Hitler’s Polar Paradise: The Myth of “New Berchtesgaden”

By Eric Chaney

In April 1945, as Soviet and American forces closed in on Berlin during the last days of World

War II, the German Führer Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führer Bunker near the Reich

Chancellery along with his mistress Eva Braun. Their burned bodies were discovered in the

Reich Chancellery Garden by Russian troops – supposedly. For almost as soon as Hitler was

dead, confusion reigned about the circumstances of his death and indeed whether he had died at

all.

“Seldom has the death of one man … given rise to so many legends, lies and half-truths,”

wrote German historian Anton Joachimsthaler, who specializes in the study of Hitler’s last days. 1

The Führer was risen from his ashes by innumerable groups for an innumerable variety of

reasons. One of the most interesting, but also perhaps one of the most unlikely, of these scenarios

is that Hitler and Braun were spirited out of Germany (by various routes) and ended up in

Antarctica, where German engineers had built a “New Berchtesgaden” from which Hitler could

either continue his plans of world domination or quietly live out the rest of his days.

How did this seemingly implausible theory come to be? What events lent it credence?

Who has repeated it and why? And why has it not only refused to die but even expanded – to the

far reaches of the universe even – in the decades since the war’s end? Unlike somewhat more

plausible scenarios, such as Hitler living out his last days on a ranch in Argentina or somewhere

deep in the German or Austrian Alps, the Antarctica theory seems easily countered. Yet the

1
Anton Joachimsthaler, The last days of Hitler: the legends, the evidence, the truth, translated by Helmut
Bölger. (London: Brockhampton Press, 1999), 7.
southern continent, though home to extreme weather and scant resources, is also, as one learned

scholar put it, “a place that provides scope for tremendous popular imagination.” 2

An Antarctic Oasis?

That scope, at least in a physical sense, is vast. Antarctica comprises roughly 5.4 million square

miles of land, ninety-nine percent of which are covered by an ice sheet that is, in places, nearly

three miles thick. In the winter the land mass is surrounded by 7.7 million square miles of sea

ice.3 This is a place that defies exploration, let alone settlement.

Yet there has been an almost constant drive to unlock its secrets. By the 1930s, dozens of

expeditions had been made to the continent by explorers from countries including Britain,

Norway, Japan, Sweden, Scotland, France, Belgium, and the United States. These were mostly

confined to the Antarctic seas, off lying islands and coastal areas. Inland expeditions focused on

key geographic points (the South Pole) or specific accomplishments (first land crossing of the

continent).

Despite three expeditions to the southern continent in the first half of the 20 th century –

one in 1901, one in 1911, and one in 1938 – Germany was not a major player in Antarctic

exploration.

“There were no real polar firsts, many failures to attain lofty or even the fanciful goals,

and in sum, few spectacular successes to sustain public enthusiasm in Germany.” 4

2
Dr. Molly McCullers, email to author, September 8, 2022.
3
National Science Foundation, United States Antarctic Program Participant Guide 2018-2020 Edition,
edited by Jim Mastro and Terri Edillon (Alexandria, VA; National Science Foundation, 2018), 54,
https://www.usap.gov/USAPgov/travelAndDeployment/documents/ParticipantGuide_2018-
20.pdf#search=%22participant%20guide%22
4
Parker E. Calkin, “Review of German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870-1940 by David
Thomas Murphy.” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37, no. 1 (2005): 136–37.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1552188.
 Yet the third expedition, ordered by Hitler and Herman Goering, would lay some of the

groundwork for tales of Hitler’s survival in Antarctica. Captain Alfred Ritscher of the

Kriegsmarine commanded 81 men aboard the 8500-ton catapult ship Schwabenland, which

sported two 10-ton Dornier Wal aircraft, called flying boats. Unlike the previous two

expeditions, which had been focused mainly on scientific pursuits, the goal of the German

Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939) was to “perform a detailed photogrammetric survey from

aircraft” which would “serve as the basis for the construction of a geographic map of the newly

discovered land to justify a possible claim … [and] help to determine the location of a possible

future coastal whaling base.”5

Expedition records show that the photogrammetric survey covered about 350,000 square

kilometers with visual observation of about 600,000 square kilometers over an area due south of

