Cultural institution - A cultural institution or cultural organization is an organization within a

culture/subculture that works for the preservation or promotion of culture.

Social Institutions - A group or organization that has specific roles, norms, and expectations.
Society - A built up of certain norms, rules, and traditions that maintain social order and
stability.
Institutions - A structure or mechanism of rules and norms that governs the behavior of a set of
individuals within a given community or for a public purpose.
Social Order - The tendency of social institutions to resist and regulate change.
Political institution - These are the organizations in a government that create, enforce, and apply
laws. And it’s the structures of a political system that carry out the work of governing.
Kinship - Kinship is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of
society. It explains the nature and reason for the formation of the different types of bonds that
exist within society.

3 Types of Kinship - Kinship by blood, Kinship by marriage, Kinship by rituals.

Kinship by blood
● Affinal - Applies to people who enter marriage and can be traced to their ancestry.
● Consanguineal Kinship - Kinship based on blood is considered the most basic and
general form of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity. Descent
refers to a biological relationship.
● UNILINEAL - It refers to the descent through either the maternal or paternal line only.
● MATRILINEAL - It refers to the descent through the female line.
● PATRILINEAL - It descends through the male line.
Kinship by marriage - It is defined as a socially acknowledged and approved sexual union
between two adult individuals. (e.g., Wedding)

11 Types of Kinship by marriage

1. Endogamy - There are several ethnic groups who use this type of marriage. aristocratic
classes, social groups, and religious organizations. (e.g., A marriage between a Christian
woman and a Muslim man was required by the male's moral beliefs; but, if the woman
converted to Islam, the marriage may still occur and be recognized by the law.)
2. Exogamy - It refers to a marriage ritual where a person must comply with society's
regulations and customs to marry someone from a different tribe, community, or social
class. (e.g., An African man married to an American white woman)
3. Monogamy - When a person has only one male or female for marriage or sexual pairing,
the term refers to that custom or practice. (e.g., Roman Catholics practice monogamous
marriage)
4. Polygamy - Multiple partners or sexual partners are referred to in this phrase. (e.g.,
Muslims practice polygamous marriage)
 5. Polygyny - A man has several female lovers or mates. (e.g., The Mormon Church (also
called Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints) initially encouraged men to have
multiple wives.)
6. Polyandry - A woman has multiple male lovers or partners. (e.g., In Nepal, portions of
China, and northern India, Tibetans practice a kind of polyandry known as fraternal
polyandry, in which two or more brothers marry the same lady.)
7. Patrilocal - When married couples reside in or close to the home of the husband's family
(e.g., The wife will move to the house of the husband's family after marriage)
8. Matrilocal - It occurs when a couple resides with or close to a relative of the wife. (e.g.,
After marriage, the husband will move to the house of the wife's family.)
9. Biolocal - The wedded pair alternates between staying with the husband's family and the
wife's family.
10. Arranged marriage - They are coordinated by the parents of the bride and groom (e.g.,
In India, most married couples arrange marriage because of their family's choices.)
11. Referred marriage - Matchmakers assist their single friends or relatives in finding
potential partners. introducing them to a different guy or woman who is also looking for a
life partner for their spouse (e.g., first cousin marriages, uncle-niece marriages, second
cousin marriages)

Post-Marital Residence Rules - specify where a person resides after marriage and, accordingly,
influence social organization of human societies. In modern wage-based economies, most
newlyweds tend to establish a new household separate from their respective families

7 Types of Residence
1. Neolocal Residence - This system is determined by a rule that each spouse leaves his/her
family of origin and jointly forms a new household, which develops as a nuclear family.
(e.g., when young couples marry and choose to live away from family groupings.)
2. Patrilocal Residence - It specifies that, upon marriage, a man remains in his father's
household while his wife leaves her family to move in with him. (e.g., when a woman
gets married and moves in next door to her parents-in-law.)
3. Matrilocal Residence - It specifies that, upon marriage, a woman remains in her
mother's household while her husband leaves his family to move in with her. (e.g., a
daughter stays with her family after marriage and her husband moves to where her
family resides. )
4. Matrifocal Residence - It consists of a woman and her children, and sometimes her
daughter's children, without coresident husbands or other adult men. (e.g., a widow and
her children who formed a residence unit.)
5. Avunculocal Residence - placing a married woman in her husband's household, where
their children are raised. Upon reaching maturity, the men must relocate to their mother's
brother's household. (e.g., when the married couple's child reach maturity, the male child
must move in with his uncle (mother's brother's home))
 6. Ambilocal Residence - a married couple decides whether to join either the husband's or
the wife's household of origin. (e.g., a newly married couple has the choice of living with
or near the groom's or the bride's family.)
7. Natalocal Residence - It specifies that each partner remains with their own families of
residence after marriage. (e.g., The married couple remains with their own families, the
child that they bare will be living with its mother.)

Kinship by ritual - Compadrazgo, literally translated as ‘godparenthood’. originated in Europe.

Persons close to the parents but not related by blood become a family.

The Family - The family is considered the basic unit of social organization. It is a group of
individuals that consist of at least two (2) members who are linked together by marriage, blood
relations, and adoption.

3 Types of Family
1. Nuclear family - Derived from the word 'nucleus', referring to the core of something. A
group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood. Also known as
elementary or traditional family.
2. Extended family - Family members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents
and their offspring. Vertical - Grandparents, Parents, Horizontal - Aunts, Uncles,
Cousins, etc,.
3. Blended family - Parents have a child or children from previous marital relationships and
congregate to form a new family unit. It is sometimes called step family, reconstituted
family, or a complex family.

family orientation - Family of orientation refers to the the family that you are born into.
family procreation - Family of procreation refers to the family you create through marriage and
by having or adopting children.

