1.What is a Qubit? Mention its properties.

A qubit (short for quantum bit) is the basic unit of information in quantum computing.
Unlike classical bits, which can only have the values of 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a
superposition of both states at the same time. This property allows quantum computers
to perform certain tasks, such as factorizing large numbers, much faster than classical
computers.

The properties of qubits are as follows:

1. Superposition: A qubit can be in multiple states at the same time, meaning it can
represent 0 and 1 simultaneously.
2. Entanglement: Two or more qubits can be entangled, meaning their states are
correlated in such a way that the state of one qubit can affect the state of the others.
3. Coherence: A qubit must maintain its coherence in order for quantum computing to be
possible. Coherence refers to the stability and consistency of the quantum state over
time.
4. Noise and decoherence: The quantum state of a qubit can be degraded by
environmental factors such as noise, temperature, and electromagnetic radiation,
leading to decoherence. This makes quantum computing more challenging compared to
classical computing.
5. Measurement: Measuring a qubit collapses its state into a classical bit, meaning it can
only have the values of 0 or 1. This measurement process can affect the state of other
entangled qubits, making it a critical part of quantum algorithms.

What is Bloch sphere?

A Bloch sphere is a geometrical representation of a two-state quantum system, named

after the physicist Felix Bloch. It is used throughout quantum mechanics and quantum
computing to visualize the state of a qubit, which is a two-state quantum system. The
sphere can be used to represent the superposition of two basis states of a qubit, and is
also used to illustrate the action of single-qubit quantum gates.
Explain probability, normalization, quantum
superposition, orthogonally, orthonormality .

Probability: Probability is a measure of the likelihood that a particular outcome or event

will occur. It is represented as a number between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating no chance of
the event occurring and 1 indicating that the event is certain to occur.

Normalization: Normalization is the process of rescaling the values of a set of data

points so that they fall between a specified range, such as 0 to 1. It is often used to
ensure that different data sets can be comparably analyzed.

Quantum Superposition: Quantum superposition is a quantum mechanical principle

which states that a particle can exist in multiple states at the same time. This is one of
the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and is responsible for many of its
strange phenomena, such as quantum entanglement and the uncertainty principle.

Orthogonally: Orthogonally is a mathematical term used to describe two lines that are
perpendicular to each other. In other words, two lines are orthogonal if they intersect at a
right angle.

Orthonormality: Orthonormality is a mathematical property of a set of vectors, which

implies that they are mutually orthogonal (perpendicular) and have unit length. This
property

Discuss Toffoli or controlled NOT or

C^2NOT gate with all different 8(eight) input
states.
The Toffoli or controlled NOT (CNOT) gate is a three-qubit logic gate, the basic building
block of a universal quantum computer. It is also known as a controlled-controlled NOT
or C^2NOT gate. The CNOT gate operates on two target qubits and one control qubit.
When the control qubit is set to 1, the state of the two target qubits will be reversed.
When all eight possible input states are considered, the CNOT gate can be used to
achieve a variety of different operations. For instance, when the input states are 00, 01,
10 and 11, the CNOT gate can be used to perform an XOR operation. This is because
when the control qubit is set to 1, the output of the two target qubits will be the result of
the XOR operation between the two input qubits. Similarly, when the input states are 00,
01, 10 and 11, the CNOT gate can also be used to perform a logical NOT operation.
This is because when the control qubit is set to 0, the output of the two target qubits will
be the result of the logical NOT operation between the two input qubits. Finally, when the
input states are 00, 01, 10, 11, 010, 111, 101 and 110, the CNOT gate can be used to
perform a controlled NOT operation. This is because when the control qubit is set to 1,
the output of the two target qubits will be the result of the CNOT operation between the
two input qubits.

Discuss two qubit qunatum S gate or controlled S gate with four different input
states.
1) Input State |00>: The two qubit quantum S gate or controlled-S gate acts as an
identity operation, meaning that the output state is equal to the input state.
This can be expressed as |00> → |00>.

