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Stand 2: Life processes

in plants & animals
Unit 5: Excretion in
humans
Grade 11
Life Sciences (Study & Master pg.241-258)
2017
Mrs Clulow

Processes moving food through the

digestive tract
 Egestion: removal of
undigested waste from the
alimentary canal through
the anus

 Excretion: removal of
metabolic waste from &
excess metabolites from
the body

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People produce 4 main excretory

substances
1. CO2: produced from cell. resp. excreted in
exhaled air
2. Water: produced from cell. resp. & consumed,
excreted in urine & sweat
3. Bile pigments: produced by breakdown of
haemoglobin in liver, excreted in faeces
4. Urea: from excess proteins consumed, urea made
in liver, transported to kidneys, excrete as urine

Human excretory organs:

Lungs
 Excrete carbon dioxide and water

 These are the wastes of cellular

respiration

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Human excretory organs:

Liver
 Removes toxic substances from the
blood
 Disposes of haemoglobin – old RBC’s
are broken down in the liver and
haemoglobin is released
 The liver converts the haemoglobin
to bile pigments (waste products)
which are eliminated in the faeces

Human excretory organs:

Liver
 Disposal of nitrogenous wastes
 Breaks down excess amino
acids (deamination)
 The amino group is
converted to ammonia
(NH4+)and then to urea
 Urea is transported to the
kidneys by the blood

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Deamination (pg. 242)

 Excess amino acids form ammonia

(NH3) (poisonous)
 Ammonia converted to urea by
combining with CO2
 Part of excess amino acid that
doesn’t contain nitrogen converted
to glucose- converted to glycogen or
fat and stored

Human excretory organs:

Skin
 The excretory structures of
the skin are the sweat glands
 The sweat glands are in
contact with blood capillaries

➢ Water, salt and some urea diffuse from

the blood into the sweat glands and
are excreted/secreted as perspiration

➢ Perspiration acts to regulate body

temperature by removing excess heat.

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The urinary system: functions (pg. 243)

 Excretion of nitrogenous waste
 Osmoregulation
 Salt regulation
 pH regulation

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Urinary system: 2 kidneys

 The kidneys (2) are bean shaped organs,
approximately 10 cm long and are located below
the diaphragm near the back –protected by fat
and floating ribs.

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Urinary system: ureters

 Tubes that carry urine from

the kidney to the bladder

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Urinary system: urinary bladder

 Stores urine

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Urinary system: urethra

 Tube that carries urine from the
bladder to the outside of the
body

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Renal vein Renal artery

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The urinary system: structure (pg. 243)

➢ 2 kidneys surrounded by fat
➢ each receives blood via renal artery
and returns blood via renal vein
➢Ureter carries urine from kidney to
bladder
➢Renal artery, renal vein & ureter
attached at hilum
➢Bladder stores urine temporarily
➢Sphincter muscles control bladder
opening
➢Urethra: tube to outside

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Kidney functions
 Kidneys have 2 main functions:

1. Remove wastes of cellular metabolism from the

blood

2. They regulate the concentrations of substances

found in body fluids

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Macroscopic structure
 Blood vessels carry blood to the kidneys,
where wastes and other dissolved substances
are removed from the blood

 The wastes are excreted from the body and

the useful substances are reabsorbed

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Structure of the kidneys:

 Reddish-brown
 Bean-shaped
 Size of a fist
 Concave side faces vertebral column

 Hilum – renal artery enters, renal vein

and ureter leave
 Enclosed in layer of fat

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Blood from aorta to kidneys – O2, nutrients

and waste

Deoxygenated blood from kidneys, in inferior

vena cava to heart

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The kidney internally (pg. 244)

Renal capsule

Hilum

(Renal papilla cortex)

with renal pyramid

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Internal macroscopic structure of the

kidney
 Renal capsule/mem.: protects
 Cortex (red/brown): directly under capsule
 Medulla (not as red): conical sections= pyramids
 Pyramids made up of ducts of Bellini
 Ureter: connected to kidney by renal pelvis which branches into
calyces (calyx singular)
 Renal Papilla= opening at pyramid apex where ducts of Bellini
empty contents. Tubes of each papilla open into common calyx
 Renal calyces: open into renal pelvis (widened region of ureter)

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Renal calyx

Renal capsule

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Microscopic structure of the kidney (pg. 245)

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Microscopic structure
of the kidney (pg. 245)
 Nephron: structural &
functional unit of the
kidney (about 1million
per kidney)
 Nephron made up of:
 Malpighian body/ renal
capsule
 Renal tubule

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Structure of a nephron

Malpighian
body

Renal tubule

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Structure of a Malpighian body (pg. 246)

➢ 1st part of nephron
➢ Situated in cortex (Towards)
(Away)
➢ Consists of 2 parts
➢Bowman’s capsule
(lined with
Capsular
specialised cells, space
podocytes) Double walled
cup-shaped
➢Glomerulus Network of structure
capillary
vessels

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Malpighian Renal
Renal tubule body tubule
➢ partially in cortex, partially
in medulla

➢ 3 parts:
➢ Proximal convoluted
tubule
➢ Loop of Henle
➢ Distal convoluted tubule

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 Distal convoluted tubules open in collecting

ducts, which converge and form ducts of Bellini.

