~~£
A(B+C) = AB+ AC
i5~~~ .g.A~Oll ¥l-i>t<:xl~ !E, ~It~at0l AJ'aWl..1r:t.
JiLll T~l~~ Oll~~, 01 ~~ ~ ~~i>r<:xl {tA1t:l-. 01 ~
~l~,
B = [-3 1] C- [ 12]
4 -2 ' -2 -1
01 i1 ~y t:l-. 01 tIll
AB [ 21][-3 1] = [-2 0]
= -1 3 4 - 2 15-7
(AB)C = [-2 0][ 1 2] [-2 -4]

15 -7 -2 -1
=
29 37
BC = [-3 1][ 1 2] = [-5 -7]

4 -2 -2 -1 8 10
A (BC) = [ 21][-5 -7] [-2 -4]

-1 3 8 10 = 29 37
(AB) C = A (BC)
~yq..
~lfr~~~ t:l-g 01 Aaifl~l..1q-.
~ 1t~ at 37~ ~ c5~ ~ A, B, COll t:1l i>}<:xl c5~ ~ 9-l
-?f AB, BC 7 r Aa~~~ ~t:}Jl ~t:}. 01 tI11, (AB)C

tj1 A(BC)£ Aa~!i1t9
(AB)c = A(BC}
III (01 lil ~£ At~ tfr ~ ~~i>}Jl, ~~ ~ A~~c5~£

If- ~J-~l..1 t:l-.)
A=(aij)~ mxnc5~~, B=(bjk)~ nxrc5~~, C=
(Ckl) ~rX~"6J~ °l~'ifl1R. 01 tIll, ~.~ -51 (AB)C,
A(BC)~ .2.¥- AJ~~tJ:1 5!-¥- mxs"6J~<iJl1tf. ttl-~
Ai ~-t-&l 01: ~ ~~
~
i ~ m, 1 ~ I ~ s
1
~ 1i!~-5r ~ <fl9.l9.l AJ ~ i, lOll til i>rO:l °JAr~ (i, I) AJ
~01 ~~l~q~ ~<iJl1q. 01Al1, -=z..2} ~~ AJ~9.l ~
~ i, 10 1 ~o-l~tfJl 'if A 1tf.

1?l Ai, AB ~ mxr"6J ~ 01 Jl -=z. (i, k) AJ~~ Uik 2}
Jl -5r'B,
n
Uik = ai1b1k +··· +ainb nk = L aijbjk CD
j=l
~l1q. ttl-~Ai (AB)C9.l (i, I) AJ~~ .sfl~ Uik~ Ar-§
i>}'B
r
Uil Cll+···+Ui r Cr l= L UikCkl
k=l
®
r n r n
L (L
. k=l j=l
aijbjk)C kl = L L aijbjkC kl
k=l j=l
01 !CltJ:1, 01~~ (AB)C~ (i,l) AJ~~ .!J!-O:l'ifytf. 01

~~ ~~ j7 r l~j~n~ 'i!-~cSr~ .2..g. AJ~ k 7 r
1 ~ k ~ r ~ 1il-~ cSr ~ £.g. AJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tIll9.l -tI
aijbikCkl
9-l %-~~ 9-lo1~yq. °1~~ "6J~ (AB)C9.l (i,I)Ad
~<iJ 11 tf.
~~, ~ ~ 011 tll i>H Ai ~ ~~ g 011 BC 9.l (J-, I) Ad ~ ~ 1fr