South Africa. The flight crews made no landings on the continent but did drop metal darts

emblazed with swastikas in an attempt to claim the territory, which had already been claimed by

Norway and named Dronning Maud Land. The Germans did discover a wide area free from ice

that was dotted with small freshwater ponds, an Antarctic oasis. 6

Although “there is no mention in any of the German documents of any intention to

establish a base during the expedition of 1938–1939, nor that any attempt was made to do so at

that time or afterwards,” the discovery of something so unexpected, “open water in such a cold

region at temperatures below freezing point,” is likely one of the seeds from which Nazi

5
Cornelia Lüdecke, “Investigation of the unknown: the flight programme of the German Schwabenland
expedition 1938/39.” The Polar Journal, 2:2 (December 2012): 312-313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2012.735042.
6
Ibid, 328-329.
Antarctic myths grew. Perhaps this Antarctic oasis was enough of a shelter from the rest of the

brutal continent to build Hitler’s “New Berchtesgaden.” 7

Confusion Reigned

But before Hitler could take up residence in a “New Berchtesgaden”, he must survive and escape

the old. While Antarctica provided a blank sheet upon which conspiracy theorists could scratch

out their tales, war-torn Europe was a mass of scrawled lines, so fully covering the page that

even the wildest of scribbles might go unnoticed.

The scope of the confusion surrounding Hitler’s death, and possible survival, is so broad

and the events and motivations behind that confusion so intricate as to prohibit description in

their entirety here. Yet a small sample of some of the events in the months and years following

will give an idea of how rampant misinformation was, and how deeply the truth could be buried

beneath it.

The Soviets, upon finding a dozen or so burned bodies in the Reich Chancellery Garden,

immediately began playing propaganda games, staging photos with “Hitler’s” body before any

kind of proof was available.8

But in July, Soviet General Zhukov made a statement that Soviet experts had not

succeeded in identifying Hitler's body and therefore had to assume that Hitler had left Berlin at

the last possible moment, a statement “not based upon provable facts but solely on the

unpredictability and ambitions of Stalin.”9

7
Colin Summerhayes and Peter Beeching, “Hitler's Antarctic Base: The Myth and the Reality.” Polar
Record, 43 (January 2007): 1 - 21. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231788269; Lüdecke, 329.
8
Joachimsthaler, 21-23.
9
Joachimsthaler, 22-23.
 British intelligence officer Hugh Trevor-Roper was ordered to undertake an investigation

of Hitler’s death to rebut Soviet propaganda. Trevor-Roper’s report, published in book form in

1947, found the version of Hitler’s death stated at the outset of this paper to be correct. Yet

Trevor Roper “only timidly [prophesied] success” for both the report and the book, the purposes

of which were to “establish the facts of Hitler's end, and thereby to prevent the growth of a myth.

… Many men saw Nero die; But within a year, several false Neros arose and were believed.” 10

Try as the Allies might, they could not escape the specter of “false Hitlers.” The general

public seemed unconvinced that the Führer was really “kaput.” The results of a Gallup poll taken

in July 1945 which asked, “Do you believe that Hitler is dead?” showed that 68 percent of

Americans believed he was not. A similar poll undertaken in Canada by the national Institute of

Public Opinion returned 58 percent of Canadians who believed that Hitler still lived. 11

“At one time or another [Hitler] was allegedly seen in nearly every country of the world,

except for Russia. Letters continually arrived at the Bavarian Ministry of Justice, some from

Hitler's admirers, purporting to know his hiding place.” 12

Ghosts in the Atlantic

How, one might ask Antarctic theorists, was Hitler to get from Berlin to his secret hiding place in

Dronning Maud Land, more than 8,500 miles to the south? For believers in the Antarctica story,

the answer came in the form of two German submarines, U-530 and U-977, which surrendered to

Argentinian authorities in Mar del Plata in July and August, respectively, of 1945. Hitler, Eva

Braun, and possibly Martin Bormann, had been spirited away from Europe via these or other

10
H.R. Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947), 229.
11
Canadian Institute of Public Opinion, “Hitler Death Story Doubted.” Montreal Star, July 28, 1945.
Accessed through Newspapers.com November 12, 2022, https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/741233031.
12
Donald M. McKale, Hitler, the survival myth (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001), 142.
submarines, part of a so called “ghost convoy,” which departed the Norwegian coast in the

spring of 1945.13

Putting aside the fact that Hitler would have to cross much Allied-occupied territory to

reach Norway, the journey from Norway to Antarctica to Mar del Plata is, if possible, also

problematic.