2) Input State |01>: The two qubit quantum S gate or controlled-S gate acts as a
phase flip operation, meaning the output state is the same as the input state
but with a phase shift of -π/2. This can be expressed as |01> → e^-iπ/2|01>.

3) Input State |10>: The two qubit quantum S gate or controlled-S gate acts as an
identity operation, meaning that the output state is equal to the input state.
This can be expressed as |10> → |10>.

4) Input State |11>: The two qubit quantum S gate or controlled-S gate acts as a
phase flip operation, meaning the output state is the same as the input state but
with a phase shift of -π/2. This can be expressed as |11> → e^-iπ/2|11>.

Discuss two qubit quantum Z gate or controlled Z gate

with four different input states.
1. |00> input state: The two qubit quantum Z gate or controlled Z gate will leave |00>
unchanged since the Z gate does not act on this state.

2. |01> input state: The two qubit quantum Z gate or controlled Z gate will flip the phase
of this state. The output state will be -|01>.

3. |10> input state: The two qubit quantum Z gate or controlled Z gate will flip the phase
of this state. The output state will be -|10>.

4. |11> input state: The two qubit quantum Z gate or controlled Z gate will leave |11>
unchanged since the Z gate does not act on this state.

What are two qubit quantum logic gates ? Discuss

two qubit qunatum NOT gate or controlled NOT
gate with four different input states .
Two qubit quantum logic gates include the Controlled-NOT (CNOT) Gate and the
Hadamard Gate. The CNOT gate is a two-qubit quantum logic gate that performs a
logical "NOT" operation on one qubit (the control qubit) depending on the value of the
second qubit (the target qubit). If the value of the control qubit is 0, the CNOT gate does
nothing, but if it is 1, the gate flips the value of the target qubit. For example, if the two
qubits have the following input states: Qubit 1 (control): 1 Qubit 2 (target): 0 Then, the
output of the CNOT gate will be: Qubit 1 (control): 1 Qubit 2 (target): 1 The Hadamard
Gate is also a two-qubit quantum logic gate which performs a reversible transformation
that takes the two qubits from their initial state to the superposition of all possible states.
It is sometimes referred to as a "quantum XOR" gate. For example, if the two qubits
have the following input states: Qubit 1: 0 Qubit 2: 1 Then, the output of the Hadamard
Gate will be: Qubit 1: (0 + 1) / √2 Qubit 2: (1 - 0) / √2

Explain single qubit quantum NOT gate.

The single qubit quantum NOT gate is a quantum logic gate that transforms a qubit from
0 to 1 and vice versa. This is commonly referred to as a bit flip or an inversion. The
operation of this gate is represented mathematically by a unitary matrix which is equal to
the Pauli X matrix. This gate is often used to prepare a qubit in the desired state, or to
“flip” the qubit from one state to another. This gate is important in quantum algorithms,
as it can be used to invert the state of a qubit in order to implement the NOT operation.
What are unitary, row and column matrix ? What is the condition for matrix multiplication
or inner product? Give one example.
Mention the difference between classical and
quantum computing.
1. Classical computing is based on the principle of Boolean logic, while quantum
computing is based on the principles of quantum mechanics.

2. Classical computing uses bits, which can represent either 0 or 1, while quantum
computing uses qubits, which can represent 0, 1 or both.

3. Classical computing is limited by the speed of electrical current, while quantum

computing can take advantage of the properties of quantum mechanics to process
data much faster.

4. Classical computing relies on the manipulation of data stored in memory, while

quantum computing is capable of performing computations on data in an entangled
state.
5. Classical computing requires a lot of energy to complete a given task, while quantum
computing is much more efficient.
Compare classical and quantum information.
Classical information is information that consists of a finite set of symbols that can be
used to represent data. This information is represented by a sequence of binary digits
(bits) that can have a value of either 0 or 1. Classical information is typically transmitted
and stored in the form of electrical signals.

Quantum information is information that is encoded in the form of quantum particles,

such as photons. It can be used to represent the state of a quantum system and can be
used to store and process information in a fundamentally different way than classical
information. Quantum information can be used to perform tasks that are impossible with
classical information.