~ Jl tfg~..£. A(BC)~ (i, I)AJ~ ~ 7·n{!cSr~ =r ~
3!}~ ~9.l 7d~.2} ~~~ ~01 ¥l ~ ~ ~ ~~l1q.
(01 i3~~ O:1c~~ 66-.£ i>H li.l1A1..2..)013!~.£. T"6J
~ (AB)C,A(BC)9.l (i,l)AJ~~ ~~l~tf~ ~01 m
~~~l1tf.
-=z. c~ E-.£.
(AB)C = A(BC)
I~lillll t:l- g Zf 7d ~011 (AB)C, A(BC) ~ ~ta11 ~l-an ~l ~

i>l-~ ~3!l-7l- ~t:l-~ ~ ~ ~~i>l-Al..2...
(1) A = [21 1]3' B = [ 3 4]

-2 l '
C= [30 -2]1
(2) A = [~ ~:J. B = [-~3 -1~], C= [~ ~]
(3) A = [~ -~ _ a B = [~ - ~ ~J c= [ -~]
~ ~~2I iJ1I2I ~iI(2)
0:171011 Ai ~ 2j=-..£. 2x 2c5~ ~ 011 tl1 i>1-0:1 A~zt~y cr. (~
011 t:fli>}~ wo1 ~~ ~ 2x2c5~~~ ~.Q....£. A~Zfi}-yq.)
.=L c~ t+ 01 i>J-011 Ai 11 ~ i>1- ~ w- ~ A}{l ~ ~ tfr~.Q...£ n~}
Aa l:JJ-c5~ ~ 011 tll"5~ Ai 5:. %%~ y q.

-~U ~
o~ a
~ °l~}~S"~~~Olet i}-yq. 1i1~c5J~~ li!.% ~A}

E !E~ I..£. t+El-~~t:~1 ~"6"J JlJi!. Ji!.J!}Ai011Ai~ ~A1
E~ A1-%i>}Jl ~-:;yq.. ut~Ai 01 ~011Ai5:. 1i1~"6"J~~
E..£.R A li>}71..£. Wyq..

~ 9l.91 c5~ ~ A ~ 1i1~ c5J ~ E 011 ~ i>1-0l
AE=EA=A
71- AJ~WYq.. °l~~ t3l-..£. ~~~ ~ ~-:;yq.. ~, 1(1
~"6"~ ~ E~ "6"~ t€ ~ trAil ~ ~i>1-~ ~ 1 011 "5~ ra-i>1- ~ ~ w

~ Wyq..
21. 1 ~~1!.I-.::z. ~tt 1263
AO=OA =0
01 Ad~~yq. ~71Ai O~ 01~}~ °d<5~~<i)yq. 01?!

~ ~.~ ~Ail 011 {1~ 0011 "5R tg-~y q.
-9-~~ 01 0 1 <5~~9.1 ~A~011 ¥l-~ ~~~~01 Ad~~q
~ ?!J!} 9! A ilJ!}9.1 A}01011 Ai ~l:1~~:3l°1 Ad~~q~ ?!~

~Jl ~J ~y q. ~ 71 7Jr:A1 ~ <5~ ~~ ~Ail9.1 Ad ~£ ~~
.g-AlY ~ Ad ~ J!} ~ 9.1 ~~ y q. J c~ Y. q g 9.1 T 7}:Al ~

011 Ai <5~ ~ 9.1 ~Ail ~ 4-9.1 ~A~ J!} T E.. c~ :Alll1 q ~ y q.
J?!~ <5~ ~ 9-l ~Ail 011 {1"5~ Ai ~
~Cl!A~'~ eAII!tc}
~ T 7}:Al ~<i)yq.
<5~~~ ~Ail011 ~-o}01 ii1.~~3101 Ad~-o}:A1 t>-§~q~
?! ~ 01 0 11257 3!11 01:A1 011 011 Ai s:. ~}I~ .!i!. ~l~ y q. ~, A,
B~ 27R9-l 2x2<5~~01~ W Ul1
"AB=BA-c- ~~~..2...£ Ad~-o}:A1 t>-§-c-q!"

%~ AB=BA7} Ad~-o}~ <5~~ A, B£ ~~yq.
AB=BA7} Ad~~ u:ll <5~~ Ast B~ '~~(commuta

tive) 01 iq- Jl Wy q. 01 ~ E~l ~ ~ li!.<f1 <5~ ~ E ~ <fJ 9.19.1 <5~
~ Ast 7}~<i)yq. k~ <fJ9-l9-l AJ~iq- ~ Ull, <5~~
kE = [: :]
s:. <fJ 9-l ~ <5~ ~ J!} 7}~<i) Y q.

<5~~9.1 ~Ail011Ai~ .liI~~~01 Ad~-o}A1 t>-§..2..E...£,
(A + B)2 = A 2+2AB+ B 2
J!} ~~ .:g.~ ~ Ad ~ -OrAl t>-§~yq. 01 ?!~ ~ 0-1 2f-9-l ~
iLWyq. ~-o}A}~, °1~ -tf~ ~ A1y.~11l1 ~01 Jf-~ ~
p}g ~011 ~f"5n ~j~, A~Zf~ol If-l:J1Jll-~..2...£ A}%-O}

~l ~ 71 Ul1 tr <i) Y q. {lA~l.£~ ~ l:1~ ~ ~ 011 9.1 "5n, <fI ~ 9-l
<5~ ~ A, B011 ~ -o}01
(A+B)2 = (A+B)(A+B)
= A(A+B) +B(A+B)
= A 2+AB+BA+B2
01 £1 ~ t~l, 01 ~:i!}~ A 2+2AB+ B2~£ AJ C1 ~q~ 3!
~ --A, B7} 7}~01 or\:! ~--~l g y ~~yq.
0:1~~~~ 01 11 g pd-zt-o}Al ?:§s:.~ i[yq.
"6~ ~ 9-l ~A~ ~l ¥l-t>~ Ai ~, !E A # 0, B # 01 ~s:. °

AB=O
AB = [1-2+(-2)-1 1-4+(-2)-2]
(-3)-2+6-1 (-3)-4+6-2
= [~ ~] = 0
A~~lAi, a#O, b#OoltB. lfrs A1 ab#Ool~71 U1l~~yq.

AB = 0 g Ti!~ -or ~ OJ"6~ ~ 01 °}\:! <5~ ~ A, B~ ~ Cl!
A~i!-l-Jl-¥-~yq. 01~r:~1'B ~~ Oll~ ¥ "6~~ A,B~ °d
~ ~r<f1 y q.
"6~ ~ 9.l B- A~ ~l ¥l-ii~ Ai ~, OJ ~ ~r7r -e ~~ -o}~ 3! ~l Ai
AB=O~A=O !E~ B=O

01 i!-l- ~ 1i} ~ ~ -AJ ~ -OrAl ?:§~l.-1 t:l-. !E
AB=AC, A#O ~B=C
~ ~ ~ s:. -AJ 'a -OrAl ~~l.-1 q.

Jf-cl~~ ~~lAi °l~l- <5~~~ B-A~~l l:ll-o}O:1 ~~~l
~ til, ~ 9} ~ ~ Al-~ ~li!. q ~l-y 71- ~ ~ AJ l:Jet"6~ ~ 9.l
B-A~~l ¥l-iiRAis:. lJl-%71-Al~yq. ~ ~lfr~~~ n~}
(~, n~2) <5~~9-l B-A~011Ais:. JlI~1i}~ol -AJ~-ol-Al

?l2-t:9, !E OJ ~A}7} ~A~ ~yq.
01 71~0l1 ~ Pri1 -¥-<i!i>R %yq. n~t "6~~ A=(aij)

0l1Aiaii(i=1,2,···,n)~ tH~~~olC}.Jl ~yq. rllzt
Ad~ 01~9.1 Ad-ff':-0l .2.!f- O~ AJ~J-"6J~~ tH~~~ol2}
II.. -¥-~yq. ~"51, .2.C rllztAd-ff':-0ll~ n~} ~zt"6~ ~
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 ... 0 0
0 0 1 ... 0 0
0 0 0 ... 1 0
0 0 0 ... 0 1
~ n~} a~~~ol~Jl i>}Jl, ~A} E-~}~~ lfJ 71

W ~it7} ~1~ U1l~ En-~ Y-E}~yq. °l~t9-1 7d~
S4- p}%7}:A1.£, ~1fr~2-.£. n~t "6~~ AOll ~i>R
AEn=EnA=A
I~lil121 A =
[2-2]
o -1
,B= [2 -1]
-1 1
0 let ~t1 q..
(1) (A+B)(A-B) (2) A 2 -B 2

2 2
(3) (A+B)2 (4) A +2AB+B
l~l-l1131 A = [ 1-2]
-1 2 ' B=
[Xy 4] o17~¥!-ol S1
3
1~li1141 0l~t c5JtgA7t ~~~ 0l~t <5JtgX9}7t~ol

1i1,A~ A=kE~ ~~~ ~~i>tAl~. [~§.:A7t ~-ol
X= [~ :].X= [: :]9f7~~~g 0l%~yq.)

I~:X~1161 A = [: : ] oj] rll <5l1 q. g ~ ~ ~ il}A] S>...
(1)
2
~~ A -(a+d)A+(ad-bc)E=Ool Adif3~q.
(2) a+d=O, ad-bc=101~ A 2 = -Eo1q.

(3) a+d=l,ad-bc=Ool~,A 2=Ao1q.
I~Ai1171 A~ 2x2"6~~OletWyq. A3=ool~ A2=O<fJ~

~~-otAl-2... [~E : ~9.1 trA~l (1)9.1 ~~0l1 A~ ~-ot~
A3=O~ ~ 0l%-ot~
(a+d)A 2-(ad-bc)A = 0
~ <i!~yq. 01~iL} trA~l(l)~ ~~OllAi A ~ ~7-l~
2
<i£9.1
~ ~ li!~yq.J
~ c.?4~ii1
A ~ n~t :Aa BJ- i>~ tg, E~ ~~ ~}~9-l lil-9-1 c5~ tg 01
c} ~y ti-. li!-~
AB=BA=E
7} ~~ n~}9-l i>~~ B7} -e-AR-01-~ B~ A9-l ~~~Olct
-o} Jl, A -1.£. y-E}~ y ti-.
ti-g, n=2~ 7d.q-~ A~Zf~t-lti-. 2x2c5~~
A = [: ; ]
71- ~ c5~ ~ g ~~ ~ ~ <>l tt! ~ Jf-~ ~~7Jt Jl? !E, ~ i>~

~01 -e-AR-o}~ 7d-9-, =r Ad~~ A~ Ad~g A}-§--ol-Oi ~
~ 711 y.E}1M7Jt Jl? 01 ~ 011 ~"3"R ~o}*A1 ti-.
Al~, A7} ~3"J~ B= [ : : J~ ~~q.Jl 7}::tl~y

ti-. 01 U11, AB =E ~
21. 1 ~~ilt-:J. ~~ 1267
01 Aal:li>l-E..£, 0J:~~ Aa~~ l:31.ii1.W.Q..£.M~ x, y ~ u,

011 ~~ ~l:l~~tl:3J-Aa~
ax+by=l CD
{
ex+dy = 0 @
au+bv = 0 @
{
eu+dv = 1 @
~ <i!~Y4. C:171 Ai .
CDxd-@xbi>l-1i! (ad-bc)x = d @
@xa~CDxci>l-1i! (ad-bc)y = -c @
@xd-@xbi>l-1i! (ad-bc)u = -b (J)
@xa-@xci>l-1i! (ad-bc)v = a @
-b
x = -d- u= ad-be
ad-be'
-e v = -a-
Y = ad-be' ad-be
B = [; :J = ad~bc [-~ -~J C*)

71- ~ Yt1-.
01 i;~~ B9.l Aa~~ ~l:ll:3J-Aa~ CD, @, @, @9.l i>~01
E...?. B",;: AB = E ~ 1il-~ ~y 4. 1:1 ~1 ~i>1-l?! 1]711 ~~
~ y ~"';:t:~1 °1 B",;: BA=E£ 1il-~~Yt:1-. n:}e}Ai B",;:
A 9.l ~ i;~ ~ B= A -1~ Yt1-.

EE, li!-~ ad-bc=Ool1i! @, @, (J), @Oll Ai a=b=c=
d=Ool ~"';:t:~l, °13!~ ~~ CD, @0l1 .2-~~Yt:1-. ute}
Ai 01 7d .q-Oll A"';: ~ <5~ ~ ~ ~Al ~~Y t:1-.

~ ~ ~ Aa c.l i>l-C:1 1l ~ i>1-71 ~ <5~
L1 =ad-bc
~ ~~L1q. Jc~lii, 2x2"6~~ A ~ LI ¥O~ ttll, EE. =r u:ll

011 ~ ~"6~ ~~ 7} Al t:9 ::J.. <2:l"6~ ~~ ~ 9.l (*)011 ~ i>~ 9
~~q~ ~ ~yq. ~ (*)011"'1 A9.l ~"6~ ~9.l ~~AJ ~
~ ~ ~~L1q. EE., ~91 ~9.l~ ~*i>}lii, "6~~(*)~ 3::

~ AB=ETfJ:~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~yq. 01 ~ ~ 2X2"6~ ~ A,
BOll tl1i>l-0l "AB=E o1lii B~ A9.l ~"6~~olq"r.}~ ~
~ol ~~l1yt1-.
p}%7}Al.£ i>}lii ~~ ~ ~ "CA=Eollii C~ A~ <2:l

"6~~olt1-"et~ ~ ~ .li!.~ ~ ~~L1q.
I~Xi1181 2 x 2i1J ~ A = [: :] 9l- 2 x 2i1J ~ CoJ1 l:l1 c5jjJ'1

CA=E
7t AJrai>t~ C~ ~9.l <*)011Ai ~<>1~ c5~~ B9.} ~g ~
.!i 01 Al.2-.
2x23~~ A = [: : JoJ1 ~"O}oj

LI = ad-be
et~~~ qgol AJra~q.
1 LI ¥ 001 ~ Ar C2:1" ~ A-I ~ '~AI Dt

A-I = 1
[ -cd -bJ
a
~~~1, A7} 94"6~~ A-l~ 7}Alll! A- l 9.l <2:l"6~~~ A:A}