U-977 was a Type VIIC boat with a range of just 8,500 nautical miles. U-530, a type

IXC/40, had a range of 13850 nautical miles.14 A rough calculation of the route a U-boat might

follow from Norway to Dronning Maud Land and on to Mar del Plata puts the distance at just

under 13,400 miles. Yet much of this journey was through waters controlled by Allied forces,

and the subs would have to potentially use precious fuel to maneuver around enemy ships.

A second obstacle, as outlined by Summerhayes and Beeching, would be the pack ice

which can stretch as far as 500 kilometers off the coast of Dronning Maude Land. U-boats were

not built to punch through such ice, which can be 1-2 meters thick.

“To secure fresh air, the boat would have had to force its way up through the ice to the

surface at least every 2 days, because these boats lacked CO2 scrubbers to clean their air.”

“Navigation would also have been practically impossible. Even if U-530 or U-977 had

surfaced through the ice, obtaining sun or star sights would have been difficult” because of

stormy weather conditions during the Antarctic winter. 15

Heinz Schaeffer, the commanding officer of U-977, flatly denied that his ship had been

used to transport Hitler (even writing a book to that effect) and indicated that he had sailed to

Argentina solely to avoid surrendering to the British, had not stopped in Antarctica, and was not

13
McKale, 137.
14
Uboat.net. Type VIIC, accessed December 3, 2022, https://uboat.net/types/viic.htm; Uboat.net. Type
IXC/40, accessed December 3, 2022, https://uboat.net/types/ixc40.htm.
15
Summerhayes and Beeching, 12-13.
carrying Adolf Hitler aboard. The trip had taken longer than expected due to shortages of fuel

forcing the boat to use its electric generator.16 U-530’s commanding officer, Otto Wermuth, said

under Argentinian interrogation that “at no time during the voyage had the U-530 had aboard ant

passengers of any nationality, civilian or military.” He also indicated that U-530 spent most of

the journey underwater to avoid aerial attack, slowing the journey tremendously. 17

The Man Who Put Hitler on Ice

If the U-boats’ captains refused to put Hitler on board their ships, then who did? We now have a

place that with some great imagination could be suitable for a “New Berchtesgaden.” We have a

method of transportation that with some great imagination could be possible. Chaos and

confusion in war torn Europe might have given Hitler the opportunity to slip away. If one squints

in just the right manner, it could be possible. What we need now is someone willing to squint,

willing to make the leaps of logic necessary for these factors to coalesce into a semi-believable

story. And into that role stepped Ladislao Szabo, a Hungarian immigrant living in Buenos Ares,

who took the appearance of a single German submarine off the coast of his adopted country and

ran with it.

Writing for the Argentinian newspaper La Critica in mid-July, before U-977 had even

arrived, Szabo made the “sensational statement that Adolf Hitler, his mistress, Eva Braun, Martin

Bormann and other Nazi leaders have taken refuge ‘somewhere within the 14 million square

kilometers of the Antarctic continent.’” He would further claim that “Hitler's [Antarctic] hideout

16
McKale, 138.
17
US Navy. “Resume of Interrogation of Lieut. Otto Wermuth, Commanding Officer of the German
submarine U-530.” Intelligence Department, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Department. Created
July 24, 1945. Accessed through Uboatarchive.net, December 3, 2022, https://www.uboatarchive.net/U-530A/U-
530NAReport.htm.
was prepared in 1939 by Capt. Alfred Ritscher and that the Führer and his party traveled there

recently aboard a huge submarine, escorted by seven smaller U boats,” which came to be known

as the “ghost convoy.”18

Radio-Brazzaville, the voice of Free France operating from the capital of French

Equatorial Africa, broadcast the story shortly after, citing La Critica as its source.19 The

international news services (the Associated Press, United Press, and the International News