The household

Nuclear Household - Nuclear Household is defined as a household consisting entirely of a

single family nucleus.

Types of Nuclear Household

● a married couple without children
● a married couple with one (1) or more unmarried children
● a father with one (1) or more unmarried children a mother with one
● (1) or more unmarried children
Extended Household - Extended Household is defined as a household consisting of any one of
the following:
● A single family nucleus and other persons related to the nucleus, for example, a father
with child (ren) and other relative(s) or a married couple with other relative(s) only.
● Two (2) or more family nuclei related to each other without any other persons; for
example, two (2) or more married couples with child (ren) only.
● Two (2) or more family nuclei related to each other plus other persons related to at least
one (1) of the nuclei; for example, two (2) or more married couples with other relative(s)
only.
● Two (2) or more persons related to each other, none of whom constitute a family nucleus.

Reconstituted Families - also known as a blended family. It is the sociological term for the
joining of two (2) adults via marriage, cohabitation or civil partnership, who have had previous
relationships (e.g., a man breaks up with his wife and got annulment and either re-marries
another woman or moves in with her.)
Matrifocal Residence - A Transnational Families is a new family model, which can be
characterized by the geographical dispersion of a family because of migration (e.g., When a
woman is responsible for taking care of her family without the a man's help)

2 Types of Household
1. One-Person - An arrangement in which one (1) person makes provision for his/her own
food or other essentials for living without combining with any other person
2. Multi-Person - A group of two (2) or more persons living together who make common
provision for food or other essentials for living
Political Organization
● Band - typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties,
common descendants, friendship affiliations.
● Tribe - considered an acephalous political system. Tribes are organized through the
presence of pantribal associations or sodalities that come in form of a council or tribal
elders.
● Chiefdom - formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select
family.
● Simple chiefdom - characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single
family
● Complex chiefdom - composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount
chief residing in a single paramount center
● Nation - groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs.
Etc.

Political Legitimacy and Authority

● Legitimacy - The moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the
right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper. (e.g., A
government is considered legitimate if people under its authority recognize it as rightful.)
● Authority - The power to make binding decisions and issue commands. (e.g., The
manager has the authority to revise employees' work schedules based on the needs of the
company.)
● Traditional authority - whose legitimacy is derived from well-established customs,
habits, and social structures (e.g., Parents have authority over their children because it is
the practice.)
● Charismatic authority - Whose legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the
individual. (e.g., The leader whose mission and vision inspire others.)
● Rational-legal authority - Authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated
by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws. (e.g., People lose their
authority once they no longer occupy their positions in power, or whenever s/he abuses it,
exercise it beyond what is authorized by law.)
 REFERENCE

Contreras, A., Dela Cruz, A., Erasga, D., & Fadrigon, C. (2016). The Padayon Series:
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Family.(n.d.). Retrieved from

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/fam/fammethods.htm

Types of Household. (n.d.). Political Organization. Retrieved from

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/fam/fammethods.htm

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?

political_organization_bands_tribal_organizations_chiefdoms_cultural_anth

ropology&b=98&c=25
 QUIZ

1. _______ is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society. It

explains the nature and reason for the formation of the different types of bonds that exist within

society.

a. The household

b. Kinship

c. The family

2. Type of relations developed when a marriage occurs.

a. Kinship by Family

b. Kinship by Marriage

c. Kinship by Blood

3. The most basic and general form of relations.

a. Kinship by Family

b. Kinship by Marriage

c. Kinship by Blood

4. Persons close to the parents but not related by blood become a family.
a. Kinship by Family

b. Kinship by Marriage

c. Kinship by Blood

5. The basic unit of social organization.

a. Political Organization

b. Kinship

c. The family

6. Bands and tribes are considered the simplest political systems.

a. Political Organization

b. Kinship

c. The family

7. Literal translation of ‘godparenthood’.

a. compadrazgo

b. compradazgo

c. compadarzgo

8. The line where one’s descent is traced. An individual’s descent can be traced by studying

either the person’s paternal or maternal line.

a. Patrilineal

b. Lineage

c. Matrilineal

9. Focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line.

a. Patrilineal

b. Lineage

c. Matrilineal

10. Refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.

a. monogamy

b. endogamy

c. polygamy

11. Legitimacy is derived from well-established customs, habits, and social structures

a. legitimacy

b. Traditional authority

c. charismatic authority

12. legitimacy emanates from the personality of the individual.

a. Rational-legal authority
b. Traditional authority

c. charismatic authority

13. The moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise

such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper.

a. legitimacy

b. authority

c. Rational-legal authority

14. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

a. rational-legal authority

b. legitimacy

c. authority

15. Authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its

fundamental and implementing laws.

a. Rational-legal authority

b. Traditional authority

c. charismatic authority
16. It consists of a woman and her children, and sometimes her daughter's children, without

coresident husbands or other adult men.

a. Matrifocal Residence

b. Matrilocal Residence

c. Natalocal Residence

17. It specifies that, upon marriage, a woman remains in her mother's household while her

husband leaves his family to move in with her.

a. Matrifocal Residence

b. Matrilocal Residence

c. Natalocal Residence

18. Type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their

offspring.

a. Nuclear

b. Extended

c. Blended

19. Type of family where a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and

parenthood.

a. Nuclear
b. Extended

c. Blended

20. A groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and

ethnicity.

a. Tribe

b. Nation

c. Band
ANSWER KEY

1. B.

2. B.

3. C.

4. A.

5. C.

6. A.

7. A.

8. B.

9. C.

10. C.

11. B.

12. C.

13. A.

14. C.

15. B.

16. A.

17. B.

18. B.

19. A.

20. B.