{1~L1q. ~
21. 1 ~~filt-.::l ~t! 1269
~ A= [~ ~ J°l~
. J =1·4-2·3= -2#0
u:t2t Ai ~"6~ ~ A -171- .eAR -01- j l
. A -1 = !2 [-: -: J= [-; - ~ J
~ A = [
-2
1 -4
8
JOltB
J =1·8-(-4)·(-2)=0
I ~xi1191 qg i>~ i§. ~ ~ i>~ i§. g 7r~ y 7Jl-? 7r~ 7d Jf-Oll ~

:3.. ~i>~~ g T-or Al..2...
I~Xil201 2x2i>~~ A, B7r.£.!f- ~i>~~ A-I, B- 1 g 7r:A11i1

AB.£ ~i>~i§.g 7r:Alo:l, (AB)-l=B-IA-l~g ~~-o1-A1..2...
[y~ : (AB)-I=A -IB-l~ 0l-~yq.J
I~Xi1211 2x2i>~i§. A7r ~i>~i§.g 7l-~ u:l1, ~~1i>~i§. tA.£

~ i>~ ~ g 71-:Al o:l (t A) -1 = t (A -1) <iJ g ~~ -01-A1..2...
I~Xil221 a+b= 1, ai=b~ 2x2~~ ~ A = [ ;: J~~19.l

~~g Mo1~ ~yq. qg g ~~-o1-A1..2... J>
(1) AEM ol1i1, A- EM 1
(2) AEM ol1i1, <iJ~~ 0J9.l AaTnOll t:l1-ol-~ AnEM
I~Xil231 A= [ : ;J~ 1!~~ AJ~.Q...£. "6}~ ~~~o14

L1 =ad-bc= ±1
.!fl 011 Ai ~ 2~}~ ~a ~J-"8J ~ ~ ~"8J ~ 011 ~ c5~ Ai A~ zt~
~yr:tli!, ~~~.Q..£ n~l-~ ~a~J-"8J~ A 011 t:1lc5~Ai£