Service) picked up on the story and several more pieces appeared shortly after. There was

healthy skepticism of such a ridiculous claim, with some papers mocking the story as a “little

joke” from Brazzaville, the product of a “whimsical announcer and a hot tropic night.” 20

“If Hitler and Eva can live” in a place devoid of resources, another paper wrote, “they

have tasted of a tree of subsistence knowledge unknown to other members of the human race.” 21

He is perhaps “writing his memoirs with an icicle in the snow, or maybe addressing hysterical

guttural orations to a herd of icebound seals.”22 “Even the war crimes Commission” might be

tempted to leave him there “in his own peculiar hell frozen over.” 23

Szabo followed up on his initial story two years later, when in 1947 he released a book

entitled Hitler esta vivo (Hitler is alive). The book expanded upon Szabo’s initial article and

included claims that “an initial coastal base was established by the German Antarctic Expedition,

that it was then used by German raiding ships in the South Atlantic, and that it collected material

18
International News Service, “Antarctic Refuge Hinted.” Arizona Republic, July 17, 1945. Accessed
through Newspapers.com November 12, 2022, https://www.newspapers.com/image/117287025.
19
Associated Press, “New Hideout For Hitler Reported in Antarctica.” Miami News, July 18, 1945. Accessed
through Newspapers.com November 12, 2022, https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/298655889.
20
Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, “Chilling Yarn About Hitler.” Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, July 19, 1945. Accessed
through Newspapers.com November 12, 2022, https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/851948339.
21
Ibid.
22
Belleville News-Democrat. “Untitled.” Belleville News-Democrat, July 23, 1945. Accessed through
Newspapers.com November 12, 2022, https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/769417235.
23
Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, “Chilling Yarn About Hitler.”
brought by submarines for the construction of a base in the interior” likely at the Schirmacher

Oasis.24 He also points to inconsistencies in the size of the U-boat crews and a large cache of

cigarettes aboard U-530 as evidence, despite the fact that Hitler did not smoke. 25 He goes on to

claim that the purpose of Operation Highjump, an American mission in 1946-47 to establish an

Antarctic base, was in reality to “eradicate the secret German base in Dronning Maud Land.” 26

Though the story of the phantom convoy and “has been a favourite element of Nazi

mythology ever since,” Summerhayes and Beeching conclude, through a comprehensive look at

the facts, “that Szabo’s statements about a possible base were pure invention, a shaky foundation

that others have built on like a house of cards.” 27

Wild Cards

Two of the wildest “cards” to have been added to this shaky house are the idea that the Nazis in

Antarctica were in possession of flying saucer “superweapons that had already been under

development and tested during the Third Reich,” and various occult beliefs, such as the idea that

Antarctica was a gateway into a hollow earth.

The flying saucers, the theory goes, had been smuggled to Antarctica near the war’s end

and were now housed at the secret base at “New Berchtesgaden.” 28 Goodrich-Clarke notes that

this idea began “among certain German nationalist circles” in the early 1950s, and was fueled, in

24
Summerhayes and Beeching,6.
25
Ibid, 12.
26
Ibid, 14.
27
Ibid, 3; ibid, 9.
28
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity (New York:
New York University Press, 2002), 152.
part, by the rash of UFO sightings around the world during that period, which was “attributed to

a hidden Nazi presence in remote and inaccessible regions of the world. 29

Adding fuel to the speculation was comment from Admiral Richard E. Byrd, commander

of Operation High Jump, that appeared, in Spanish in a Chilean newspaper in March 1947, which

has been translated as: “in case of a new war the continental United States would be attacked by

flying objects which could fly from pole to pole at incredible speeds.” 30

Conspiracy theorists believe that Byrd was, of course, speaking of the rumored Nazi

superweapons. But a closer look at the translation indicates that Byrd’s was statement was taken

out of context and “at best, a bad translation of the Spanish original, or, at worst, a deliberate

mistranslation.”31

The original quote, in context, presents quite a different message:

‘Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of
protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the
polar regions. The Admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality
is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both
poles. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an
exclusive interview with International News Service. Talking about the recently completed
expedition, Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the
potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States. The fantastic speed
with which the world is shrinking – recalled the Admiral – is one of the most important lessons
learned during his recent Antarctic exploration. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has
ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the
distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.’ 32

The story continued to grow, and by the 1970s, neo-Nazi authors had created “a massive Nazi

military force of highly advanced UFOs, [which] was in possession of a vast tract of Antarctica.