 Ducts of Bellini are the tubes forming the

pyramids that open into the renal calyx of the
renal pelvis

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Blood supply of the kidney (pg. 247)

 Renal artery branch of aorta
 Carries oxygenated blood, rich in metabolic waste to the kidney.
 Enters at Hilum
 Branches into smaller arteries

 AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
➢ Extends to each Bowman’s capsule
➢ Divides to form glomerulus
➢ Merge to form EFFERENT ARTERIOLE, which branches to form
peritubular capillary network

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 Peritubular capillary network

combines to form venules, and
veins that eventually form the
renal vein

 Deoxygenated blood without

waste travels back to heart via
the inferior vena cava.

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Kidney functioning
1. Glomerular filtration or
ultrafiltration

2. Tubular re-absorption

3. Tubular secretion or
excretion

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Formation of urine
1. Glomerular filtration (pg.248)
 Afferent arteriole wider than efferent, so blood in
glomerulus under high pressure (hydrostatic).

 Blood pressure forces small molecules from glomerulus into

the Bowman’s capsule.

➢ Water - urea
➢ Glucose - uric acid
➢ Amino acids - creatinine
➢ salts
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Role of the loop of Henle in conserving water

2. Tubular reabsorption (pg. 250)
 Molecules needed by the body removed from proximal
convoluted tubule and returned to bloodstream.

 Prevents useful substances from being excreted in the

urine.

 Osmosis (no energy) and active transport (requires energy)

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Reabsorption of water
➢ Water needed is removed from nephron tubules
via osmosis

➢ Loop of Henle ensures that medulla has high

concentration of Na+.

➢ Creates a water potential gradient, makes passive

osmosis in direction of medulla possible.

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Descending loop permeable to H2O

Ascending loop actively pumps out sodium, impermeable to water

Na slowly transported to capillaries so medulla doesn’t become too salty

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3. Tubular excretion/secretion (pg. 250)

 Active transport of molecules that need to be
excreted from blood into distal convoluted tubule

- Uric acid
- Creatinine
- Hydrogen ions
- Ammonium ions
- Penicillin

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Osmoregulation
 Process of maintaining the correct balance
between water and solutes in our bodies.

 Osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid must

be kept constant

 ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) controls water

balance.
 ALDOSTERONE controls salt balance.

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Amount of water
reabsorbed back into
the blood is controlled
at the collecting duct.

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Water balance
 Kidneys and hypothalamus

 Blood flows through brain & special cells sense

too much or too little water in blood

 TOO LITTLE= high osmotic pressure

= brain releases ADH
 ADH to collecting ducts, making walls more
permeable

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•More H2O able to

enter medulla, & return
to blood.

•Body prevents H2O

from leaving body as
urine

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Water balance continued

 TOO MUCH = low osmotic pressure
= little/no ADH secreted

 Collecting ducts less permeable

 More water passed out in urine
 Urinate a lot to get rid of excess water

 DIURESIS = increased excretion of urine

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Salt balance
 Too little Na+ in blood
= less water reabsorbed into blood
= drop in blood pressure

 ALDOSTERONE (secreted by adrenal gland)

Too little Na+ in blood travelling through adrenal

gland, aldosterone released

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-More Na+ ions

actively reabsorbed
from DCT & collecting
duct into blood

-Osmotic pressure
increased

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Nephron function
 A nephron works in 2 stages:
 Filtrations
stage: water, minerals, salts, urea,
amino acids and glucose are filtered out of the
blood

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 Reabsorption stage:
 water, minerals, amino acids
and glucose are reabsorbed
by active transport from the
renal tubule into the
capillaries

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Passage of urine to the bladder:

Urination (pg. 251)
 URINE = highly concentrated solution of waste
products (only waste products of metabolism)

 Collecting ducts » calyces » renal pelvis » ureter

 Bladder

 Contraction of bladder = urination

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How kidney structure adapted to

function (pg. 251)
 Kidneys maintain homeostasis by:
 Regulatingwater through action of ADH
hormone (osmoregulation)
 Control pH of blood
 Remove cellular waste & substances in excess

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Excretion and homeostasis (pg. 253)

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Kidney failure, dialysis & transplants

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Activity
 Complete activity 4 on page 256- Dialysis

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Activity 4 answers
1. Selectively permeable membrane allows certain substances
(excretory substances) to pass through and prevents useful
substances and blood components from passing through

2. Dialysis fluid must contain same amounts of useful substances

as blood of patient. Should not contain any waste substances.
Therefore excretory waste can diffuse out of blood into fluid,
useful substances will not diffuse out of the blood.

3. 37°C- same as body temp.

4. Increased surface area for more diffusion of waste

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9. Point A Point B
More urea and uric Less urea and uric
acid acid
More water Less water
More salt Less salt

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Kidney diseases
 Kidney stones

 Kidney failure by overuse of painkillers = analgesic

nephropathy

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Kidney diseases continued

 Bilharzia

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