:=L ~"8J ~ A -171- .eAR i>}~ 7d Jf-011 ~ :=L3! ~ A 011 1:11 i>}~
~~~E-.£ ~ac5R{]yq. EE, 1fr~ n~l-~ "8J~ B7} AB=
En ~ rfr~i>}li1 B ~ A ~ ~"8J ~ <fJ Y q.

U}%7}Al £, li!~ n~l-~ "8J ~ C 7} CA = En ~ rfr~i>}li1
C~ A~ ~"8J~~yq.
~ ~~~ ~ ~:: ~~~ ~~A~~ ~~

~14fi>}0:1 2x2 Aa~J-"8~~ ~ A~Zfityq.
:Al~, A, B7l- 2x2~ 001 0l-\:! Aa~J-c5~~OlJl AB

=ool~qJl ityq. °1 Ul1, A, B~ Oi=- ~s:. ~c5~~ g
:Q:Al ~~yq. 01 Al-~~ :r-l{f-li}0l1 rtl-c}qgil} ~ol ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~y q. 011 ~ ~ li1, lil-~ A7} ~ c5J ~A -1 ~ 7}:Al
6
1i1, ~ ~ AB=O~ ~~011 A- 1 g .g-i>l-0:1
A -l(AB) = A -10
01 Jl,
(~~)= (A -lA)B = EB = B,
(Jf-~) = A -10= 0
u:ti!}Ai B=Ool ~yq. J eiY- 0l~~ 7}Aa011 ~x\t

y q. :=Lei E.£ A ~ ~ c5J ~ g :QAl ~~y q. B7} ~ c5~
~yq.
~011Al1i~~ 3!~, 2x2c5J~01Jl °d~Al-~ 3!~ ~

c5J~g :QAl ~g g ~01.Jl ~l~yq.
21. 1 ~~jtJ-:J. CZ1~ 1271
B= [ d
-c
-bJ
a
~ A~Zf~yq. A7} °ai>~tg0l O}YE.£ Bs=. 0ai>~~Ol o}
yq. J~~y. A7} ~i>~tg ~ ~Al ~~qli! 7}Aa~1 9.li>R
L1 =ad-bc=OolE.£
AB = [ac b] [
d
d
-c
- b ] = [L1 0 ] = 0
a 0 L1
°1 !fJyq. U}%7r Al.£. BA=O~ ~s=. ~ Y ~l~yq.

~, A~ A 011 001 o}\! ~ t:J~ i>~ ~ g ~i>}li! 001 ~ y
q. l:lr.1fLol W:i>}li! A ~ °a ~ A}<iJ Yq.

0l AJ-OllA1 ~~~ 1:l}~ Aa~-o}li!, 2x2~ 0ai>~~Ol o}
\! i>~tg AOll r.l1i>R, A7} ~i>~tg g ~Al ~~q~ ~J1}
A7} oa~Ar~ ~~ %~l<iJyq. °1 A}{l~!E qgJ1} ~
°1 w.-~ Ys=. ~~yq.

2x2~ °ai>~~Ol o}\! ~~9.l i>~~ A.c
~~~~ '~AI ::,~, ~~A~OI ~,~

~ ~=- i>}y. 0 lq.A7} %A10ll ~i>~~% ~Jl °a~
,1_01 ~ 'L- o:t rL
Ar 2. T;:::::- lJA""'I.
~9.l ~~~ ~tfr~..Q...£. n~}9.l °ai>~~Ol or\! i>~~0l1
r.l1i>r~ s=. AJ ~ ~y q.
EE.~, ~i>~tgg 7rA1~ n~} i>~tgg %AJ- n~} ~~~~
!E~ ,~~~~olc}Jl-¥-~yq.
~ ~iEJ~*l-W~~~ ~~
x, y~ 01 A1Y.£. -o}~ ~~~~}BJ-Aa~
aX+by = P
{ cx+dy = q
~ A~Zf~yq. i>~tgJ1} ~~E~9.l ~~ Aa~Oll ~i>R

01- = nt+ X}
f:l = nf:-xZ
e--r-ly.J- ..E
o :a: 0
ty f~ fFl {~~ ~ ~ g -b '12-ln llo ftt fFl -W- {h ~ ~y llo l-5 ~
e-bb!;-r~ ~ ~ ~ tvf~iFl{~
rt ~ ~ ~W20 -W-tY lli ~ 1- V ~ ~~ l:o ~{~ to llo fttfFl lo
e-b b r¢-&~ lL t5 {L if 1- V ~ IFti- "IT" t5 {L
~
X = XCi = X(V 1- V) = ( XV)l- V .
~ ~ ~ ~
-"7LJ-r: ":'I.J Ft a V
-0 t=Ft T~ till~""l!:" 21
~y llo* 15 llo IFt:fo to® 'l~~ ~ e-b b!;- [¢ ~ ~ ~ ~g 2
if 1-V = X
~ ~
~g~ llo X ~® '~l~{L ~l-V ~~~l:o
<E
{LV ~«~ R>-la
eJ....., l.- R YR. --"-rr
[ 1.--1 l l y:: 1:'0 , 0
fir ~~{OtR ~o~~g ~{g.1~lL ly~{Ft ~*b2l=o ~~t5
%{y {L~lL tog if' X
~~
'~y{2-tn e-bb!;-r~ ~~ fi\1?-tt
~1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -to d 'X -t2-ln llo ftt lL ~{Ft ~ to ~«~ llo IV
~ X 2nloh~Un to~Y2,,-b-PL ~Ff-t~ to~«~" ~b3.
<E-
if'<E-
Un tol-yllo~1~ lo ttb2r e-bb!;-r6kL1?-tt 2"~lL tog
if' X lo~ .pr1~11l~~ '1~6l~~ ~b3.tRt ~~yllolL~: to~J
~<E-
--b b!;--rz .pr ~ ~ 1~-t:- ~ <EX
b3 Un ~1~~-la ~ ® ~ ~ ~ -k ~ CD tv f~-eFl{~R> ~"R>
e-bb~tt1~
to% ~ -E to ~ lL ~«~ ~~ lo e-b b-e- r~ -& fi\1?-tt 2"
® q= <EXV
~
19f1.-IZ ~ CDtv f~-eFl{}f'~ ~ ~ '~1~ f~ 2"
-q ,[fi] - X ' [P J]
[ifb] - - X -- q lJ -V
-tz-tz ~ if' X b3ltR~ LE. V ~~~ 2nlo
<E- ~
tip +XJ] = [ti] [P J]
[fiq+xv x q V
tv~~ -Irr~~-.fRIc. lo~~ IO~I~g n Ig] tLt!
21. 2 ~~~ 1273
. . A= [ 2
1
~3J
4.9.l ~<5~~~
A-I =-.L
4 ---3 J
11 [ -1 2
01 E-.£.
I~Xil241 <5~~ [: ~ J.Q1 ~<5~~~ ~jJ'1 qg 'i!'t:J~~})olJ