At any moment, this fleet of Nazi UFOs could sally forth to deliver the benighted world from the

29
Ibid.
30
Summerhayes and Beeching, 17.
31
Ibid.
32
Summerhayes and Beeching, 17.
yoke of the two superpowers as well as the postwar ills of democracy and liberalism.” This force

had supposedly confronted the forces involved in Operation High Jump, downed four American

aircraft, and forced Admiral Byrd to retreat from Antarctica ahead of schedule. 33

The myth would continue to grow, even beyond the bounds of our solar system. Stories

of “advanced Nazi technology were conflated with alternative energy sources and alliances with
34
an extraterrestrial civilization in the remote solar system of Aldebaran.”

The Antarctica myth also turned inward. Among many occult theories was one put

forward by Miguel Serrano, a Chilean diplomat and occultist who sympathized with the Nazis

and later became a prominent neo-Nazi who espoused esoteric Nazism. Serrano believed that

“the Germans also found [in Antarctica] a way of communication with the Hollow Earth and it’s

secret cities” inhabited by Hyperboreans, a mythical people who lived in a land of perpetual

sunshine beyond the north wind. The Hyperboreans had taken refuge inside the Earth after a

disaster that reversed the Earth’s poles. 35

Why Has This Theory Survived?

McKale argues that Szabo’s original intention when writing this book was to warn of a “return of

German fascism and its diabolical Führer. ‘It is a fact,’ [Szabo] argued, ‘that Nazism is not dead

in Europe. The world is in danger. Its peace is newly menaced by Adolf Hitler.’ Yet this

“fanatical devotion” to antifascism was mixed with a “flair for yellow journalism (not to mention

a thirst for money)” that “blinded [him] to the simplest of facts and warped [his] judgment. 36

33
Ibid, 18.
34
Goodrick-Clarke, 152.
35
Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Kempton,
Illinois: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996), 126-127.
36
McKale, 139.
 The simple fact was that stories about Hitler sold – in books and newspapers and

magazines. For one example, the National Police Gazette, an American tabloid magazine,

published 76 Hitler related articles between 1951 and 1968 and put him on the cover 37 times.

“Adolf Hitler being proven alive ended up the longest running gag in the long history of

the National Police Gazette – all of it, of course, done with completely straight face.” 37

There were some, though, who did relay the story with an entirely straight face. Neo-Nazi

authors such as Wilhelm Landig and Ernst Zündel in the 1970s “blended … stories, hints and

suggestions into a powerful and elaborate myth of Nazi resurgence,” which included secret

Antarctic bases and factories producing flying saucers, a “technocratic utopia” juxtaposed with

“the icy wastes of the polar regions.”38

For these men and other “exponents of the theory that Hitler escaped the Berlin bunker

… the Nazi leader’s reputation as a genius, sullied by the Allied claim that he died a miserable

death by suicide as the Red Army was closing in, is triumphantly restored.” 39

The ideological children of these authors, “alienated white youth and lower-income

groups increasingly marginalized by new high-tech industries and the advancing integration of

ethnic minorities in their communities” spurred a “dramatic revival” of the far right in the last

two decades of the 20th century.40 This rise of white nationalism, antisemitism, and neo-Nazism

has become even more apparent in the current climate (see Kanye West and Elon Musk), and the

desire to paint Hitler as a “sort of superman who fooled the world one final time” remains

strong.41 Therefore, so do the conspiracies. In fact, “more book length arguments for the survival

37
National Police Gazette, Hitler is alive! Guaranteed True Stories Reported by the National Police Gazette.
Edited by Steven A. Westlake (New York: Mysterious Press.com, 2016), 6.
38
Goodrich-Clarke, 157.
39
Richard J. Evans, The Hitler Conspiracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 213.
40
Goodrick-Clarke, 5.
41
McKale, 199.
of Hitler in Argentina have appeared in the 21st century than in the whole of the 55 previous

years.”42

Conclusions

Even in such a shallow analysis as is presented here, it becomes quite obvious that the

conspiracy theory of Hitler’s escape to a “New Berchtesgaden” in Antarctica follows a

predictable pattern that applies to most conspiracy theories.