Aa ~ g -¥-Al-2..
(1) { x+2y = 6 (2) { x+2y = 49
3x+4y = 8 3x+4y = 101
"8~~~ 4-~ ~A}Zf~ £oJ..Q...£. lJ~~l~ ~ol~-;;yq.
01 ~ 011 ~ i>~ "8~ ~~ ~ "-oty.~ 4-"~ y q . .=L~ ~ :AJ A}

Zf"8~ ~ 011 ~ i>~ :AJ ~ ~ y t:l-. :AJA}Zf"6~ ~ 01 or\:! "8~ ~ 011
t11-o}~ ~ "8~ ~~ ~ :AJ ~ £1 A1 ~-;;y q.
1-}~ 01 7J~ 011 Al ~ "8~ ~~ ~ ~ lfl-~7JtAl ~ ~ iI-o}Al
~~yq. oq71 Al ~if~~ ~~ °1~} ~ {}~}9.l "8~~~
~<f] y q . .=Lei Y- 01 ~ Oll ~ ~ ~~ ~ 12- q Jl~}~ "8~ ~
~ 01 <>l ~ ~l :AJ ~ ~ u:l ~"Cfl Ad ~ g 7}Al ~ 7}t}- ~ trA-11011
~-ot~ ~~~ A1A}~ ~ ~~Yt1-. y.o}7}Al 0l~} !E~
{}~}~ <5~~~ ~ ~~ol !E~ If-1!lC}~ 71-o}~~ ~pl ~
7}A1Jl ~t1-~ ~£.5!~ ~<f]yq.
~ OI~.2I ~~~
0l~}~ <5~ ~
A = [: ;J
ad-be
~ A9.1 !j~~(deterninant)ol~ -o}JI.,
D(A), det(A), det A
~~ 71§..£ y.l:}\Myt1-. EE, 01 ~ ~
a b
IAI,
e d
~ ~~ 71§..££ y.l:}~yq. ~, "5~~~ °J~Oll 27n9l
{i g =z.<:1 Al "5~ rg~ g Y-El-~ YCJ-. 01 71 ~~ "5~ i@ g y
l:}L1l~ 71§..~ ~%-o}A1 ~s:.~ y~i>~o~ ~yq.
AJ 9-1 011 ~ i>~, 01 ~ E~lli1
2 3
= 2·4-3·5 = -7
5 4
1 -6
= 1·2-( -6)·7 = 44
7 2
~yq.
O:lc~~ol 01 u 1 ~Jl ~1~01 0l~t~ "5~~ A7l-'<2:1"5~~g
det A =I- 0
.£ ~<:1~~q.
~
0l~t~ "5~tg A~ J A~11<€l~E~, A~12~~E~~ ZfZf a,

~ ~~
b .EE ~ at, a2'£ ~i Al
~~ ~~
A = (a , b) B::~ A = (at, a2)
, ~ ~01 Y-l:}t.l171 s:. ~y q. °1 ~ E~l tB.
21. 2 ~~~ 1275
~~
.~ A-111~,~12~~ ZfZfa,biE..~iAi,Ol <5~~~
~~
A = (a, b )
£ y.q~yq. 01 tIll,
det A = a1b2-b1a2 = a 1b2-a 2b1
~~ ~~
g det(a, b ), D(a, b ) ~ ~£ ~yt1-.
~ OI~.2I ~~~.2I ~~
01 ~t~ <5~ ~~ 01 7}Al ~ O:l c~ 7r A l AJ ~ g q g 011 ~
7li>}71iE.. ~yq.
D 1 c5~~~ ~ c5~~~ ~11 ~0l1 ~i>tal t1~<i1yt1-. EE

A~12 ~ 011 ~ i>t~s:. t1~ <i1 y t:l-. 01 ~ ~ q g ~ ~ ify t1- :
~~~~
a, a', b, b'~ ~~~ 2-o-J-~lJl1E~, k~ AJ~C} W tt11,
det(a +a', 71) = det(a, b) +det(a', b)
det(ka, b) = k-det(a, b)
det(a, b +b')= det(a, b) +det(a, b')
det(a, kb) = k-det(a, b)
BD ~11~0l1 ~~ {1~Ad--~~~ f ~~-

~ ~~ifyq.
a = [::J. ---.,
a = [at']
, ,
a2
tq- i>rli!,
a ,-""'b)
a + ---.,
det (----+ I
= al + at', bil
a2+a2 b2
= (al + at') b2- (a2 + a2') bi
= (aIb2-a 2bl ) + (a.'b2-a2'bl)
= laa2l bll+lal:
b2 a2 b2
bll
= det(a, b) + det (a', b).
---. ----+)
det ( ka, I
b = kal bil
ka2 b2
= (kal) b2 - (ka2) bi
yr:}.
D 2 A.Q.1 ftl11 ~ J!} fill 2 ~ 0 1 ~ E..1?1. det A ~ OJ!} ~ ~
~~
yr:}. ~, A= (a, a )011?1
~~
det A = det (a , a ) = 0
lIB 01 ~ ~ ~ ~ i}-y q. 1J.~1, :Aa 9.l 011 ~ <5~
~~.
det(a, a ) =
01 ~yr:}.
D3 A7} 01~}9.l -.a~"6~tg E olli1, det E = l~yq.
lIB °1~£ ~~i}-Yr:}. ~~l,

1 0
det E = = 1·1 - O· 0 = 1
o 1
0lAJ~ AJ~ D 1, D 2, D 3~ "6~tg~~ 71~AJ~~Y
q.. qg AJ~ D4,D5~ 0l~ 71~AJ~0l1Ai %£~yq.
~~1£ D 4, D 5£ AJ~~ ~iAi ~~W ~ ~E..t9, °l~}
~ "6~tg~9.l 7d4-0l1~ .2.."5131 n-.a~yr:}. [AJ~~ A}%

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*~<5~{JYr:}. °1~0l1 1:R<5~ 71~AJ~0l1 9.l~ ~.~ ~ II

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yr:}. °1~01 ~710l1Ai 0l~~ ~~~. ~~ 01%0171£
~yq..
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D 4 A = (a , b ) <il !f- ~~ l:3}-¥-1?1., "6~ tg~ ~ ¥.=2: ~
l:3}~Yr:}. ~,
~~ ~~
det (b , a ) = - det (a , b )
21. 2 ~~~ 1277
fill D2011 ~"51l ~11~, ~12~Ol .£.Jf- it +1 ~ °1J{}~

c5~~9.l c5~~~ ~ O~1-1q.. ~,
~ ~ ~ ~
det (a +b, a + b ) = 0
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AJ Oll ttl-Cl-,
~~ ~ ~~ ~
det(a , a +b ) +det(b , a +b )
st ~o1 JI~ ~ 4- ~~ t:9, EE ~12'<€l Oll ¥l-~ ~ ~ AJ 011
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det (a , a ) + det (a , b )
~~ ~~
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det (a , b ) + det (b , a ) = 0
~~ ~~
det (b , a ) = - det (a , b ) = 0
~ ~~yq. 013! 01 ~~<5R0l= ~ Ari>J-0l~~1-1t::1-.
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D 5 A= (a, b )~ i>rY-~ <€l011 q~ <€l~ AJ4- 13l1 ~

t:l i>1-0:1£ c5~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 13}1(1 Al ~~1-1 q. ~.
det(a +kb, b) = det(a, b)

det(a, b +ka) = det(a, b)
flU ~119.l~~ ~ ~~ ~y q. fill 1 ~ Oll ¥l-~ 11 ~ AJ
D 1011 ~<5R .
det(a +kb, b) = det(a, b) +det(kb, b)
= det(a, b) +"k-det(b, b).
-+~
ttl-2} Al D 2011 9.l <5~ det(b , b ) = o. .:lc~ E..£!..
----+ ~~ ~~
det(a +kb , b ) = det(a , b )
~ 1-1 q. °13!~.£!.. ~ll ~ ~ ~ 01 ~ tr:] ~ ~ ~1-1 q. q~
~~ ~~~ ~~.£ °r%7r A l.£ ~ ~ ~~yq.
q-g9.l D6~ ~9.l DI--D5.Q}~ Q}z!- Ad~ol q-~ ~
A~l ~ Y q. 01 ~ A-l1 ~, ii~ tg ~ ~ ~ <>11 ¥ri>1-C:1 Ad ~ i>1- ~ ~
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D 6 ~9.l9.l 01~}~ ii~tg A.Q} J ~~lii~tg tA9.l ii~~

-Al..Q.. 7~c..l 1.L .3
- , 1.- 'E. l:f '"1 '-T. -,
= det Adet(tA)
BII ~~ ~, ii~ tg~ 9.l Aa9.l ~ ~ ~lAi 1:1}..£ ~ ~ ~1
~ yr:}. {l A-l1 ,
A=[: :]Ol~ tA=[:;]
det(tA) = ad-eb = ad-be = det A
<f] y q-.
01 ~ A-l1 D 6~1 9.l i>1-~, D 1-- D 5~1 Ai 71 ~~ ii~ ~~ 9.l
~~1 ¥r~ ~~~:3l ~ .2-¥ ii~~l ¥ri>~Ai.£ Ad~~~ ~
~ ~~yq-. ~1 ~ ~ 1i!,
al+al' bl+bt'l = lal+at' a21

l a2 b2 bl+ bt' b2
= I~: a21+lal:
b2 b b2
l
a21
= I:: ::I+I:~
kbll = Ikal a21
b2 kbl b2
=klal a21=klal bll·

bl b2 a2 b2
~, ii~~~~ A~11ii~~1 ¥ti>}0:l ~~<f]yq. 1l}%7}A1..£
A-l12 "6~ ~1 ¥l-i>~ Ai.£ ~ ~ <f] y q-. 1:1}.1f~ ~i>1- ~ Ad ~ D 1
~ "6~ ~1 ¥l-i>~ Ai £ Ad ~ ~y q..
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Ad~~g li!. 0 1JI. ~~yq. 01~~1~,D5~ "6~~1 ~i>l-C:1
21. 2 ~~~ 1279
J8 Q;'j ~ ~ ~]-c "15~ ~ A 91 ~ 15~ oj] q~ 15~ ~ Acf ? llTI ~

c~~~s:. 15~~-6J det A91 ~~ 1:l}lf1A] ~~q"<f]yq.
~ ~~~ ~~~
qg oj], %~}~15~~
oj] 91~TI ~~Wyq. o]3!s:. Q;jA] il}Y.~ ?<f]yq. o]~}
<?J Ul1~ O}%7}A].£., 15~~-6J det A~

all a12 a13
IA I, a2l a22 a23
.£.s:. y.E}~yq.
15~ ~ A 91 ~] i 15~ 3!l- ~]j ~~ ~ oTI Jl ~ ~ 2 X2 15~ ~ ~
A ij .£. y.E}Ylt;J!, ~~ -6J CD~

det A = au det(A u ) -a12 det(A 12 ) +a13 det(A 13 )
~.£. y.E} ~ ? ~ -ity q. 0] -9-- \!! ~ ~1115~ 91 Z{ AJ ~ oj]
~1115~ 3!l- ::l AJ ~ ~ .¥. Wilt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 X 215~ ~ ~ 15~ ~
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(o}CjJ ::l'i:] %~)
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Vftiq. ~, 0:l71011Ai~ 3x3i>~~ A~ i>~~~ det A~
J. ~11 i>~ 011 ¥l-~ ~7R~ 011 ~"6R Aa ~ ~ ~ <i] ti q.
@D A=[ ~ - ~ -~] ~ tIll,

-3 5 2
All = 5 [4-1] 2' A 12 = - 3

[ 1-1] 2'
[ 14]
A 13 = - 3 5
01 Jl, Aa ~ 011 ~"6ij
detA=21~ -~1-(-3)1_~ -~I+OI_~ ~I
= 2(8+5) +3(2-3) +0 = 23
<i] tiq.
~1fr~~ 7dJf--.£ £1~o}7l-Ai, ~~ det A~ Aa~~
(DOll y.Efy.~ 37R~ 2x2i>~tg~ i>~~~ ~ :=L Aa~011 rrt

tJ-Ai ~ 7R i>}tB,
det A = au (a22a33- a23a32)

- a12 (a21a33 - a23a31) + a13 (a21a32 - a22a31).
%~ 01 .:J..lf:J ~ 71~"6R -!f-tB %~Vftiq . .:J..c~Y- ~t:~

.£ 3€l..e..~ ~~ o}'dyq. ~..e..~ ~~ "A~11i>~011 ¥l-~} ~
7R~ (D"~ 71~"6R *~ ~<fJyq. ~7R~(*)~ ~..e..011

IIl-tJ- ~7R~ (D011A-ll:3}.£ %£~ 4- ~171 n:l1tr<i]yq.
%~}~ i>~ ~ A ~ i>~ ~~ det A ~ EE, A~12 i>~, ~13 i>~ 011
21. 2 . ~~~. 1281
~-6RAi.£ ~7RW ~ ~~l1t:1-. ~, ~OllAi~ ~Ol A~
A-11i"6~J!} A-11j~~ ~o~Jl ~~ 0l~}~ "6~~~ A;j.£ '-tEl

t.R 1?!, det A ~
det A = -a21 det(A 21 ) +a22 det(A 22 ) -a'}3 det(A 23 ) ®
det A = a31 det(A 31 ) -a32 det(A 32 ) +a33 det(A 33 ) @

~.££ t+El-~ ~ ~~yq..
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+ - +
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~7R"5l-1i1 q.g ~ ~ol ~yq-.
= all det (All) - a21 det (A 21 ) + aSI det (A 31 )

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t+ ~l~ 2x2ii~~9-l ii~~~ ~ ~1~~..Q..£~1, 13}£ ~'iJ.
~ 4- ~-i;yq. =r {l~~ O:1c1~~E11 ~7171£. ifL1q.
u}%7r A 1.£., {l-~}9-l ii~~ A~ ii~~~ det ASil ~12~

011 {1-~ {!7R~, ~13~011 {1-~ {!7R~ ~ t+El-~ 4- ~~
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2 0-3
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-4 -1 2
011 ¥l-~ {!7R ~ A}%i>}0:1 ~l~i>}li!
detA = 21_~ ~1-51_~ -~1+(-4)1~ -~I

=2-7-5-(-3)+(-4)-9= -7.
!E., A~12~011 ~~ {!7R ~ ~iAi W-~i>}li!
2
det A = 31 2 - 31 _ <-1) 1 - 31
-4 2 5 1
=3·(-8)-(-1)·17= -7
A~12 ~ 011 {1-i>}0:1 {1 7R ~ 7d Jf-~1 ~ (1, 2) AJ ~ 01 0 0 1
E-S!- {17R9-l ~ tsJ-ol ~71!t!q~ ~--n:t~Ai ~l~
01 9l~~~q~ ~--O1l O:1c1~~ ~Sili>}711:3r~yq.

an a12 a13
@I) A= 0 a'O. aZl ~Wyq.oP;~~~detA~,fil1

o 0 a33
1 ~ 011 ~i>}0:1 {1 7R i>} 'E
a22 a23
det A = an = an a22 a33
o a33
. 21. 2 ~~~ 1283
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~~ ~~ Aa~ol ooll?!, J ~011 ~~t04 ~7R~}l?! c5~
~~~ ~l{!ol 9l.5f~~Yq.. nt%7}Al.£, Aa~011 ~~