Theorists have, over time, “drawn together unrelated accounts of polar expeditions, U-

boat landings,” and American military expeditions. The basic facts of these accounts are true.

The German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939) did survey Dronning Maude Land in hopes of

establishing a base there, Nazi submarines did escape to Argentina, and Operation Highjump was

cut short.

We don’t know for sure why Ladislao Szabo took it upon himself to add a layer of “pure

invention” to these facts.43 Was it, as McKale speculated, due to his “fanatical devotion” to

antifascism?44 Or perhaps he was, as Evans argues, a “disempowered figure, eking out a living

on or even beyond the margins of the world of journalism, art collecting, politics or academia,

looking for a way in.”45

What we do know is that later authors “fed upon [his] material, embellishing it here and

there. Information that did not fit [was] left out. Gaps [were] filled by speculation.” 46

42
Evans, 175.
43
Summerhayes and Beeching, 9.
44
McKale, 139.
45
Evans, 209.
46
Summerhayes and Beeching, 19.
 These authors had their own motivations for keeping Hitler alive and ensconced in a

secret base at the bottom of the world; “the occultist literature endows [Hitler] with occult

powers; UFO enthusiasts depict him in command of technology of staggering sophistication;

neo-Nazis attribute to him a breathtaking ability to avoid detection and apprehension.” 47 For

popular magazines such as The Police Gazette, stories of Hitler’s survival were moneymakers.

For Ladislao Szabo, perhaps, it was simply a desire to be important.

Antarctica itself provides an unparalleled backdrop for these theories; in the popular

imagination, it remains vast and blank and unexplored. It is one of the few places on Earth where

a “New Berchtesgaden” could have remained undiscovered for nearly a century, an icy incubator

which has kept the story alive, a place where Hitler, or at least his myth, “has achieved

Lebensraum at last.”48

47
Evans, 208.
48
Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, “Chilling Yarn About Hitler.” Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, July 19, 1945. Accessed
through Newspapers.com November 12, 2022, https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/851948339.
 Bibliography

Calkin, Parker E. “Review of German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870-1940 by
David Thomas Murphy.” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37, no. 1 (2005): 136–
37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1552188.
Evans, Richard J. The Hitler Conspiracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Godwin, Joscelyn. Arktos The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival. Kempton,
Illinois: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996.
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of
Identity. New York: New York University Press, 2002.
Joachimsthaler, Anton. The last days of Hitler: the legends, the evidence, the truth. Translated by
Helmut Bölger. London: Brockhampton Press, 1999.
Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, 1936-45: nemesis. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.
Lüdecke, Cornelia. “Investigation of the unknown: the flight programme of the German
Schwabenland expedition 1938/39.” The Polar Journal, 2:2 (December 2012): 312-333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2012.735042.
McKale, Donald M. Hitler, the survival myth. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001.
National Police Gazette. Hitler is alive! Guaranteed True Stories Reported by the National
Police Gazette. Edited by Steven A. Westlake. New York: Mysterious Press.com, 2016.
Summerhayes, Colin, and Peter Beeching. “Hitler's Antarctic Base: The Myth and the Reality.”
Polar Record, 43 (January 2007): 1 - 21.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231788269.
The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). “The Schwabenland
in the Antarctic.” The Geographical Journal, Vol. 95, No. 1 (January 1940): 52-54.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1788684.
Trevor-Roper, H.R. The Last Days of Hitler. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947.
Uboat.net. Type IXC/40, accessed December 3, 2022, https://uboat.net/types/ixc40.htm.
Uboat.net. Type VIIC, accessed December 3, 2022, https://uboat.net/types/viic.htm.
US Navy. “Resume of Interrogation of Lieut. Otto WERMUTH, Commanding Officer of the
German submarine U-530.” Intelligence Department, Office of the Chief of Naval
Operations, Navy Department. Created July 24, 1945. Accessed through
Uboatarchive.net, December 3, 2022, https://www.uboatarchive.net/U-530A/U-
530NAReport.htm.