o~ !f ~~1- ~ c5~ 011 ~~}04 11 7R ~ 7d 4-011.£ ~l ~ ~ :{t
l(!-~yq.J
( ~lil 251 3 x 3 c5~ ~ A = <a ij) 9-1 c5~ ~ ~ det A 9-1 fill 2 ~ ~
fil13~0l1 ~~ ~7~~ g ztzt ~i l!Al-2-. -=r~Jl 0l~ ~7~
~ g ~7R~ ~31l-7t <*)9-1 ~~9-1 67R9-1 tiJ-31l- ~ct~l~ ~
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Al..2...
212 3 -2 -1
(1) 0 3-1 (2) -2 1 3
411 132
1 0-8 2 -9 4
(3) ---9 15-6 (4) -7 5-3
12 -5 7 6 ~1 8
3 0-5 123
(5) 0 2 ~9 (6) 4 5 6
4 -1 0 789
100 3 8-3
(1) -5 2 0 (2) 0 -4 1
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231 an 0 0
(3) 0 0-5 (4) 0 a22 0
004 o 0 a33
~ ~*l-9.I ~~~9.I ~~
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01 ~t9.l ~~ tg~ 9.l 7d Jf-, "'~ ~ D I, D 2, D 4, D 5 ~ ~ 011
~i>}~ ~~~~~yq.. 01 c5J01l Ai£ 01011 u:t 271£ ~
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---7 ---7 ---7 ---7
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---7 ---7
a2, a3'£ MJI A ~
---7 ---7 ---7 ~ ---7 ---7
A = (a , b , c) !E~ A = (at, a2, a3)
---7 ---7 ---7
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~ g tIll, ~~ i€l~ det A~
---7 ---7 ---7 ---7 ---7 ---7
det (a , b , c ), D(a , b , C )
sq. ~~ 71§..£ y.E1-~yq.

~ ~---7
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~ Y-E1-t.ll~ ~..Q...£ Wyq. ~, 01 c5J01l Ai ~E~i!} ~~
37R~ "'atE-g 7tAl~ ~~E~~yq.
Tfr~, {}~t~ ~J tg
A = (a, Ii, c) = [:: :: ~:]

ag bg Cg
~ ~~~~ ~ AJ9.l--fil11 "5~O1l ~~ ~7R~ --011 ~'511
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%~t1q.
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---7 ---7 ~---7
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i!} wtIll,
detea + a', Ii, c) = det(a, Ii, c) +det(a', Ii, c)
det(ka, Ii, c) = k-det(a, Ii, c)
p}~7}Al£., {}~t9.l "6J~~ ~ A~12~, fil13~0l1 I:1l'5~Ai
£ 11 ~ <ij y q..
21. 2 ~~~ 1285
a = [::l a' = ::>

[at']
b = [::l C= [~:]
it i>1-1?1,
al + aI' bl CI
det(a +a', b, c) = a2+a2' b2 C2
a3+a3' b3 C3
l..
"C'
Cal +al') Ib2bs CsC21,

_bll a2 + a2' C21,
a3+a3' C3
+CI a2+a{, b21

la3+a3 b
3
~ ~<flyt1-. 01 ~:: ZfZf
all:: ~:I+at'I:: ~:I,

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a3 C3 a3 C3
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~~~ ~ ~~
det(a, b , c), det(a /, b , c )
71- !{)Yt:1-. °lAJ~.£
det(a +a', b, 7)
= det(a, b,c) +det(a', b, c)
~01 ~f~~~yt:1-.
t:1-g~.£
kal bl CI
det(ka,b,c) = ka2 b2 C2
ka3 b3 C3
kal b2 C2! _bllka2 C21, Cll kaz bzl

I
b3 C3 ' ka3 C3 ka3 b3
~ w l-li, 01 ~ ~ ZfZf det({;, b, 7) ~ fill 1 c5~ 011
O ¥l-~
~71l~0l1 I:ll g -or~ -o-J-~ kB~~yq . .:Ic~E....?-
~~~ ~~~
det(ka, b, C ) =k·det(a ,.b, C )
7} AJ~~yq.
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~~~
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~ ~~ 04 ~~1.1q.
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~t~ c5~tg~Oll ~~ D 2011 ~i>~Ai 0 01 ~yq. .:Ic~E..
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det A~
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D3 {}-~t~ l(!-~ c5~ tg
1 0 0
E= 0 1 0
0 0 1
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lIB c5~tg~~ A~llc5~Oll' ~~ ~7~~0l1Ai ~~W1.1q..
~~~
D4 A=(a,b,c)9.l ~~ ~olc 27~9.l ~~ l:3rT
21. 2 ~~~ 1287
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~~~
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~ ~~ ~~
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01 j1 D 1J!} D 2 on ~ i>R Ai ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
det(a, a, c) + det (a, b, c)

+det(b, a, c) +det(b, b, c)
= det(a, b, c) +det(b, a, c)
o 1 ~ 11 q . .=1. c~ E...?.
det(b, a, c) = -det(a, b, c)
<f] y t:l-.
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BJ 01 ~t{:]£ °l*t~ ~.q-9} &~01 ~ ~ ~~yq.

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det(a +kb, b, c)
= det(a, b, c) +det(kb, b, c)
= det(a, b, c) +k-det(b, b, c).
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det(tA)~ ~11 ~ ~l ~i>l-Oi ~7R i>l-1?1,
det(tA) = a1lb2 b31_blla2 a31+Cllab2 a31

C2 C3 C2 C3 2 b3
= a1lb2 C21_blla2 C21+Clla2 b21
b3 C3 a3 C3 a3 -b3
°1 ~~, ol?l~ det A~ Ai11c5J~1 ¥l-~ ~7R-6l31} 7J~
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@D c5~~-6l
3 2-5
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1 -4 3
21. 2 ~if:1~ 1289
~ ~k g -7-i>}A1..Q...
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a 5 1
2 a 2
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~~~
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21. 2 ~~~ 1291
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~ y.Et'ill ~ ~{;yq.. 01 ~~ ~
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7} ~~J{;Y7Jt?
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7}AJ0l1 ~"6~Ai J "6~~~ det(A ij)7r 01 0 1 AJ~~~ ~-;;
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i ~ ~~.£ ~ 7R JI.AJ ~yq.
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n-l~t "6~ ~9-l "6~ ~~
det(A il), det(A i2), ..•, det(A in)

~ ~i>l-~,~aijdet(Aij)011 Jf-§'(-l)i+j~ ~~Ai t:1~
yq. :J. ~~ nXn"6~i€l A~ -aJ~~ det A.£. AJ9-l~Y
det A = (-1) i+l ail det(A il )

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~yq. ~~ 71§. L~ A}%i>}1?!, 013!~ qg~ ~01 ~
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~ n7R~ n-1~t (5~~~01 t+El-t+ ~~1.1q..
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det(A Ij), det(A 2j), ••• , det(A nj)
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~yq-.
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~7R~ CDEf.~ ®OllAi aijdet(A;j)Oll ~~ ¥-§.~ II1ltti
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114 25
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A-I = l[L1 d-b]
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L1
q
d -b][P] = l[Pd-b ].
-c a q . L1 aq-pc
_ pd-bq aq-pc
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(1) {2X-3 Y = 37 (2) { 11x-4y = -4
4x+5y = 19 -7x+3y = -2
~ n=3~~~
qgOll, 37~91 plAl~ x, y, zOll ~~ 37~91 l1J-AJ~..Q..
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al~+ bIY+ CIZ = PI

a2x+b2Y+C2Z = P2
{
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~ A~4~yq.
01 ~ ifll1J-AJ ~ ~ ~14-7t ~E- ~ 3X3"8~ ~ ~ A, ::J.. All!

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91 Jf-~~ AJ~i>J-°1 ~E-~ ~~E~ ~ 4zt
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9} p}%7}Al.-£, ®91 °J:~91 ~~OllAl A-l~ tfW..Q...-£~~,
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yet.
qAl ~~ !r1~0}7}Ai, ~ ~ ~~tliJ-7B~ CD~ q~ 1£
~ ~ A~zt~yet. -=r tIll{cOll ~E~
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[
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0:l71 Ai @ ~ ~i Ai "5~ ~ ~
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~ ~l~i>~ ~Alq. 01 tIll, "5~~~9l AJ~ D 1, D 2011 ~i>~Ai
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= x'det(a, b, c) +y det(b,b, c)
+Z det(c, b, c)
= x det(a, b, c),
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~~~ ~~
7} ~yq. u}%7}Al£ ~}~ det(a, p, C ), det(a, b,
~
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= y'det(a, b, c) @
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~ ~~yq.
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"5~~~
al bl CI
L1 = det A = det(a, b, c) = a2 b2 C2
a3 b3 C3
_ det(p, b, c)
x - L1 '
_ det(a, p, c)
y - L1 '
det(a, b, p)
z= L1
.£. 2f-~Al~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~l-1q. °l.£~i, ulAl~7t37~
~ ~~~~tl:lJ-Aa~~ i>~ ~ <5~~~ ~ ~Ai t+E}~~~l-1
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~ tg ~~tl:lJAa ~ (DOll Ai
al bl CI
L1 = a2 b2 C2 =t= 0
a3 b3 C3
PI b 1 CI al PI CI
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b g= a3 P3
x= P3 ~3 C3 C3
~
al 61 PI
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6
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I~xi1371 6~ ~~ ~ ~ Ai q. g er! liJ ~~l-l3J-78 ~ ~ If-Al.2...

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(1)
j 4x+3y-z = -2
5x+4y+z = 6
x+3y-5z = 5
(2)
j 3x+2y+3z = 0
2x-6y+13z = 0
~011Ai ~~~, i>J~~ ~ 0l%~ cr!~~~t1:JJ-Aa~.21
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anXl + al2X2 + + alnXn = PI

a2lXl + a22X2 + -1- a2nXn ~ P2
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t-l ct.
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~ ~ o} '9 t-l ct. ~, ~.Q.j 3~ ~ ~ ~Oj1 utCl- 1olJ-~ -61 (*) ~

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det(AB) = det A·det B
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ti. p, q, r, s~ a, b, c, d, a', b', c', d'~.£. y.E}tl1 <>1
ps-qr
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~ 1i!~-51- ~ ~ E~ <iJ t1 q.
01 All, 3 X 3i>J ~ B ~
B = (Xl, X2, X3) = [;:, ;: ;:]

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2--.£ AJ~t1q. 01 tIll i>~~~ -#-~ AJ~011Ai ~ 4- ~~.

01
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o1 o:l<5U~ol11rl
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det A · det B = det E = 1
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at!

Xt=lt 't&2 xII

Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 by Kazuo Matsuzaka

Originally published in Japanese by Iwanami Shoten,

Korean translation copyright (c) 1994 by

All rights reserved. This edition was published by

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